DiCESTION AND ABSORPTION

of blo0d supply
and
SALIVARY CtLANDS esence nerve

Paroticd ub TEETH dentine> Odontoblast (mesoderm

i
insub Trown & root have
made of enamel>ameloblast (ectoderm)
maxilar ungual
ingual Surface

found near A lower Human diphyodont and thecodont

teeth is

cheek E Blow
Ja r tongue Dental tormula 2123 (Adult)
largest fSTmallest Infant 2102 2129
(}PmE Mare monodont)
(Rivs
duc MOUTH
TDNGUE: Muscular & Glandular struture

frenulum
Secrete salivary juiCe into
Attacled to fioor by linguial
- Tnverted V-shaped furrow is suluts
buccal caviby
Anterior Oral, Pbsterior:
terminalis
DIGESTIoN Pharyngeal Tp:Sweet Tip Side: sali,
Side: sour, Base : Biter. Notaste
buds
Teeth tcnque mastrcate tood
fortasting chillits
MuCULS in saliva forms bolus
(PH=G'g)
bigestion starts in oral cavit
ABSORPTION: Druqs coming în contact
Olth mucosa of mouth E lower side 0f
30 starth is converted to into blood apillaria
Maltose (cannot be absorbed) wrnn tongue are absot bed
help 0f salivory amylase fining them
y sozyme is antibacterial agennt
prevents intections SAUVA-Daily secretion *5L
Bolus is pushed cdown th rough
PH G7
and
dequutition through musular tontains salivary armylase (ptyalin)
- Con ractíons of oesophagus callect ysoryme Jssaliva se ctetion ohile
Sumpathetic secretion
IPeristalsis 1ses saliva
Parasympathetic
lare required salivoryamylast stctet
for
Mump:viral indeciicn of salivary
gland farcid
lontains eletrolytes like Nla', k} u, Hco
ctws G MuMelou
Salivary amylase absent în of A
lionsHgers. Ptgs show presence

wind Pipe
Common passage 1or
and food pipe
Dlvided ihto i) oropharynx
PMARYNYx
) Nasophcarynx
QU1) Laryngopharyn
Opening o
Eusthauan tube
 UTadeTIKea
d) b Pharynx leads into oesophagus. Alotis is opening
Absente oi digestrve qlands
(i) f wind pipe
Presence cf mucus
secrettng - (artilaginous flap calted epiqlotis prevents entry of
goblet cells
food Inwind pipe
011)fesence of voluntory (ont
hin,lng tube which extends posteriorty passing
and involuntary muscle fibres through hect, thorax and ebdo dla ph ragm
post 2/3rd) leads to stomath.
DESOPHACUS Openin9 of oeso phaqus înto stomath
guarded by gastro oesophagtal
sphincter
HASTRICc HLANDs
Present in muo sa of stomach
MucuS Neck Peptic orfarietal cx
(ells Chief cells Oxynticels Upper leBt portion of abdomtnal eavit
Divided to a) Cardiac (b) fundus (cBody
Setrete SeCrete secrete, (d) Pyloric portion
mutuS Pepsincqen tonyH ancd
- actsssein
intrinsic Cardiac sphincter Prevents regurgitation of food into
Paraccssein
nt rinsIC facto 4acto OEsodutoric sphincter quards opening of
StO
ISSential for vit Ba STOMACH dorn ducdenum
absorption Cardiac sphincter is physiological sphincter
Pyloric sphincter ís anatomicat sphincter
DIEtESTri ON
Stores food #or 4-5 hrs Rennin fn gasttic ABsORPTION
-Focd mixes thoroughly juite ef înfants help -Absorbs H,0, simple
with qastric (ulce by churning in digestion of milk Sugars, and alcohol, etc
movement of stomah called Protefns takes place
Small amounts of
Chyme pases are secreted
-

Pepsinogen with
on reaction
Hi torms pepsin whith converts by gastric qlands
Proteins to proteoses E peptones
-pH is 8
Mucus and bicarbonates in gastric
-

JIe play role in lubrication and

Protertion of mucosal epithelium
from exoriation bey highly tonc HC
Conc Hl provides pH eptimal for
Ppsin (onverts Fe3t to FeT (absorable
form 0f îron).
- Non secretion ot HC Cachlorhydria) or
lead to iron deficiency
gastrettomy can
ana emia
under neural
tastro -intestinal tract
are

and hormonal control for Proper to-ordinaticn

Nevral Hormonal

- Sight/smell or SeeFetuonc of loral

pIestnce of foodl hormones prodiLced.
of saliva intestird
stimulate secre" by gastric and
mutosa totrol secre'"
Iastric and ot digestive juices
ntestinal stcretions
- Muscular activiticu
O Ac
 LIVER fUNCTIONIS:

) Gdlycolysig: Guucose Pyruvic acid ((ytoplasm)

) Glytogenesis tu tose Cilg ogen (Pou/mer) (in (irer)

fluOse (in liver)
i)Gtiaogenolysis: etyeogen
Non- Carbohydrate tucose
iv)CtlucomeogenesiS
SOurcee

LipolysiS: Lipid breakdown (in duodenum)

vdLipoqenesis lipid
: tormation (in liver)
i) Protrolysis frottin breakdouon (in stomach &ducdenum)
(UO) Proteogenesis frotein formation lin Each cell)
 SECRE TIONS
ph0sho0lpia largest glancd weighinq aboul
1:2 6 kg in adult
human below diaphragn
(ontaln bile sallS and Situated in ahdonlnal canty Just
and has lwo lobeS
bile plam ents and functional unils os
-Ilepalit lobules are strutual of tord
Bile pigments bilirubin hepxultc cell s ar1angect In foim
iver (ontaining
biliverdfn is waste procluct ronnecdive tissur sheafh
Of
Eachlcbule is covered by a thin
dest
royed haemoglobin called lfssons (apsule
Possed out h faecal matte i/ER Bile sereted though livere thrah
stored in musuld sa
thus yelloorsh brown (o1Or hepattc duts and gefs
Bile fuite does not tontain olted gall bladder
fotms omm0n
(ystic, duct and hepitic duct
enxumes
PA TH OF BILE bile duuct
TUiCE Duodenu
(ystic (ommon Hepalo pancrealIc
VerHepcatic duct>bladde
(rall ctuct epat ic duct dlucl Cguarded b
sphincier of Odcll)

(both exourine and endocrn

}ancreas is a ompound
>

betuon umbs OF C
elongated organ sltuated
shaped duodenum
Alkallne pti cf paft pima
duocle num i due to PANCREAS Exotrine part secretes alkaline
Pantectic julce pancreatic juice (ontaining enzymes
endocrine"Geiretes insulin,guucagon
SECRETONS (ii) Glands have epithelial
cells (seerele
Inttstinal enzymes
Jnative enzyme's like Paneth cells (stcrete digestive
mucus),
ancd argentatffin cells (probablyy secrete hormõn
(i) Trysinogen iy chymotysinogen
qu) Procar boxy peptidases (v) Amylases tautve)
)lipases vi) lucleascs (active)
(active)
and coiled) and Ileum (Highly
toiRd
duodenum, jcjunum (long longest por tion
Distinguished into mutosa alonguitn t retions
of goblet cellG
Serretions of brush border cells of
called suteus entericUS
S (i) dipeptidases
disatthoridases
T Enzymes:0) nutleosidaseS (v) ENTERO KINA
Mutus along with bicarbonates (i)Lipases tiv)
r o m pahcreds protect ntestina (vi) nucleotidase
mucos'a from áid
Brunner's
I N T E S T I N A L JUICE MEDIATED
also help in his
gland
PANCREATIC JUE MEDIATED SMALL INTESTINE
Amino atids
REACTION Dipeptides DPtctases,
n enterokinase Tryrsin Maltase Ctlu + Glu
TrSnogt 8pP,duodenum Maltose pHY3, duo
qlu + Ctalac
hymo
Chymotypsin 'Loctaseduo
Lactose PH18,
(hymotrypsimojt .6, duo
ryychymo (arboxy Peptidase
frocarbory peptidase pHT Suctose srase
Sucrost ptl18, duO.
Hlu t Fruc.
S, duo
'froteins/fioteoses/ TYP:/Chymotyp pipeptide aluuleosides +
(arboxy pepticdase lutleotides NucleoHdases
ptt 7:8, duuo phosphate
Peptone s Ri bosé
PtI Y3, duo
4 Bases
P amylase DISacc Nudeosides NUCle oSicdases Sugars
Nucleosids pH18,dulo
Poly Gac -3pH, duodenum Mon Lipases fatty 4(tlycerol
l1glytende Di and
fct s P Lipases Diglyteride Monogucerides ph1.8, duo.acid
PH1-9,ducdenum
.Alu
(leas es Nutleoicdes Nutleosides
Nurleic
acids PI1.8 duodenum
unabsorbed are
moletules are absorbed în leum and jejunum
Simpler
asced to (arge inttstine
 FUNCTION: >ti) Caecum: Small blind
sac ohich hosts
sy mbiotic
Absorption of waler,some mro organisms Ver miform apPënd{x (finger ltke
and cer taln diugs mintralprojecH©n) arfses from catcaum and is vestigial in human
i) Secretitn of i) colon
(i) transverfe smallest & lacks
Colon :ascending
in
mucus which helps mesentry
adhering waste particlesfor descending- opens into rectum
together and
an tasy passage LARGIE INTESTINIE i) Rectum: last part of alimentary
canal f storage site of faecal mattr

Undigested, unabsorbed substances

(alled Haects enter into caecum of large
intestine through ileo- caecal valve
MuLosa f+or ms
t) Ctastric qland5: )SEROSA: Outermost layer and made of thin
glands: sto mesothelum with some tonnttive tissue (fibrous)
) (rypts of lberkuhn: mach Absent in oesophagus
intestint (betuwnSmall
bases ot. (id MOsCoLARIS: Formed smooth muscles
villi) Inner: iru lar; Outer: longitudinal 08LtAVE layer
inside to druular present in stomach
These taytis HISTOLOGY DF AC (U)SUB-MUCOSA: Lo0se connective tissues
Possess nttwork ot nerve fittes
called ple xus Containing nerves boocd and lymph vesses
(1) AYENTRIC fLExuS: Help 7In dudenum, glands are also present
peristalsis in (Brunners glands)
Churning (stomach e intestine) (pMusulan) (ov) MUCOSA: Inner most layer lining tumen ot
() PMEISSNER'S PLExUS (ttrol in Forms irrtqular folds called iugat f
and intestinal secretion
.
gastrie stomach
(Sub MuOsa) Small finger-tike foldings In SI ralled
villi (becarivhg microvilli:6ush border
Vtui are supplied with network ot capillaies
and vessel called lacteal
larqe (ymph
ABSORPTION Epithelrüm has goblet cells which secrere
mutus (uubricafion)
(1) Passive Transport: Ctucose, amino aids,
ions Gross (aliforic
Value
Physiologic
vlues
() facilitated Transport Glutose, amino acids Carbs 41 kcallg 40 kcal/
Transport ci tcater depends on csmotic gradi ent Proteins 5.65 kral/g 40 kcallg
gin Active Transport :Aminc acicds, glucose, Fats-45 kcal/a 90 keal/g
Nat ions insolubl
intoAbsor becd +isstttes substances tinallu reoch
Fatty acids and qly te rol are P incorpoiated tor their ativities.
to intesttnal tsses Lohich ulilise them
droptets (alled mitlleS which move Small This is called assimilation
mucosa- They are te formed Into very etin
(oat fai gicbules called chylomitrons thento
acteals and then into th blood

During fast Sequence oB compounds used

by body:
Carbohydrate fats> Poteins
Durin9 diahetiS and fast there is rise
of keto bodies in human body
(ontraction of gal bladder by
Chotecuslokinin-
 HORMONE SoURCE TARCIET UReIAN ACT1ON
tastrin Stomach Stomach Stimulate qastric gland
to serete ej release ot
gastric juice
2 Enterogastrone Dudenum Stomath Inhibits qastric secretion
(1astnc Inhibitory and motility
Pepticle -GtP)
3 Secretin (1 Reltase bitarbonates into
DuOdenum Pancreas, liver, tse bile
Hormone discoverd Stomach fanireatic juicej
Secretion; S t qastric
sece
by Sientist)
4 Choleystokinin Small yall bladder, ontracts gall bladder to-
release bile Stimula te
Pantreozymin Intestne PanreasS pancreaS to setrete relense
(CCK PE) to P.juice
augestrve encymis

NAME 0f DEFICIENGY
DEfICIENT
NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS

Protein (PEM) Kuoashior kor (observed lasted musdes, thin limbs

in children of 0ge -5yr retarded growth of body e
brain suoelling ot legs due to
eten tion of water
2 frotein and Marasmus (infants Impaired grototh and repla ement
calorie (PEM) beloo age of one year) ot tissue proteins, thin timbs
and prominent ibs (cmacuated
dry,wrinklecd and thin body),
skin,
didrrhoea
DisorderS 0
biqestive gystm
Jaundice: Acumulation of bilc pigments in blocd causing yellooness in skin
and eyes. Liver aferted

i)vomting: Ejetion ot stomach tontents through moutfh. tontroltecl by vomit

Centre tn meduulla. Nausea pfecedes vomifing
of
Abnormal trequenty of
tü) Diarrhoea: Haecal botoel movement and tsed liquidity
discharge Reduces absorption of food
() (onstipation: faeces are rtained oithin colon as bouoel move ments occur irregularly

to a of ful ness- auses

) Indigestion : food is not properly digestedl lecading feeling
ore
inadequate enzume secretion
i) aniety
(a) Food poisoining
v) Cver eatung
(v) Spiry fo od