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4 nonmetal steals electron Irom a metal

4 nonmetal becomes an anion (negative ion)
4 metal becomes a cation (positive ion)
4 there's a diIIerence in electronegativity oI 1.7 or more units on the Pauli scale
4 lattice structure appears
4 brittle
4 high melting point
4 very strong IMFs (intermolecular Iorces)

* * in ionic bonding, the metal's number oI valence
electrons dictates which nonmetal it will most likely
bond with, that does not mean there's only one atom
they will bond with. II a metal such as Na (sodium)
were to bond it would probably bond with a
nonmetal such as Cl (chlorine). This is because Na
has one valence electron (group #1) and Cl has
seven (group #17). They both need to Iollow the
octet rule (eight electrons in an atom's valence energy level)
* * ionic compounds have lattice structures: a repeatable
pattern oI cations and anions. the higher the charges on the ions and the smaller they are the
larger the enthalphy will be (strength oI the Iorce between ions). the opposite statement is also
valid.


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4 nonmetals share electrons (the diIIerence in electronegativity is less than 1.7,
which means neither atom has enough strength to completely steal an electron
resulting in the sharing oI electrons between two atoms)
4 polar covalent or nonpolar covalent
4 polar covalent nonpolar covalent

polar covalent:
diIIerence in electronegativity ranges Irom .3 to 1.7
electrons are not shared equally. one atom pulls on
them harder than the other
higher melting points than non polar substances
their bond is called "dipole-dipole" (permanent
dipole): a partially positive charge on one end (0) and a
partially negative charge on the other (0-). the positive end is
attracted to the negative oI another molecule and vice versa.
non polar covalent:
diIIerence in electronegativity is lower than .3
atoms are the same or there's almost no diIIerence in electronegativity (see above bullet)
random and instantaneous attractive Iorces
their bond is called "london dispersion Iorce" (a.k.a. van der waals): extremely weak.
may at times have some separation oI charge creating a temporary dipole. these do not
last more than an instant, but it does aIIect how the electrons in the molecule next to it are
arranged (iI the instantaneous dipole creates a slight positive charge on one end, the
electrons oI the neighboring molecule will shiIt because they're attracted to the positive)
causing an induced dipole.


DIPOLE-DIPOLE
LONDON DISPERSION
FORCE