Experiment No 1: - STUDY OF STOMATA

AIM: To prepare a temporary mount of a leaf peel to show stomata.

MATERIAL REQUIRED: Fresh leaves of a plant such as Petunia, Dianthus or Lily, watch glass,slide, cover
slip, brush, a piece of blotting paper, razor blade ,safranin, glycerine,
compound microscope.

PROCEDURE:
1. Remove a peel from the lower surface of the leaf as it has more stomata as
compared to the upper surface of leaf. This can be done by carefully pulling out a thin
peel with the help of a razor/blade.
2. Immediately put the leaf peel in water in watch glass.
3. Now add a few drops of safranin stain to the watch glass to stain the leaf peel.
4. Cut a small piece of leaf peel.
5. On a slide put a drop of glycerin in the centre. Now place this leaf peel on the slide.
6. Gently place the cover slip.
7. Remove the excess stain and glycerin with the help of the blotting paper.
8. Now observe the stomata under the compound microscope under low power. (10X)

OBSERVATION
1. A stoma is a pore, found in the leaf epidermis
2. The pore is bordered by a pair of specialized cells known as guard cells
3. Each guard cell is kidney shaped and consists of a single nucleus and many
chloroplasts.
4. The inner walls of the guard cells are thick and outer walls thin .

Precautions:
1. Do not use excess stain while preparing the slide.
2. Mount the peel in the centre of slide.
3. Avoid air bubbles while putting the cover slip.
4. Adjust the microscope properly to see the stomata.
 EXPERIMENT No: 2 AEROBIC RESPIRATION

AIM: To show experimentally that carbon dioxide is given out during respiration.

Materials Required :
Germinating seed, conical flask, small test tube containing KOH, small thread, bent
capillary tube, beaker and cork.

Procedure :
1. Take some germinating seeds of moong dal in a conical flask.
2. Place a small test tube containing KOH solution in hanging position in the flask.
3. Fix a bent capillary tube with one end in conical flask and other end in the beaker containing colored water.
4. Keep the set up for about two hours and observe change in water level in capillary tube.
Observation:
KOH solution kept in the test tube inside the air-tight conical flask absorbs the evolved carbon dioxide released
by germinating seeds thereby creating a partial vacuum in the conical flask. So an equal volume of water rises
up in the tube. This indicates that the germinating seeds are actively respiring and evolving carbon dioxide gas
during the process of respiration.

Precautions :
1. Mouth of the conical flask should be air tight
2. Seeds should be fresh, germinating and respiring
[Link] a small test tube with a fine thread.
 EXPERIMENT NO 3– BINARY FISSION AND BUDDING
AIM
To study binary fission in Amoeba and budding in yeast and hydra
MATERIALS REQUIRED
A compound microscope, permanent slides of binary fission in Amoeba, budding in yeast/hydra or charts of
binary fission and Budding.
PROCEDURE
1. Focus the slide first under the low power and then under high power of compound microscope.
2. Observe the stages in binary fission and budding
3. Draw diagrams of the stages in binary fission and budding

OBSERVATIONS :
Binary fission in Amoeba- A centrally constricted amoeba with two distinct nuclei is seen in the slide.

Budding in Yeast – A large parent cell is seen with a chain of 2-3 buds attached at one point .

Budding in Hydra : A small outgrowth in the form of bud is seen attached to one parts of the body of the
parent hydra. The bud resembles the parent.
Experiment No 4 – PARTS OF DICOT EMBRYO
AIM
To study the parts of a dicot embryo
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Pea seeds, distilled water, petridish, forceps, dissecting microscope, needle, brush
PROCEDURE
1. Take some pea seeds and put them in a beaker containing distilled water.
2. Soak the pea seeds overnight.
3. Take one seed from the beaker using a forceps and place it in a watch glass.
4. Remove the seed coat of the pea seed, using the forceps and the needle.
5. Pick the seed using the forceps and place it on the stage plate of the dissection microscope.
6. Separate the two cotyledons of the pea seed using the forceps and the needle.
7. Observe the seed through the dissection microscope.

OBSERVATIONS
➢ Pea seeds are round in shape.
➢ One end of the embryonic axis called the plumule, lies enclosed between the two cotyledons. It
develops into the shoot.
➢ We can see a epicotyls and a hypocotyl on each seed, which is located above the root and below
the stalk of the cotyledon.
➢ The other end of the embryonic axis called the radicle, protrudes outside the cotyledons. This develops
in to the root.
➢ The pea seed contains two thick fleshy cotyledons which are foods storage organs.
➢ Since two cotyledons are seen in pea seeds, they are dicot seeds.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Handle the soaked seeds carefully. Remove the seed coat gently to avoid the breakage of
cotyledons
2. Carefully dissect and separate the cotyledons to reveal the parts of the embryonal axis.