CLASS-X-BIOLOGY-2024-25
1. Preparing a temporary mount of a leaf peel to show
stomata.
OBJECTIVE:
To prepare a temporary mount of a leaf peel to show stomata.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Leaf of Tradescantia or periwinkle or balsam, slide, coverslip, forceps, needles,
cotton cloth, brush, blotting paper, watch glass, blade, dropper, glycerine, safranin
and compound microscope.
Theory
Stomata mean ‘mouth’ which are pore found in the epidermis of leaves, stems
and all other plant parts found above the ground. Stomata permit the exchange
of gases between the atmosphere and the inside of the leaf.
PROCEDURE
1. Take a freshly plucked leaf, and remove the peel from its lower surface by
tearing it.
2. Put the leaf peel in a watch glass containing water so that the peel does not
dry.
3. To the watch glass containing leaf peel, add 1-2 drops of safranin to stain the
peel.
4. With the help of a brush, place the leaf peel in the centre of a clean slide.
5. Put a drop of glycerine on the slide over the peel.
6. Now, with the help of a needle, gently place a coverslip over the peel.
7. Remove the excess glycerine with a blotting paper.
8. Observe the slide, first, under the lower magnification (i.e., 10 X) of a
compound microscope and then, under the higher magnification (i.e., 45 X).
OBSERVATIONS
1. Epidermis or leaf peel consists of a number of cells which are irregular in
outline and are arranged in single layer with no intercellular spaces.
2. Tiny pores called stomata are seen in the epidermal cells.
3. Each stoma consists of two kidney-shaped guard cells.
4. Each guard cell has a nucleus and many chloroplasts.
RESULT
Minute apertures called stomata are seen in the temporary mount of leaf peel. Each
stoma is enclosed by two kidney-shaped guard cells. These guard cells differ from
other epidermal cells in having chloroplast.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Peel should be taken from freshly plucked leaf.
2. Peel should not be allowed to dry.
3. Leaf peel should not be over stained.
4. The slide should not be dirty. –
5. Use a brush to transfer the leaf peel from watch glass to slide.
6. Peel should be placed in centre of slide.
7. Curling of peel should be avoided while placing it on slide.
8. The epidermal peel should be small in size.
9. Place the coverslip gently to avoid entry of air bubbles.
10. Excess stain and glycerine should be removed with blotting paper.
2. Experimentally show that carbon dioxide is given out
during respiration
AIM
To show experimentally that carbon dioxide is given out during respiration
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Two test tubes, a cork with two holes, two glass tubes, syringe, lime water.
Theory
• All living things show respiration.
• It is a chemical process that occurs inside the cell, hence called cellular respiration.
• It involves the breaking down of food to release energy and carbon dioxide.
• Its reaction is the reverse of photosynthesis.
• There are two types of respiration in animals: Aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
• Aerobic respiration needs oxygen and anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of
oxygen.
• There are three pathways of respiration as shown below:
• The energy released in cellular respiration is immediately used to synthesise a
molecule called ATP.
• Plants also release CO2 during respiration.
• The exchange of gases during respiration takes place through small pores on the leaf
called stomata.
• Carbon dioxide can be tested by lime water test.
• A freshly prepared lime water is Ca(OH)2 When CO2 is allowed to pass through it an
insoluble compound called CaCO3 is formed which makes the lime water milky.
Procedure
1. Take some freshly prepared lime water in two test tubes.
2. Fit cork with two holes in test tubes A and B.
3. Fix two glass tubes in this cork of test tube A as shown in the figure.
4. Exhale air into the tube and record your observations.
5. In another test tube B, which has lime water, pass air through syringe and record your
observations.
Observation
• In test tube A, the lime water turns milky sooner than in test tube B.
Conclusion
1. The exhaled air contains lot of CO2 which turns lime water milky.
2. This proves that during respiration we exhale CO2 gas.
Precautions
1. The glass tube should be dipped in the lime water.
2. The lime water should be freshly prepared.
RESULT
Germinated gram seeds in a conical flask release CO, during respiration. The C02
released is absorbed by KOH present in the hanging test tube in conical flask. This
creates a vacuum in conical flask which causes upward movement of water in the
delivery tube leading to change in level of water in the delivery tube.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Germinating seeds should be kept moist.
2. All connections of the set-up should be air-tight.
3. Freshly prepared KOH solution should be used.
4. Keep one end of U-shaped delivery tube in conical flask and the other end
immersed in water of the beaker.
5. The test tube containing KOH should be hung carefully.
3. Studying (a) binary fission in Amoeba, and (b) budding in
yeast and Hydra with the help of prepared slides.
AIM
To study
• binary fission in Amoeba, and
• budding in yeast & Hydra with the help of prepared slides.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Compound microscope, permanent slides of binary fission in Amoeba and
budding in yeast.
PROCEDURE
1. Select the slide of binary fission in Amoeba and budding in yeast.
2. Set-up a compound microscope. While looking through the eye piece, adjust
the mirror and diaphragm so that microscope is illuminated.
3. Now, place the slide on stage and focus at low power. Observe it.
4. Without removing the slide, now change the focus to high power. Observe it.
OBSERVATIONS
(a) Binary Fission in Amoeba
• This is a type of asexual reproduction in which two daughter cells (or two
individuals) are formed from a single parent.
• Parent cell becomes elongated.
• Nucleus divides first and then the cytoplasm divides.
• At the point of fission, constriction appears and deepens to divide the cell into
two daughter cells.
(b) Budding in Yeast
• In this type of asexual reproduction, a small protuberance or outgrowth arises
from the parent body called bud.
• Nucleus divides to form two daughter nuclei, of which one passes into the
bud.
• The bud now detaches from the parent body and grows independently as a
new individual or may remain attached to parent body, forming chain of cells.
• Parental identity is not lost.
Budding in Hydra
• Organisms such as hydra use regenerative cells for reproduction in the process
of budding.
• In hydra, a bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell division at one
specific site.
• These buds develop into tiny individuals and, when fully mature, detach from
the parent body and become new independent individuals.
4. Identification of the different parts of an embryo of a dicot
seed (Pea, gram or red kidney bean).
AIM
Identify the different parts of an embryo of a dicot seed (Pea, gram or red kidney
bean).
