APPROVAL SHEET

The complete report oI Basic Biology with title 'Lazarro Spallanzani

Experiment created by :
Name : Nurul Istiqamah Hassan
Reg. Number : 1112040196
Class/Group : Physics ICP/7
AIter it`s checked and consulted by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, it
has IulIilled requirement.


Makassar, November

2011
Assistant Coordinator Assistant


Djumarirmanto,S.Pd Fitriani Amrullah
Reg.Number: Reg.Number:091 409155


Known by :
Lecturer Responsibility,


(Ir. MUH. WIHARTO, M.SI)
Reg. No: 19660930 199203 1 004






HAPTER 1
INTRODUTION
A. Backround
Biology is the study oI living individuals. In biology, liIe is process oI
expanding and improving the amount oI something than can not be returned ri its
original state and its Iollowed in various activities. Individuals who live should
have the characteristic oI liIe, which has a shape, physical size, and spesiIic
chemical composition, nutritional needs, has a transportation system, respiration,
excretion, synthesis, regulation, reproduction, grow and thrive, irritability,
adaptation, and interact.
Based on the characteristic oI liIe, individuals can be devided into two
kind, namely the non-living things and the living things. As Ior that include a
living things, namely humans, animals, plants, and microorganisms only.
However, we need to know and look at some Iacts about the behavior oI objects
that are considered dead, and then compared with living creatures that have died.
Question, where the liIe was coming Irom?, had been answered by using any
theory and experiment by scientist since Ancient Greece era. But, all oI the
answers were unsatisiIied.
BeIore abiogenesis theoris appear, there is one teoris namely
Abiogenesis theory that said by Aristoteles at 384 322 SM. This
theoryproclaimed that living organism come Irom dead object, this theory there
is concept which Iamous namely Generatio spontanea which proclaimed that
living organism which Iirstly appeared come Irom which happened with manner
spontan, Ior example Iish. Frog and Iish come Irom mud, worm come Irom soil.
Although the theory hold out Ior some hundred years, but not all people
corrected this theory. Peoples that doubtIul this theory are Fransesco Redi,
Lazarro spallansani, Louis pasteur. They each done experiment and successIul
made prooI the mistake oI abiogenesis theory and Irom experiment that they
done, so born a theory which known with name biogenesis theory. This theory
proclaimed that living organism come Irom living organism previously. This
theory can hold out until now.
This practicum done Ior made prooI truth biogenesis theory, because
scientists said that living organism come Irom living organism previously. Was
this statement true or not ? to answser this question we must done observation
with used broth liquid, the broth liquid there is which must to heated and there is
not heated. There is which to closed and there is not closed.
B. Purpose
The purpose Irom this practicum is give opportunity to students oI
university to join idea path and method which ever done by some scientis on
Iinished the problem oI biology. The special to answer where the liIe was
coming Irom?
. Benefit
With this practicum, the student oI university can to make prooI manner
the truth biogenesis theory.











HAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE
Question 'where the liIe was coming Irom? Have tested to answer with
various theory and observation. In the mid-1800s, the acclaimed microbiologist
Louis Pasteur entered the arena. The methods he used to discount abiogenesis were
smple yet brilliant. And also one oI the various theory and observation is experiment
oI Lazarro spallanzani which doubtIul truth Abiogenesis theory/generatio spontanea
by Aristoteles. (Tim Pengajar oI Biology Departement, 2011).
Since Aristoteles era ( 300 SM ) peoples believe that live organism can
happen manner spontan Irom biotik. This opinion Iamous with term Generatio
spontanea. This opinion believe too by John Needham, a Irlandia clergyman which
do experiment beetwen year 1745-1750 with boil rices and meat get that although
water oI the boil saved close on the bottle which close but diIinitely appear microbe.
This opinion surely can draw Iloor advancement oI biology at the time. Although in
this way, many scientist which appear and then Ieeling that concept oI generatio
spontanea can not keep so that they begin try Ior pllrove the mistake.
Shult:e ( 1836 ) Iixedexperiment Spallanzani with give air with an acid or
base wich hard into broth liquid which have heate, but some supporters generatio
spontanea said that air with acid or base havehappeningchange so not appear
microbe. Schroeder and Theodor von Dosch ( 1854 ) do same experiment with
Spallanzani and Schwan but they Iilt air with sterille cotton, the result said that not
there is grow on water meat boil have heate. New aIter Louis Pasteur at 1865 do
experiment with use bulb tube contained broth liquid which closed by a pipa as swan
neckcan make people sure that not live can appear Irom dead object. So the
conclusion that opinion with Omne vivum ex ovo, omne ovom ex vivo. Pasteur
opinion supported by John Tyndall which Iound a method namely: Tyndalisasi to
make sterille object wich bacteria thermophiliccan`t make dead with buil. (Ristiati,
2000).
For thousands oI years, it was the general consensus that certain living things
arose intacct Irom vital Iorces inherent in nonliving or decomposition.things arose
intacct Irom vital Iorces inherent in nonliving or decomposing matter. This ancien
belieI in spontaneus generation, abiogenesis was continously reinIorced as people
observed that meat leIt out in the open soon pruced maggots, that mushrooms
appeared on rooting wood. Two hypotesis attempted to explain the origin oI the
simpler Iorms oI liIe: (1) they arose spontaneously by the massing oI vital Iorces
within nonliving matter (abiogenesis) or (2) they arose only Irom other living things
oI their same kind (biogenesis). (Kathleen, 2000)
Unable to allow Needham`s conclusion to remain untested, an Italian
naturalist, Lazarro Spallanzan, took more extensive and sophisticated measures,
which included long-term heating oI the test vessels and inIusions to destroy any
lingering resistant Iorms. He Iound that a variety oI liquid nutrients (broths, urine)
thus treated and kept sealed in Ilasks Irom air would not develop growth. When he
was accused oI destroying the vegetative Iorce oI the nutrients by overheating, he
showed that the heated nutrients could still grow microbes when eksposed to air.
Undaunted by this argument, other critics objected that Spallazani`s Ilasks were
sealed Irom oxygen, a gas known to be required in the respiration oI animals.
Somehow, Leeuwenhoek`s earlier discovery that Iree oxygen was not necessary Ior
microbial growth was disregarded at the time. (Kathleen, 2000)
Additional experiments Iurther deIended biogenesis. Franz Shultze and
Theodeor Schwann oI Germany Ielt assured that air was the source oI microbes and
sought to prove this by passing air through strong chemicals or hot glass tubes into
heat-treated inIosions in Ilasks. When the inIusions again remained devoid oI living
things, the supporters oI abiogenesis claimed that the treatment oI the air had made it
harmIul to the spontaneous development oI liIe. These studies were Iollowed up by
Georg Schroeder and Theodor Van Dusch, who did not treat the air with heat or
chemicals, but passed it through cotton wool to Iilter out micThenroscopic
organisms. Again, no microbes grew in the inIusions. Although these experiments
should have Iinally laid to rest the arguments Ior spontaneous generation, they did
not. Then, in the mid-1800s, the acclaimed microbiologist Louis Pasteur entered the
arena. He had recently been studying the roles oI microorganisms in the Iermentation
or beer and wine, and it was cleat to him that these processes were brought about by
the activities oI microbes introduced into the beverage Irom air, Iruits, and grains
(Kathleen, 2000).
Result Irom experiment with used tube goose neck like as U gave strong
prooI Ior scientists about abiogenesis theory and the next scientists at the era
received new theory about provided that live namely biogenesis` theory , it mean
this live come Irom the live previously. Pasteur also producted many opus on
microbiology, it was very Iamous, the specially about Iermentation and
microorganism causer the illness and appear nutIah Iermentation theory and nutIah
illness theory (Kusnady, 1999).
In natural science, abiogenesis is the study oI how liIe on earth arose Irom
inanimate matter. In any theory oI abiogenesis, two aspects oI liIe have to be
accounted Ior replication and metabolism. In the beginning, metabolism-Iirst theories
(oparincoacervate) were proposed, and only later thingking gave rise to the modern,
replication Iirst approach. In modern, still somewhat limited understanding, the Iirst
living things on earth are thought to be single cell prokaryotes (which lack a cell
nucleus), perhaps evolved Irom protobionts (organic molocules surrounded by a
membrane-like structure). The oldest ancient Iossil microbe-like object are dated to
be Ga (bilion years old), approximately one bilion years aIter the Iormation oI the
earth it selI. The ratio oI stable isotopes oI carbon, iron and sulIur shows the action
oI living things on inorganic minerals and sediments and molecular biomarker
indicate photosynthesis, demonstrating that liIe on earth was widespread by this time.
The sequence oI chemical events that led to the Iirst nucleic acid is not known.
Saveral hypotheses about early liIe have been proposed, most notably the iron-sulIur
word theory (metabolism without genetics) and the RNA word hypothesis (RNA liIe-
Iorms (Anonymous, 2011).
HAPTER III
PRATIUM METHOD
A.Place and Date
This practicum done on :
Day / Date : Thursday / November 2
nd
2011
Time : at 13.20
Place : Biology Laboratory oI Biology Departement FMIPA UNM, at
the 3
th
Iloor.
B.Tools and Materials
a. Tools :
1)4 piece reaction tube
2)1 piece rack reaction tube
3)2 piece wood cork
4)1 piece spritus lamp
5)1 piece clamp tube
6)1 angklet rubber
7)Drop pipette
b. Materials :
1)1 piece oI Wax
2)40 ml Broth liquid
3)Match
4)Lable
. Work procedure
1. All test tubes cleaned with water.
2. All oI test tubes Iilled with 10 mL oI broth.
3. First tube, leave in a state oI open and non-heated.
4. Second tube, stopped with cork stopper and dropped with candle between test
tube mouth and cork stopper.
5. Third tube, tweezed with clamp and boiled the broth above spiritus lamp Ior
about 10 minutes, let it opened.
6. Fourth tube, tweezed with clamp and boiled the broth above spiritus lamp Ior
about 10 minutes, immediately stopped with cork stopper.
7. All oI test tubes placed in test tube rack and kept Irom animal disorders, direct
sunlight, other heat sources, and etc.
8. Observed in one week.

HAPTER IV
OBSERVATION RESULT
A. Result of Practicum
No. Days Tube
I II III IV
Sm S C F Sm S C F Sm S C F Sm S C F
1 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
4 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
6 5 - - - -
7 6 - - -
Note :
- : No
: Yes
: Changes increased
Sm : Smell
S : Sediment
C : Colour
F : Foam
B. Discussion
Observation which worked during 1 week, at every reaction tube which
Iilled broth liquid and gave work procedure diIIerent between tube I, II, III, and
IV. The Iollowing will explain about the result oI experiment:
1. The tubes did diIIerent Ior represented the condition oI environment Ior
microbes.
2. Tube I, broth liquid didn`t heat an didn`t close. The result, Iirst day there was
change oI color and IiIith until sixth day happened change oI smell and
happened sedimen and Ioam. Tube I had big change because broth didn`t heat
so that microbe didn`t dead and didn`t close so that microbe more easy
entered in tube.
3. Tube II, broth liquid didn`t heat and closed with cork and then dropped
candle. The Iirst until third day already had color (pure), and not yet appear
sediment and Ioam at Iirst till IiIth day. The third until IiIth day had color
(turbid) and there was not smell. It is meaning that there was not microbe
which entered to the tube because the cover oI tube closed and sediment also
not yet appear. But at the last day there was sediment. There was sediment
because oI broth liquid didn`t heat so that microbe which there was in tube
didn`t dead.
4. Tube III, broth liquid heated and opened. When the Iirst day didn`t happen oI
change colour, smell, and sediment. Second day already happened change oI
color (pure), but not yet appear oI sediment,smell, and Ioam. So does at the
third till IiIth day. The IiIth till the last day happened oI increased change
colour became turbid. At the sixth day had smell, color (turbid), sediment,
and Ioam. And the last day there are many microbe which entered to the tube
and mixed with broth liquid.
5. Tube IV, broth liquid heated on the spiritus lamp and closed with cork and
then dropped candle. The result in the Iirst until IiIth day there was not color
(pure) and there was not smell because the condition in tube sterile, there was
not inIluenced Irom enveironment or microorganism because the tube was
closed and the broth was heated. Sediment also in Iirst until Iourth not yet
appear but the last day already had little sediment.




HAPTER V
ONLUSION AND SUGGESTION
onclusion
Based on the experiment have do, can taking a conclusion that
experiment oI Lazarro spallansani have prooI which support biogenesis
theory which assert that living organism come Irom live creature previously
and the result same with the result oI this experimwnt that we have do. And
the method is one procedur that we have to did Ior doing a scince project.
Suggestion
Better, beIore this practicum begin all tools must be sterile so that can
got maximal results. And also when we do this experiment, the broth liquid
have to heated to boiling Ior deadly the microorganisms that Iound in the
broth liquid. Be careIull when heated the broth liquid in reaction tube.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anonym. 2011. -iogenesis. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenesis. Accessed on
November 5
th
2011.
Kusnadi. 1999. Mikro-iologi. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Ristiati, Ni Putu. 2000. PengantarMikro-iologiUmum. Jakarta: High School
Advance Project.
Talaro, Kathleen. 2000. Micro-iology. Bogota: Wm. C. Brown Publishers.
Tim Pengajar. 2011.Penuntun Praktikum Biologi Dasar. Makassar: FMIPA
Makassar State University Laboratory.


ANONYM

Abiogenesis
From Wikipedia, the Iree encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"First LiIe" redirects here. For the BBC series, see First LiIe (TV series).
"Primordial soup" redirects here. For the board game, see Primordial Soup (board
game).
"Origin oI liIe" redirects here. For views on the origins oI liIe outside the natural
sciences, see Creation myth.

In natural science, abiogenesis (pronounced /eba.dnss/, AY-bye-oh-
JEN--siss) or biopoesis is the study oI how liIe on Earth arose Irom
inanimate matter. Most amino acids, oIten called "the building blocks oI liIe",
can Iorm via natural chemical reactions unrelated to liIe, as demonstrated in
the MillerUrey experiment and similar experiments, which involved
simulating some oI the conditions oI the early Earth, in a scientiIic
laboratory.|1| In all living things, these amino acids are organized into
proteins, and the construction oI these proteins is mediated by nucleic acids.
Which oI these organic molecules Iirst arose and how they Iormed the Iirst
liIe is the Iocus oI abiogenesis.

In any theory oI abiogenesis, two aspects oI liIe have to be accounted Ior:
replication, and metabolism. The question oI which came Iirst gave rise to
diIIerent types oI theories. In the beginning, metabolism-Iirst theories
(Oparincoacervate) were proposed, and only later thinking gave rise to the
modern, replication-Iirst approach.

In modern, still somewhat limited understanding, the Iirst living things on Earth are
thought to be single cell prokaryotes (which lack a cell nucleus), perhaps
evolved Irom protobionts (organic molecules surrounded by a membrane-like
structure).|2| The oldest ancient Iossil microbe-like objects are dated to be
3.5 Ga (billion years old), approximately one billion years aIter the Iormation
oI the Earth itselI.|3||4| By 2.4 Ga, the ratio oI stable isotopes oI carbon, iron
and sulIur shows the action oI living things on inorganic minerals and
sediments|5||6| and molecular biomarkers indicate photosynthesis,
demonstrating that liIe on Earth was widespread by this time.|7||8|

The sequence oI chemical events that led to the Iirst nucleic acids is not known.
Several hypotheses about early liIe have been proposed, most notably the
iron-sulIur world theory (metabolism without genetics) and the RNA world
hypothesis (RNA liIe-Iorms).

APPENDIX
Question
What are the causes oI the changes in broth in the above experiment?
Answer : The reason is because oI microorganisms that then multiply in
broth
Where does the advent oI living things that cause a change in the broth?
Answer : comes Irom the outside air, and also Irom the broth itselI is not
sterilized.
Changes in stock at the trial oI the above occurs in the tube treated how? Why
did it happen so?
Answer : The stock changes occur in tubes I, II tubes, and tube III. Because
the tube I, since each tube is still has the microorganisms, because
there is contaminated with outside air and not in sterilization, but
there are at sterilize contaminated with outside air, and some are not
contaminated but not sterilized.
In the treated tube its broth how that has not changed? Why not change the
color and smell?
Answer : IV tube has not changed, caused by microorganisms in the water
oII on the heated broth and microorganisms Irom the outside can not
enter because the closed meeting.
5. Could the stock material oI a sudden it will come new creatures?
Answer : Not likely. Because the causes oI the emergence oI living things
that are broth containing microbes (non-sterile and contaminated)
that do not appear because the numbers are still small and multiply
over time aIter breeding.
6. experimental results above can be used as strong evidence to
disprove.Assistant spontaneous generation opinion?
Answer : may, because oI experiments that have been done conclude that liIe
did not originate Irom inanimate objects (occurs in IV tubes), but
derived Irom previously living things (seen on the tube I,II tubes,
and tube III).