A thermoplastic, also known as thermosoftening plastic,[1][2] is a polymer that turns to a liquid when heated and freezes to a very glassy

state when cooled sufficiently. Most thermoplastics are high-molecular-weight polymers whose chains associate through weak Van der Waals forces (polyethylene); stronger dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding (nylon)[3]; or even stacking of aromatic rings (polystyrene). Thermoplastic polymers differ from thermosetting polymers (Bakelite) in that they can be remelted and remoulded. Many thermoplastic materials are addition polymers; e.g., vinyl chain-growth polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene.

Contents
[hide]

1 Theory 2 Terminology 3 Testing 4 See also 5 References

[edit] Theory

Stress strain graph of thermoplastic material. Thermoplastics are elastic and flexible above a glass transition temperature Tg, specific for each onethe midpoint of a temperature range in contrast to the sharp melting point of a pure crystalline substance like water. Below a second, higher melting temperature, Tm, also the midpoint of a range, most thermoplastics have crystalline regions alternating with amorphous regions in which the chains approximate random coils. The amorphous regions contribute elasticity and the crystalline regions contribute strength and rigidity, as is also the case for non-thermoplastic fibrous proteins such as silk. (Elasticity does not mean they are particularly stretchy; e.g., nylon rope and fishing line.) Above Tm all crystalline structure disappears and the chains become randomly inter dispersed. As the temperature increases above Tm, viscosity gradually decreases without any distinct phase change. Some thermoplastics normally do not crystallize: they are termed "amorphous" plastics and are useful at temperatures below the Tg. They are frequently used in applications where clarity is important. Some typical examples of amorphous thermoplastics are PMMA, PS and PC. Generally, amorphous thermoplastics are less chemically resistant and can be subject to stress cracking. Thermoplastics will crystallize to a certain extent and are called "semi-crystalline" for this reason. Typical semi-crystalline thermoplastics are PE, PP, PBT and PET. The speed

and extent to which crystallization can occur depends in part on the flexibility of the polymer chain. Semi-crystalline thermoplastics are more resistant to solvents and other chemicals. If the crystallites are larger than the wavelength of light, the thermoplastic is hazy or opaque. Semi-crystalline thermoplastics become less brittle above Tg. If a plastic with otherwise desirable properties has too high a Tg, it can often be lowered by adding a low-molecularweight plasticizer to the melt before forming (Plastics extrusion; molding) and cooling. A similar result can sometimes be achieved by adding non-reactive side chains to the monomers before polymerization. Both methods make the polymer chains stand off a bit from one another. Before the introduction of plasticizers, plastic automobile parts often cracked in cold winter weather. Another method of lowering Tg (or raising Tm) is to incorporate the original plastic into a copolymer, as with graft copolymers of polystyrene, or into a composite material. Lowering Tg is not the only way to reduce brittleness. Drawing (and similar processes that stretch or orient the molecules) or increasing the length of the polymer chains also decrease brittleness. Thermoplastics can go through melting/freezing cycles repeatedly and the fact that they can be reshaped upon reheating gives them their name. This quality makes thermoplastics recyclable. The processes required for recycling vary with the thermoplastic. The plastics used for soda bottles are a common example of thermoplastics that can be and are widely recycled. Animal horn, made of the protein -keratin, softens on heating, is somewhat reshapable, and may be regarded as a natural, quasi-thermoplastic material. Although modestly vulcanized natural and synthetic rubbers are stretchy, they are elastomeric thermosets, not thermoplastics. Each has its own Tg, and will crack and shatter when cold enough so that the crosslinked polymer chains can no longer move relative to one another. But they have no Tm and will decompose at high temperatures rather than melt. Recently, thermoplastic elastomers have become available. Melting point and glass transition temperature of various thermoplastics Polymer Tm Tg Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 130 Acrylic (PMMA) 140 C Celluloid Cellulose acetate Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) Fluoroplastics (PTFE, alongside with FEP, PFA, CTFE, ECTFE, ETFE) Ionomers Kydex, a trademarked acrylic/PVC alloy

Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) Polyacetal (POM or Acetal) Polyacrylates (Acrylic) Polyacrylonitrile (PAN or Acrylonitrile) Polyamide (PA or Nylon) Polyamide-imide (PAI) Polyaryletherketone (PAEK or Ketone) Polybutadiene (PBD) Polybutylene (PB) Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) Polycaprolactone (PCL) 62 C Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) 260 75 Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) C C Polycyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate (PCT) 267 Polycarbonate (PC) C Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) Polyketone (PK) 75 Polyester 260 C C 105 -127 Polyethylene (PE) 130 C C 343 143 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) C C Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) Polyetherimide (PEI) Polyethersulfone (PES)- see Polysulfone Chlorinated Polyethylene (CPE) Polyimide (PI) 50 Polylactic acid (PLA) 80 C Polymethylpentene (PMP) Polyphenylene oxide (PPO) Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) Polyphthalamide (PPA) 160 Polypropylene (PP) C

[4]

Polystyrene (PS) Polysulfone (PSU) Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) Polyurethane (PU) Polyvinyl acetate (PVA) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) 185 C

240 C

32 C 80 C 40 C

[edit] Terminology
The literature on thermoplastics is huge, and can be quite confusing, as the same chemical can be available in many different forms (for example, at different molecular weights), which might have quite different physical properties. The same chemical can be referred to by many different tradenames, by different abbreviations; two chemical compounds can share the same name; a good example of the latter is the word "Teflon" which is used to refer to a specific polymer (PTFE); to related polymers such as PFA, and generically to fluoropolymers. Furthermore, over the last 30 years, there has been tremendous change in the plastics industry, with many companies going out of business or merging into other companies. Many production plants frequently changed hands or have been relocated to emerging countries in Eastern Europe or Asia, with different trademarks.

[edit] Testing
Testing of thermoplastics can take various forms. Tensile testsISO 527 -1/-2 and ASTM D 638 set out the standardized test methods. These standards are technically equivalent. However they are not fully comparable because of the difference in testing speeds. The modulus determination requires a high accuracy of 1 micrometer for the dilatometer. Flexural tests3-points flexural tests are among the most common and classic methods for semi rigid and rigid plastics. Pendulum impact testsimpact tests are used to measure the behavior of materials at higher deformation speeds. Pendulum impact testers are used to determine the energy required to break a standardized specimen by measuring the height to which the pendulum hammer rises after impacting the test piece.

[edit] See also

Thermosetting plastic Plastic Nurdle Emulsion dispersion

[edit] References
1. ^ http://www.lgschemistry.org.uk/PDF/Thermosoftening_and_thermosetting_plastics.pd f 2. ^ Baeurle SA, Hotta A, Gusev AA (2006). "On the glassy state of multiphase and pure polymer materials". Polymer 47: 62436253. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2006.05.076. 3. ^ Karimi-Varzaneh HA, Carbone P, Mueller-Plathe F (2008). "Hydrogen Bonding and Dynamic Crossover in Polyamide-66: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study". Macromolecules 41: 72117218. doi:10.1021/ma8010685. 4. ^ International Labour Organisation chemical safety card for polystyrene Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastic" Categories: Thermoplastics | Polymer physics Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from October 2009 | All articles needing additional references

Dewi

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Yusuf

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ITS PhD Theses Program Doktoral Teknik Kimia Posted by dewi007 at 11/05/2009 16:03:40 5783 Views PEMBUATAN TERMOPLASTIK ELASTOMER DARI CAMPURAN KARET ALAM DAN POLIPROPILEN THE PRODUCTION OF THERMOPLASTIC-ELASTOMER FROM NATURAL RUBBER/POLYPROPYLENE BLEND Created by : Bahruddin ( )

Subject: Keyword:

termoplastik komposit NR/PP vulkanisasi dinamik kompatibilisasi morfologi

sifat mekanik dan termal [ Description ] Karet alam (natural rubber, NR) merupakan salah satu komoditi alam Indonesia yang berlimpah. Bidang penggunaan material ini hampir tidak berubah dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, yaitu untuk pembuatan ban. Padahal secara teknis dan ekonomis, NR ini juga berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai bahan pengganti karet sintetik pada material termoplastik elastomer (TPE). Sampai dengan saat ini, jarang ditemui publikasi atau informasi mengenai hal-hal yang sudah dilakukan yang terkait dengan pengembangan material TPE berbasis NR Indonesia. Penelitian-penelitian yang sudah dilakukan juga menunjukkan bahwa campuran NR dan polipropilen (PP) mempunyai sifat mekanik yang rendah pada komposisi NR tinggi. Penelitian dalam disertasi ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kompatibilisasi campuran antara NR Indonesia (khususnya tipe SIR-20) dengan PP sehingga dapat menghasilkan sifat mekanik yang lebih baik dari pada yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitianpenelitian sebelumnya. Penelitian difokuskan pada kajian mengenai peningkatan kompatibilisasi dan sifat-sifat campuran NR/PP dengan memanipulasi parameter-parameter yang meliputi: komposisi NR (rasio massa NR/PP), komposisi sulfur sebagai cross-link agent pada reaksi vulkanisasi, modifikasi komponen NR dengan pencangkokan gugus [OH] untuk meningkatkan kepolarannya, dan penambahan komponen kopolimer cangkok maleated polypropylene (MA-g-PP) ke dalam campuran sebagai kompatibilizer. Pengaruh perbedaan stress history dipelajari dengan membandingkan hasil pencampuran menggunakan singlescrew extruder dan internal mixer. Sebagai respon dari pengaruh parameter-parameter tersebut digunakan indikator: kecampuran (miscibility), morfologi, sifat mekanik dan sifat termal. Kecampuran ditentukan dari nilai energi bebas pencampuran yang dihitung berdasarkan model Flory-Huggins. Indikator lainnya ditentukan secara eksperimental, yaitu: morfologi dengan scanning electron microscopy (SEM), sifat mekanik yang diukur meliputi tensile strength, elongation at break dan hardness, yang diukur berdasarkan standar ASTM; dan sifat termal diukur dengan differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) dan viscoelastometer (VE). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa paduan NR/PP dengan fasa NR tervulkanisasi dinamik atau termodifikasi gugus [OH] bersifat tidak dapat campur, terindikasi dari energi bebas pencampurannya yang bernilai positif dan adanya dua nilai suhu transisi gelas pada berbagai komposisi NR, sulfur dan gugus [OH]. Penambahan MA-g-PP dapat menurunkan nilai energi bebas pencampuran, namun masih tetap bernilai positif. Paduan NR/PP dengan fasa NR tervulkanisasi dinamik dan termodifikasi gugus [OH] mempunyai morfologi dua fasa pada berbagai komposisi NR, sulfur dan gugus [OH]. Penambahan MA-g-PP dapat meningkatkan homogenitas dan menurunkan ukuran fasa NR yang terdistribusi. Pencampuran NR/PP dengan menggunakan internal mixer dapat menghasilkan distribusi fasa yang lebih merata dan ukuran fasa yang lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan jika menggunakan single-screw extruder, sehingga menghasilkan sifat mekanik yang lebih baik. Paduan mempunyai satu suhu leleh, meskipun lebih rendah dari komponen PP, sehingga dapat diproses sebagaimana termoplastik PP. Peningkatan komposisi NR dan penambahan MA-g-PP dapat meningkatkan suhu leleh paduan, meskipun tidak dapat mencapai suhu leleh komponen PP. Panas peleburan (H) juga menunjukkan profil yang sama, namun semakin kecil dengan meningkatnya kadar NR dan MA-g-PP. Peningkatan komposisi NR menghasilkan peningkatan sifat elongation at break, namun menurunkan sifat tensile strength dan hardness. Sebaliknya, peningkatan komposisi sulfur menurunkan sifat tensile strength, namun meningkatkan sifat elongation at break dan hardness. Modifikasi NR dengan gugus [OH] menyebabkan penurunan sifat tensile dan hardness, namun sifat elongation at break meningkat hingga 126% pada rasio massa 70/30. Penambahan MA-g-PP dapat meningkatkan sifat mekanik paduan NR/PP dengan fasa

NR tervulkanisasi, namun menurunkan sifat mekanik paduan NR/PP dengan fasa NR termodifikasi gugus [OH]. Sifat mekanik paduan tanpa vulkanisasi dinamik relatif rendah, terutama pada komposisi NR 40% massa atau lebih, yang disebabkan sifat mekanik alami dari NR yang rendah. Sifat mekanik tertinggi dari TPE yang dihasilkan pada penelitian ini adalah sifat elongation at break yang mencapai 512% dengan tensile strength 7,7 MPa dan hardness 60 shore A. Sifat tersebut diperoleh pada rasio massa NR/PP 70/30, sulfur 3 phr, fraksi massa MA-g-PP 5% dan diproses dengan menggunakan internal mixer. Sifat mekanik tersebut lebih baik dibandingkan dengan sifat mekanik campuran NR/PP yang diperoleh peneliti-peneliti sebelumnya, baik menggunakan kopatibilizer silane maupun trans-polyoctenylene rubber (TOR). Hasil investigasi ini menunjukkan bahwa NR Indonesia (khususnya tipe SIR-20) berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai bahan untuk pembuatan material TPE. Namun untuk memperoleh material TPE yang secara ternis dan ekonomis dapat bersaing secara komersial, masih diperlukan kajian-kajian yang lebih lanjut.

Alt. Description Natural rubber is one the abundant Indonesian natural resources. In the last few decades, natural rubber material has only contributed mainly on tire industry. In fact, natural rubber also has the potency to replace synthetic rubber for production of thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) material. Many studies have been made in this area. However, only few studies have been conducted to investigate the TPE based on Indonesian natural rubber. Most research in this area report that natural rubber/polypropylene (NR/PP) blend has low mechanical properties at high NR composition. The objective of this study was to improve the compatibilization of Indonesian NR (especially of SIR20 type) and PP blend in order to increase mechanical properties of the blend. The work in this study was focused to increase the compatibility and properties of NR/PP blend by manipulation of parameters such as NR composition (NR/PP mass ratio), sulfur composition as cross-link agent in dynamic vulcanization, NR modification through [OH] group grafting to increase polarity, and the addition of maleated polypropylene as compatibilizer. The effect of stress history on blend characteristic was investigated by using single-screw extruder and internal mixer techniques. The effect of those parameters was analyzed by observing: miscibility, morphology, mechanic and thermal characteristics. Miscibility was determined from the mixing free-energy calculated by Flory-Huggins model. The other indicators were determined experimentally; morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation, mechanical properties assessment by ASTM measurement standard (tensile strength, elongation at break and hardness), thermal analysis study by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and viscoelastometry (VE). The analysis result showed that NR/PP blend with vulcanized or [OH] modified NR is immiscible blend, as it was indicated from positive free energy resulted and the two transition-peak appearance in DSC or VE thermographs. The addition of MA-g-PP could increase homogeneity and decrease particles size of distributed NR phase. The usage of internal mixer produced more homogeneity and smaller size of NR phase comparing to that of the single-screw extruder application, thus better mechanical characteristic could be attained. Blend posessed single melting point thus indicating the possibility of thermoplastic-like processing. The increase of both NR and MA-g-PP content increased the blend melting point, regardless that the point was still below to that of polypropylene. Heat fusion (H) showed similar tendency, though it was recorded lower with the increase of NR and MA-g-PP. The increase of NR could enhance the elongation at break, but it also lowered down the tensile

strenght and hardness. NR phase modification with [OH] group decreased tensile and hardness, but increased elongation at break to 126% at 70/30 mass ratio. The introduction of MA-g-PP could improve mechanical properties of the blend of NR/PP, but decrease to that of the [OH] modified NR. Mechanical properties of the blend was relatively low for undynamically vulcanized materials, particularly for NR 40% wt or more. The highest record of mechanical properties was found to be 512% elongation at break, 7.7 MPa tensile strength and 60 Shore A hardness at NR/PP 70/30 ratio, sulfur content of 3 phr, MA-g-PP 5% wt and using internal mixer. The result obtained in this work has better than that of previous studies. In general, the study has shown that Indonesian natural rubber, in this case SIR-20 type, indicate that the material has potency to be developed as TPE material. Further studies are required to improve the knowledge and the technology in practical application.

Contributor :

1. Prof. Dr. Ir. Nonot Soewarno, M. Eng Dr. Ir. Sumarno, M. Eng Prof. Dr. Ir. Gede Wibawa, M. Eng

Date Create : 11/05/2009 : Text Type : pdf. Format : Indonesian Language : ITS-PhD-3100008033817 Identifier Collection ID : 3100008033817 Call Number : RDK 678 Bah p

Source : PhD Theses of Chemical Engineering, RDK 678 Bah p, 2008 Coverage : ITS Community Only Rights : Copyright @2008 by ITS Library. This publication is protected by copyright and permission should be obtained from the ITS Library prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrievel system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to ITS Library

http://digilib.its.ac.id/ITS-PhD-3100008033817/4087

Publication details

Karakteristik Matriks termoplastik Polietilena Terplastisasi Poligliserol Asetat

Authors:

Rusdi Rafli
067006024 Poligliserol asetat (PGA) merupakan plastisiser alternatif untuk bahan termoplastik yang berbahan dasar residu gliserol pabrik biodisel. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan karakteristik dari poligliserol asetat sebagai plastisiser dan dibandingkan dengan dioktil ftalat (DOP) dalam matriks termoplastik polietilena. Pencampuran plastisiser dengan termoplastik dilakukan dengan melarutkan polietilena dalam pelarut xilena kemudian ditambahkan PGA dan DOP serta dipanaskan pada temperatur 100C selama 2 jam. Hasilnya kemudian dikarakterisasi dengan DTA, SEM, FT-IR dan uji mekanis (uji tarik, kemuluran). Hasil optimum pencampuran PE-PGA (10 : 1) memiliki kekuatan tarik 13,67 MPa. dan kemuluran 89,65 %. Campuran PE-DOP (10 : 2) memberikan kekuatan tarik 10,53 Mpa dan kemuluran 170,68 %. Campuran PE-PGA-DOP (10 : 1 : 1), memberikan kekuatan tarik 12,75 MPa dan kemuluran 101,8 %. Analisis Termal Difrensial (DTA) menunjukkan bahwa penambahan plastisiser ke dalam matriks polietilena secara umum menurunkan suhu leleh dan puncak tumggal. Hal ini menunjukkan campuran polietilena dengan poligliserol asetat telah homogen. Hasil karakterisasi sifat mekanik campuran polietilena menunjukkan kinerja plastisiser PGA masih di bawah DOP. Ditinjau secara umum, PGA dapat dipakai sebagai plastisiser alternatif terhadap DOP. Polyglycerol acetate (PGA) which was produced from glycerol residue of biodisel plant using crude palm oil (CPO) as raw material, can be used as alternative plasticizer for thermoplastics. This research aims to determine characteristic of polyglycerol acetate as plasticizer and compares to dioctyl phtalate (DOP) as commercial plasticizer in polyethylene (PE) matrices. Blending of the plasticizers with polyethylene thermoplastic was done by dissolving the polyethylene in xylene as solvent then was added with PGA and/or DOP at temperature 100C for 2 hours. The products were then characterized with DTA, SEM, Tensile strenght and FT-IR methods. The optimum blends of PEPGA (10 : 1) gave tensile strength 13,67 MPa and elongation 89,65 %, PE-DOP (10 : 2) gave tensile strength 10,53 MPa and elongation 170,68 % and PE-PGA-DOP (10 : 1 : 1) gave tensile strength 12,75 MPa and elongation 101,8 %. Test of Thermal Diffrential Analysis (DTA) from all of the mixtures showed single melting temperature, which revealed homogen mixtures. Result of characterization of mechanical properties of polyethylene mixtures , showed performance of PGA was still under that of DOP. In general, it was indicated that PGA can be used as alternative plasticizers for DOP. Prof. Basuki Wirjosentono, MS, Ph.D, Dr. Ir. Tjahjono Herawan, MSc

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/42323813_Karakteristik_Matriks_termoplastik_Polietilena _Terplastisasi_Poligliserol_Asetat

Kategori 8 Plastik / Plastic untuk jenis lainnya

Kategori ini mencakup semua jenis plastik yang tidak termasuk dalam keenam kategori di atas. Namun, bukan berarti plastik jenis ini aman sebagai wadah makanan, karena di dalam kategori ini termasuk polycarbonate yang dapat melepaskan BPA. Di dalam kategori ini juga ada bio plastik yang terbuat dari tepung jagung, kentang, atau tebu. Bioplastik aman sebagai kemasan Plastik / Plastic makanan dan ia pun dapat terurai secara biologis. Untuk jenis ini, pastikan bahan Plastik / Plastic tidak mengandung Polycarbonate.

http://ptalpen.com/article/48-lanjutan-kode-plastik-lainnya-plastic-polybag