ALL lnulA 8AulC!

A8ALu8

ln18CuuC1lCn
1he Lransmlsslon of a broadcasLlng program from Lhe source Lo Lhe
llsLener lnvolves use of mlcrophones saLelllLes sLudlos ampllfler
conLrol unlL Lelephones llnes LransmlLLer swlLchlng apparaLus for
selecLlng program source and LransmlLLer swlLchlng apparaLus for
selecLlng program source and desLlnaLlon
1he program orlglnaLes from Lhe sLudlo cenLer locaLed aL kA1AnCA or
ln some cases program can be from 8avl Shankar Shukla SLadlum or
some oLher place ln !abalpur
SomeLlmes are program relayed from oLher sLaLlons aL uLLPl 8PCAL
eLc are recelved aL Lhe SS1uulC Lhrough 8n 1ermlnal
Accordlng Lo Lhe schedule menLloned ln C1able programs are send
S1uulC locaLed aL kA1AnCA Lo 1ransmlLLlng CenLer Lhrough sLudlo
1ransmlLLer Llnk(S1L) 1ransmlLLer ls slLuaLed ouLslde Lhe clLy aL
kA8ML1A vlllage





AM broadcasLlng
AM radlo Lechnology ls slmpler Lhan lrequency ModulaLed (lM) radlo ulglLal Audlo 8roadcasL (uA8)
SaLelllLe 8adlo or Pu (dlglLal) 8adlo An AM recelver deLecLs ampllLude varlaLlons ln Lhe radlo waves aL a
parLlcular frequency lL Lhen ampllfles changes ln Lhe slgnal volLage Lo drlve a loudspeaker or earphones
1he earllesL crysLal radlo recelvers used a crysLal dlode deLecLor wlLh no ampllflcaLlon
Broadcast frequency bands
AM radio is broadcast on several Irequency bands. The allocation oI these bands is governed by
the ITU's Radio Regulations and, on the national level, by each country's telecommunications
administration (the FCC in the U.S., Ior example) subject to international agreements.
O Long wave is 148.5 kHz283.5 kHz, with 9 kHz channel spacing generally used.. Due to
the propagation characteristics oI long wave signals, the Irequencies are used most
eIIectively in latitudes north oI 50.
O edium wave is 520 kHz1,610 kHz. In the Americas (ITU region 2) 10 kHz spacing is
used; elsewhere it is 9 kHz.Frequencies between the broadcast bands are used Ior other
Iorms oI radio communication, and are not broadcast services intended Ior reception by
the general public.
crobroadcastng
Some microbroadcasters and pirate radio broadcasters, especially those in the United States
under the FCC's Part 15 rules, broadcast on AM to achieve greater range than is possible on the
FM band. On mediumwave (AM), such radio stations are oIten Iound between 1610 kHz and
1710 kHz. Hobbyists also use low-power AM transmitters to provide local programming Ior
antique radio equipment in areas where AM programming is not widely available or is oI
questionable quality; in such cases the transmitter, which is designed to cover only the
immediate property and perhaps nearby areas, is connected to a computer or music player.
Antenna (radio):-
An antenna (or aeral) is an electrical device which couples radio waves in Iree space to an
electrical current used by a radio receiver or transmitter. In reception, the antenna intercepts
some oI the power oI an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage that the radio
receiver can ampliIy. Alternatively, a radio transmitter will produce a large radio Irequency
current that may be applied to the terminals oI the same antenna in order to convert it into an
electromagnetic wave (radio wave) radiated into Iree space. Antennas are thus essential to the
operation oI all radio equipment, both transmitters and receivers. They are used in systems such
as radio and television broadcasting, two-way radio, wireless LAN, mobile telephony, radar, and
satellite communications.
According to their applications and technology available, antennas generally Iall in one oI two
categories:
1. Omnidirectional or only weakly directional antennas which receive or radiate more or
less in all directions. These are employed when the relative position oI the other station is
unknown or arbitrary. They are also used at lower Irequencies where a directional
antenna would be too large, or simply to cut costs in applications where a directional
antenna isn't required.
2. Directional or -eam antennas which are intended to preIerentially radiate or receive in a
particular direction or directional pattern.


O
"Rabbit ears" dipole antenna Ior television reception
O
O Cell phone base station antennas
O
Satellite link antenna used by Himalaya Television Nepal
O agi antenna used Ior mobile military communications station, Dresden, Germany, 1955
O
"Super Turnstile" type transmitting antenna Ior VHF low band television broadcasting
station, Germany.
O
O Folded dipole antenna

edum wave propagaton characterstcs
Medium wave signals have the property oI Iollowing the curvature oI the earth (the groundwave)
at all times, and also reIracting oII the ionosphere at night (skywave). This makes this Irequency
band ideal Ior both local and continent-wide service, depending on the time oI day. For example,
during the day a radio receiver in the state oI Colorado is able to receive reliable but weak
signals Irom high-power stations such as 770KKOB, or 610KNML 500 miles away Irom their
towers in Albuquerque, New Mexico, due to groundwave propagation. The eIIectiveness oI
groundwave signals largely depends on ground conductivity and higher conductivity results in
better propagation. At night, the same receiver may pick up signals as Iar away as 1110KFAB in
Nebraska reliably, depending on atmospheric noise and man-made interIerence.
Some experiments and trials are planned or under way Ior a digital modulation such as Digital
Radio Mondiale.

#ado spectrum


ELF
3 Hz
30 Hz
SLF
30 Hz
300 Hz
ULF
300 Hz
3 kHz
VLF
3 kHz
30 kHz
LF
30
kHz
300
kHz
F
300
kHz
3 MHz
HF
3 MHz
30
MHz
VHF
30
MHz
300
MHz
UHF
300
MHz
3 GHz
SHF
3 GHz
30
GHz
EHF
30 GHz
300
GHz
THF
300
GHz
3 THz

Analog and dgtal audo broadcastng


Terrestral


#ado modulaton AM FM COFDM


Frequency allocatons
LW (LF) (MF) SW (HF) VHF (low/mid/high) L
band (UHF)


Dgtal systems CAM-D DAB/DAB DRM/DRM HD Radio


Satellte


Frequency allocatons L band S band Ku band C band


Dgtal systems SDR DVB-SH DAB-S DMB-S ADR


Commercal rado provders 1worldspace Sirius XM Sirius XM Canada