Olgestwe System © The mayor objective of eating food is to get nutfients. © The conversion of complex food into Simple € absorable form is known a8 digestion € the sistem thot performa che process of digestion is known as digestive aystem. © Digestive Aster simply breakdown the food into nutrients . Pharynx Salivary esophagus Glonds ea Liver fancens ‘Stomach Lore. Intestine Small Intestine - Rectum Anus—Stages_Of Digestion _ © Ingestion * Receiving of Food © Propulsion - Movement af Food © Digestion * Mechanical -€ chemical breakdown © Absotblion * Absorbtion of nutrients © Excretion * Removal / Excretion. of food Forts _of Digestive System © The digestive is mainly consist of Gastrointestinal Tract € Digeshve Glands also Known ag Acessory Glands . © The mojor organs of GIT indvdes - © Movth ( Pharynx © Oesophagus () Stomach (S) Smalt_ Thtestine (©) Large Thtestine () Rectum (8) Anus O_Movm © FF is also known as Oral cavity or bucal cavity . © This the first port of gastrointestinal tract © F is suttounded by upper € lower lips . © The routh rainy consist of lips, cheeks, qum, ‘teeth, solivary qlands € Tongue. © The space blw gums & checs ts known 0% Vedibute © The foof bocca Cawity ts Known ag. Palote. © Polote are of two types ' Sof Polote — Hard Palate .> @ Teeth mainly perform Mechanical digestion . © They breakdown the food inte smaller pieces © There cre foto! 32 teeth in mouth @® Incisors : g @ Goines 24 @® Premolars : g ® Moiars + 19 [Tongue } : @ The tongue lies on floor of mouth © FF is altached with Hyoid bone © TD mixes soliva into food € convert into bot, © TE contains tote receptors. © Sueet @ Salty @ Pur ® Bitter @ _Puarunx © Tt is a mosculor tube like structure © Ti lies blw mouth € Gesophaqua . © Tis the common pothwoy for digestive € respirolory frac. © Tf is Glo known a Throof. © TF passes the bolus into oesophagus © Epiglotis moke sure the pathway of food Chovs) ftom pharynx fo Gesophagus . © T is furtnes divided into three patts 1) Nasophorynx (2) Orophorynx (2) _Laryngophorynx® esornncus_ © Tt Is also known as Food pipe. © Ti is a bolow tube like structure thot cames, {0d Cbolws) fom & pharynx to stomach. © Fi ties blw ttachea In front & vertebrol Column at back. © No digestion fakes place in esophagus -@2 digestive enaymes are absent . © (esophagus Opens {nto stomach ® _Stonaar @ Tt is a A shaped pouched like structure . © Tt lies in the lef side Of abdominal covity. © Capacity ~ Woml- +S lite. © Tr secretes digestve fluids called Gtastic vice. © Th se tecelves’ food fiom esophagus . © TF secretes gasttic juice into bolus < convert Into Chyme Liall_of_Stomach_ The woll of stomach is made of 4 layers ° © Serasa ® Mascvlais ® Suvmucosa ® Mucosa Cardiac Posts of Stomach TF con be divided Into 4 parts Fundus © (Cardiac ®@ fundus Body ® Body Pylorus @® PylorsFundus Note * ‘@ Tt is the uppermost post of stomach. Th is attached with Jower end of desophagus . © Tt contuins Cardiac spinchtes. © Th prevents backflow of food from stomach to Oesophagus otherwise it Can couse heartbusn : © Th is also the upper past of stomach. © Findus Contains special types of cells Known ag Chief ells -@ Parietal Cells . © CHEF Ceus : FF produces various enzymes Includes - © fepsin ® Renin ® lipase © ParieaL Ceus : Tt mainly produces HCI © Tt lies tn the central teqion of stomach, © Tis the longest part of stomach © Ty digest protein € stores food until it reaches into small intestine © TF ts the lower part of stomach . Tr is connected with duodenum of small intestine, Th transfers the food. fiom stomach fo smoll. Intestine. Tr contoins special types of Cells frown 0% Gi -Ceus . @ ls Secetes Glastrin Hormone. Th the complete epithetivm of stomach fhere are so Many goblet cells re present that secretes mucous € it protets stomach from Hct.Role of Gasttic Ho © The Het CHydtochloric acid) plays Major fole in digestion of feed in the stomach . © Tt is secreted by paretol cells of stomach. © Tt helps t0 convert bolus into chyme . @ Tt helps in the breakdown of complex food. © Ty Converts pepsinagen into pepsin thot helps in protein digestion. © Tr also shows antiseptic acion by killing bacteria, Functions _of Stomach _ © TF stores the food for a tong time £ afer that rancferrecl into. cmall intestine slowly. and it provides enough time or digestion -€ albsorbtion of food in mall intestine. © Storage Time : ® Fob + 6-8 hours Gi) Proteins 4-5 hours Gid Carbohy drates * 1-2 hours © Tt helps in the chemical breakdown of ftod. © Gashic {vice mainy helps in the digestion of pootetn . © HR secretes mucus thot pootets the stomach 4fom HCI. © Tt kills bacteria € other dust particles from Roo,© Smart Tnrestne © Smoll intestine is the site of fhal digestion of food. © T is a long 2 Narow tube whose upper past is attached fo © stomach while lower part Is Oltached with lotge intestine . © Tt is about 6-4 meter tong. © Tt is the ste of major absorbtion € digestion © This further divided thto three ports © Duadenum @ Aequnum ® Treum Quodenum. @ Ovodenum acepts Only Alkaline ocd. © Tt is shottest @ widest past of moll intestine, © Tr is approx [0-1 inches long . oD reeives bile pice » poe lice € food fom liver, pancreas & stomach © sexetions Of Duodenum : () Enterogastrone ai) Seaetin Git) Pancreoeneyme. ) Chotecystobhin © Tis about 4-8 feet long. © Tf is the Mojor site for absorbtion of © sygars,- amino -acida € fatty acids . © Final breckdown of food completed here. © TH secretes Intestinal [uive.© TE is lost port of small intestine Connected with the cecum C first port of large intestine) . © TF ts about 10- 11 feet long. © This the largest section of small tntestine. © Tt is the major site of absorbtion of nuttents , bile , vitamins etc. < Enzymes Responsible for Digestion_in_Pretetn © Enterokinase Converts trypsinogen Into. trypsin © Erepsin + — Converts Polypeptides Into Omino acids. © Sucrose, Maltase € Lactose : Cnverts dlisachanits info Monostreenoutls. Absorption in Smolt_ Intestine © The absorbtion in xmoll intestine mainly -ocurs through Vill’ R Microvillr © \illi + Finger like projections, © Miccouilli : Tiny hair like Structures on Vii © _Larwe _Intesnne © Tk storts fom ileum @ ends on tectum. © Tt is Gpprox +S m eng. © FH mainly absorbs water fiom digested food. © is further divided into S parts . O Cecum ® Asending colon @ Descending lon @ Tronsverse Colon © Sigmoid Colon® Rectum © Ti Stores the remaining woste of Food. © TF opens Outside though anus. @ The undigested or unabsorbed substances that 1s Stored in th aAvs are Called Fasces . @ Anvs_ © Tr is the fna) portion of the Giostrointeshnal Trach. © The undigested and unabsorbed ‘bod that iS simply known ca © Faees excreted vt ftom body through anv, & tls a Volurkary process. © Two types of spinchter muacles found fm anus, © Intemol * Thuolontary @ Externol * VoluntaryDigestive Gianos © Digestive glands ore the accessory glands of digestive. system thot helps In the process of digestion . © They mainly indudes : © Salivary Gilands ® Lives ®@ Gall Bladder @ Fancteos, © _SAuvary_ GiLAnos _ © Sativary glonds are the exocrine gland present In - the Mouth thot secretes Saliva in GIT © Sollva mixes with food @ convert it into Bolva . @ Humon solivery glonds produes OS L fo +51 goliva daily. © Soliva contains digestive enaymes mainly Salivary Amylase which helps in the carbohydrate digestion. © F also have antbaderiol effect of fighting off bactena. Sativa contains 99S 7. woter @ O-S7. protein € mineral salts. Types of soli Non There are mainly 3 types of salivary glands present In humais, ® Pasolid Glands ® sSvbmondibular Glands ® sublinquel Glonds .© These are the largest solivary glands . © They are located below the auditory capsule ear © Duct : Stenson's Duct. © Tk opens in upper jaw. © Tt contributes 287. saliva. © Tt secretes semus type saliva Submandibular _Gilands © They are second largest Salivary glands, C smaller thon parotid) & Digger thon sublingual ) . © TD opens in the buco! cavity. © Duct : Wharton's Duct. © Tk makes Yor of foto! saliva © TF secdes both serous, € muova saliva © They are the smollest Soltvary glands. © They are located below the tongue . eT mokes 57. of foto! saliva . e@ Duct: Bartholin's Duct. © They don't contain enzymes.® © Liver is the largest gland or largest organ of our body. © Ts weight is about 1-8 kg. © Tr has highest regeneration powers © Uver performs maximum number of fincions in our body. © Tt @ntoins lots of mitochondria. © Tt is feddish brown - colour in human Surfaces _of Liver Liver have four surfaces ° © Superior Surface ® Tnferior Surface @ Anterios surface @ fostenior Surface Falciform lobes of Lives _ Loma © Liver containg two lobes, © Right Lobe @ leh Lobe © Right lobe is much larger than left. lobe. © Rignt lobe forme S]c part while left lobe oma 4c part @ Right € Left lobes are separoted by falifown Ligaments. @ Right duc anses from night lobe “€ Jef duct anses fom left lobe of liver. © Both right © left ducts combiner € form a common hepatic duct Gra BloddesTntemal_ Studvre_of Lives © The liver ts made up of small hexagonal} units present In large number in liver - © Foch lobule has a @entol vein Of intratobular vein urroundlec| by Severo! pottal Triads, © The portal triad is Consist of © Portal Vein @ Bile duc @® hepatic Atery Fundions of Lives © Secretion of bile juice © Synthesis, 2 storage oF Glycogen © Synthesis of Urea © Metabdism of Corbohydrates, fats & Froteins. © Vitamins @ Minerdls Storage. © Synthesis OF — Hepavin © Blood-. sugar fequlation © Detoxification 2 furificotion of blood . @_GArt_BLAooER _ © Gail bladder lies below the might lobe © Tt stores 2 concentrates the bite from tues © Goll bladdes contains cystic duct © Hicrouilli an Gall. bloddes absorbs moisture fom . bile € Makes It concentrated@_Pancreas_ © Tt is a mixed qglond © Tt is located behind the stomach in Upper lef cbcomen . © Tk secretes both enzymes € hormone, © Gn be divided into three ports : © lipase Head @ Amylase Body ¢ Tail © Trypsin Tail Bedy Head Enzymes Secretion Rncreas Pancreatic -lvice mainly containg - @ Lipase = Convats Fatty @ered into Fatty acta € glycerols . © Amylase + Comets Stach {nfo Maltese © Trypsin == Converts Peptones info Amino aaids , Harmones Secretion feos Talets of Longerhang containg mainly types of @lig thot secretes following harmones . © Alpha (ells * Glucagon © Bela elle * Tnsolin © Delta Cell,‘ — SomatostatinAcio Proouction IN STOMACH © Hel is produced by the parietal celts of stomach © Hydrochloric acid secretion is an active process that takes place {n the Gnalicuti of posietal cells . © Carbon di oxide is deived from metabolic activities of parietal cells, © The carbon di oxide Hs present in parietal Cells combines with 20 € form corbonic Acid CHaCos) in the presence of carbonic anhydrase . @ The efayme carbonic anhydrase present in high Concentration In Parielol calls. © (Coronic acid is most unstable Compouncl € hence jt immediate splits into Wnydogen fon CH) € bicwbonote jon CHcos”) © The hydrogen jon is actively pumped into canalicolvs of parietal lls. through Kt/ Ht Aipase pump € the energy for this process is clenved fom glucose © Now simuttaneoualy along with this process Ct long also pumped into Canalicolug of panetal cells . @ Chlonde Cc) js derived from Nacl in blood. © Now in the Anal step Ht combines with Cl -@ form Hel + " a » no LPariera. Ceus arRove OF Pepsin in PROTEIN DIGESTION © Pepsin is the enayme Seoreled by chief cells of stomach © Fi is the Only proteolytic enzyme present In Gostnc vice Cproteotytic enzymes are those that helps fn breakdown or digestion of protein. @ The chief celts produce pepsin in fhe thactivated form known Qs Pepsinogen. © Now fhis pepsinogen activates: in the form of Pepsin with the help of Hcl secreted by parietal @lls . Hel —> | Autocatalysis © Afer adivating in the form of pepsin tt breokdowns the teins into smoller Fepticles € Amino acid& that con be easily absorbed in Small intestine . © Although Pepsin plays moyor (le tn protein digestion bot Most of ‘the protein are digestecl In the duodenum Z jeywnum of small intestine by poncreatic jure