Mt hng dn v cc m hnh Markov n (Hidden Markov Models HMMs) v ng dng c la chn nhn dng ging ni Mc d ban u c gii thiu

v nghin cu vo cui nhng nm 1960, phng php thng k bt ngun ca Markov hoc m hnh Markov n tr nn ngy cng ph bin trong nhng nm gn y. C hai l do ni bt l gii ti sao iu ny xy ra. u tin l m hnh rt phong ph trong cu trc ton hc v do c th hnh thnh c s l thuyt s dng trong mt lot cc ng dng. Th hai cc m hnh, khi p dng ng cch, u tin l m hnh rt phong ph trong cu trc ton hc v do c th hnh thnh c s l thuyt s dng trong mt lot cc ng dng.Th hai cc m hnh, khi p dng ng cch, lm vic rt tt trong thc t cho cc ng dng quan trng. Trong bi bo ny chng ti c gng cn thn v xem xt c phng php cc kha cnh l thuyt ca loi hnh m hnh thng k ny v lm r lm th no n c p dng i vi vn nhn dng ting ni. I. Gii thiu Qu trnh sn xut thc t cc kt qu u ra c th c m t nh l tn hiu. Cc tn hiu c th c ri rc ho trong t nhin (v d, cc k t t mt bng ch ci, lng t ha vector t codebook,), hoc lin tc trong t nhin (v d, ging ni mu, o lng nhit , m nhc, ). Cc ngun tn hiu c th khng i (tc l, tnh cht thng k ca n khng thay i theo thi gian), hoc thay i (tc l, cc c tnh tn hiu thay i theo thi gian). Cc tn hiu c th khng c tp m (tc l, pht t mt ngun duy nht), hoc c th b hng t cc ngun tn hiu khc (v d, ting n) hoc bng cch bin dng truyn, vang, Mt vn c quan tm c bn l c im tn hiu trong th gii thc ca cc m hnh tn hiu. l l do ti sao n l mi quan tm n vic p dng m hnh tn hiu. Trc ht, mt m hnh tn hiu c th cung cp c s cho mt m t l thuyt ca mt h thng x l tn hiu c th dng x l tn hiu cung cp mt u ra mong mun. V d, nu chng ta quan tm trong vic tng cng mt tn hiu m thanh b hng bi ting n v s bin dng truyn dn, chng ta c th s dng m hnh tn hiu thit k mt h thng ti u s loi b cc ting n v quay li s bin dng truyn dn. L do th hai l gii ti sao m hnh tn hiu rt quan trng l chng c kh nng c kh nng cho php chng ta tm hiu rt nhiu v cc ngun tn hiu. (tc l, qu trnh th gii thc m sn xut ra cc tn hiu) m khng cn phi c ngun sn c. Thuc tnh ny l c bit quan trng khi cc i hi nhn c tn hiu t ngun thc t l kh khn. Trong trng hp ny, vi mt m hnh tn hiu tt, chng ta c th m phng cc ngun v tm hiu cng nhiu cng tt thng qua m phng. Cui cng, l do quan trng nht l gii ti sao m hnh tn hiu rt quan trng l chng thng lm vic rt tt trong thc t, v cho php chng ta nhn ra h thng thc t rt quan trng, v d

nh h thng d bo, h thng nhn dng, xc nh h thng, , mt cch rt hiu qu. y l mt s la chn tt cho nhng g ca m hnh tn hiu c s dng m t cc thuc tnh ca mt tn hiu cho. Ni rng ra ngi ta c th phn chia cc loi m hnh tn hiu vo lp cc m hnh xc nh, v lp cc m hnh thng k. M hnh xc nh khai thc mt s c tnh c th c bit n ca cc tn hiu, v d nh, tn hiu l mt ln sng sin, hoc mt tng ca cc hm m, Trong nhng trng hp ny, c im k thut ca m hnh tn hiu ni chung l n; tt c nhng g l cn thit xc nh (c tnh) gi tr ca cc tham s ca m hnh tn hiu (v d, bin , tn s, giai on ca mt hm sng sin, bin v t l ca hm m, ). Lp ln th hai ca cc m hnh tn hiu l tp hp ca cc m hnh thng k, trong c gng m t cc tnh cht thng k ca tn hiu. V d cc m hnh thng k nh vy bao gm cc quy trnh Gaussbian, qu trnh Poisson, qu trnh Markov, v cc qu trnh Markov n, mt s khc. Cc gi nh c bn ca m hnh thng k l tn hiu c th c m t nh l mt qu trnh vi tham s ngu nhin, v cc tham s ca qu trnh ngu nhin c th c xc nh (c tnh) vi chnh xc c xc nh r. i vi cc ng dng c quan tm, c th l x l ting ni, c hai m hnh tn hiu xc nh v ngu nhin thnh cng tt p. Trong bi bo ny, chng ti s quan tm n mt loi m hnh tn hiu ngu nhin, c th l m hnh Markov n (HMM). u tin chng ta s xem xt cc l thuyt v chui Markov v sau m rng cc tng v cc lp ca m hnh Markov n bng cch s dng mt s v d n gin. Sau chng ti s tp trung s ch ca chng ti v vn c bn cho thit k HMM, c th l: nh gi xc sut (kh nng) ca mt chui cc quan st cho HMM c th, xc nh mt trnh t tt nht ca m hnh trng thi, v iu chnhcc thng s m hnh tnh ton tt nht cho cc tn hiu quan st c.Chng ti s cho thy rng mt khi cc vn c bn c gii quyt, chng ta c th p dng HMMs la chn c vn trong nhn dng ging ni. C l thuyt ca m hnh Markov n cng nh ng dng ca n nhn dng ging ni l khng phi l mi. Cc l thuyt c bn c cng b trong mt lot cc giy t bi Baum v cc ng nghip trong cui nhng nm 1960 v u nhng nm 1970 v c thc hin cho cc ng dng x l ging ni ca Baker 161 ti CMU, v Jelinek v cc ng nghip ca mnh ti IBM [7 - [13] vo nhng nm 1970. Tuy nhin, s hiu bit v ng dng rng ri ca l thuyt HMMs x l ging ni xy ra ch trong vng vi nm qua. C nhiu l do ti sao iu ny xy ra. Th nht, l thuyt c bn ca m hnh Markov n c cng b trn cc tp ch ton hc m khng c c bi cc k s lm vic trn cc vn trong x l ging ni. L do th hai l cc ng dng ban u ca l thuyt x l ging ni khng cung cp ti liu hng dn y cho hu ht ngi c hiu c l thuyt v c th p dng n thc hin nghin cu ring ca h. Kt qu l, mt s hng dn c vit trong cung cp mc chi tit cho mt s phng

th nghim nghin cu bt u cng vic s dng HMMs trong cc ng dng x l ging ni c nhn. Hng dn ny c thit k cung cp mt ci nhn tng quan v l thuyt c bn ca HMMs (nh ngun gc ca Baum v cc ng nghip ca ng), cung cp chi tit thc t v phng php thc hin ca l thuyt ny, v m t mt vi ng dng la chn ca l thuyt n cc vn khc bit trong nhn dng ting ni. Bi vit kt hp kt qu t mt s ngun v hy vng cung cp mt ti liu c c nn tng cn thit theo ui hn na lnh vc hp dn ny ca nghin cu. Cc t chc ca bi vit ny l nh sau. Trong phn 1 chng ti nh gi cc l thuyt ca chui Markov ri rc v hin th th no l cc khi nim v trng thi n, ni m s quan st l mt hm xc sut ca trng thi, c th c s dng hiu qu. Chng ti minh ha cho l thuyt vi hai v d n gin, c th l tung ng xu, v v d c in h thng cc qu bng trong bnh. Trong phn III chng ti tho lun v ba vn c bn ca HMMs, v cung cp cho mt s k thut thc t gii quyt nhng vn ny. Trong phn IV, chng ti tho lun v cc loi khc nhau ca HMMs c nghin cu bao gm ergodic cng nh cc m hnh tri phi. Trong phn ny chng ti cng tho lun v cc tnh nng m hnh khc nhau bao gm c hnh thc quan st ca hm mt , thi gian mt trng thi , v tiu ch ti u ha cho vic la chn cc gi tr tham s ti u HMM. Trong phn V, chng ti tho lun cc vn pht sinh trong vic thc hin HMMs bao gm c cc ch m rng quy m, d ton cc thng s ban u, m hnh kch thc, hnh thc m hnh, d liu b mt, v chui quan st nhiu ln. Trong phn VI, chng ti miu t s phn lp li c nhn din li ni, thc hin vi nhng tng HMM, v hin th n thc hin nh th no so vi vic trin khai khc. Trong Mc VI1 chng ta m rng nhng tng c trnh by ti mc VI cho vn ca nhn dng mt chui cc ting ni da trn mc ni HMM c nhn ngha mi t trong t vng. Trong mc VIII, chng ti phc tho ngn gn nhng tng ca HMM c p dng cho nhn din t vng li ni ln, v ti mc IX chng ti tm tt nhng tng ang tho lun trong sut bi bo. II. QUY TRNH MARKOV RI RC Hy xem xt mt h thng c th c m t bt k thi im no l mt phn t trong mt tp hp N trng thi khc bit, S1, S2 . . . , Sn, nh minh ha trong hnh 1 (trong N = 5 cho n gin) . Ti nhng khong thi gian ri rc cch nhau u n, h thng tri qua s thay i ca trng thi (c th tr li tnh trng tng t) theo mt tp hp xc sut lin kt vi trng thi. Chng ti biu th thi gian tc thi lin quan n thay i trng thi t = 1, 2,. . . , V chng ta biu th tnh trng thc t ti thi im t nh qt. Mt m t xc sut y ca h thng trn, ni chung, yu cu c im k thut ca trng thi hin hnh (ti thi im t), cng nh tt c cc trng thi trc .

Hnh 1.Mt chui Markov vi 5 trng thi (c nhn S, S,) vi cc chuyn trng thi c la chn. i vi trng hp c bit ca mt trt t ri rc u tin, chui Markov, xc sut m t b ct bt ch l hin ti v trng thi trc, tc l,

Hn na chng ti ch xem cc quy trnh trong pha bn phi ca (1) l c lp vi thi gian , t dn n cc tp hp cc xc sut chuyn trng thi aij ca di dng vi h s chuyn i trng thi c thuc tnh v chng tun theo tiu chun rng buc ngu nhin. Qu trnh ngu nhin c th c gi l mt m hnh Markov quan st c k t khi u ra ca qu trnh l tp hp ca cc trng thi trong tng khonh khc ca thi gian, ni m mi trng thi tng ng vi mt s kin vt l (quan st). thit lp nhng tng, hy xem xt mt m hnh Markov 3 trng thi n gin ca thi tit.Chng ta gi nh rng mt ln mt ngy (v d, vo bui tra), thi tit c quan st l mt trong nhng vic sau: trng thi 1: ma (tuyt) trng thi 2: my trng thi 3: nng. Chng ti gi nh rng thi tit trong ngy c trng bi mt trong ba trng thi trn, v ma trn xc sut chuyn trng thi:

Cho rng thi tit vo ngy 1 (t = 1) l nng (trng thi 3), chng ta c th t cu hi: Xc sut (theo m hnh) m thi tit trong 7 ngy ti s l "nng nng ma ma-nng-my-nng " l g? Ni chnh thc hn, chng ti xc nh trnh t quan st O l O = {S3, S3, S3, S1, S1, S3, S2, S3} tng ng vi t = 1, 2,. . ., 8, v chng ti mun xc nh xc sut ca O, cho m hnh ny. Xc sut ny c th c th hin v nh gi nh sau:

ni m chng ti s dng cc k hiu biu th xc sut trng thi ban u. Mt cu hi th v chng ta c th hi (v tr li bng cch s dng cc m hnh): Cho rng m hnh ny l trong mt trng thi bit n, xc sut n vn trng thi cho ngy chnh xc d l g?Xc sut ny c th c nh gi l xc sut ca cc quan st chui

a ra m hnh, l Pi s lng (d) (ri rc) xc sut mt hm thi gian d trng thi i.Mt thi gian theo cp s nhn l c trng ca thi gian trng tht mt chui Markov. Da trn pi (d), chng ta c th d dng tnh ton s lng d kin ca cc quan st (thi gian) trong mt trng thi, iu kin bt u trong trng thi nh

V vy, s ngy nng lin tc d kin, theo m hnh, l 1/(0,2) = 5, cho my n l 2,5 ma l 1,67. A. M rng M hnh Markov n n nay chng ta xem xt m hnh Markov, trong mi trng thi tng ng vi mt s kin (vt l) quan st c. M hnh ny l qu hn ch p dng i vi nhiu vn quan tm. Trong phn ny chng ta m rng khi nim v m hnh Markov bao gm cc trng hp quan st l mt chc nng xc sut ca cc trng thi-c ngha l, m hnh (gi l mt m hnh Markov n) l mt qu trnh ngu nhin gp i nhng vi mt qu trnh ngu nhin c bn rng khng quan st c (n), nhng ch c th c quan st thng qua mt tp hp cc quy trnh ngu nhin to ra chui cc quan st. khc phc nhng tng, xem xt cc m hnh sau y ca mt th nghim nm ng xu n gin. M hnh nm ng xu: Gi s kch bn sau y. Bn ang trong mt cn phng vi mt ro cn (v d, mt bc mn) thng qua bn khng th nhn thy nhng g ang xy ra. pha bn kia ca ro cn l mt ngi ang thc hin nm mt ng xu (hoc nhiu ng xu) th nghim. Ngi s khng cho bn bit bt c iu g v nhng g ng ang lm chnh xc, anh ta s ch cho bn bit kt qu ca mi ng xu c nm. Nh vy, mt chui cc th nghim tung ng xu b n c thc hin, vi chui quan st bao gm mt lot ca u v ui, v d, mt chui quan trc in hnh trong Hl vit tt ca u v F l vit tt ca ui.

Vi kch bn trn, vn quan tm l lm th no chng ta xy dng mt HMM gii thch (m hnh) chui quan st ca u v ui. Vn u tin mt phi i mt l quyt nh nhng g cc trng thi trong m hnh tng ng, v sau quyt nh nh th no nhiu trng thi phi c trong m hnh. Mt s la chn c th s c gi nh rng ch c mt ng xu b tung sai lch. Trong trng hp ny, chng ta c th m hnh ha tnh hnh vi mt m hnh 2-trng thi, ni m mi trng thi tng ng vi mt mt ca ng xu (tc l, u hoc ui).M hnh ny c m t trong hnh. 2 (a). Trong trng hp ny l m hnh Markov l quan st c, v vn duy nht cho cc c im k thut y ca m hnh s c quyt nh gi tr tt nht dn n sai s (tc l, xc sut, ni rng, u). Tht th v, mt HMM tng ng ca hnh.2 (a) s l mt thoi ha I-trng thi m hnh, ni trng thi tng ng vi ng xu sai lch duy nht, v cc tham s khng r l sai s ca ng xu.

Mt hnh thc th hai ca HMM gii thch cc trnh t quan st ca ng xu nm kt qu c a ra trong hnh. 2 (b).Trong trng hp ny c 2 trng thi trong m hnh v mi trng thi tng ng vi mt sai lch, khc nhau, ng xu c nm. Mi trng thi c c trng bi mt phn b xc sut ca u v ui, v qu trnh chuyn i gia cc trng thi c c trng bi mt ma trn chuyn i trng thi .c ch vt l m ti khon chuyn trng thi c la chn chnh c th l tp hp ng xu tung c lp, hoc mt s s kin xc sut khc. Mt hnh thc th ca HMM gii thch cc trnh quan ca mt ng xu nm kt qu c a ra trong hnh. 2 (c).M hnh ny tng ng vi s dng 3 tin xu thin lch, v la chn trong s c ba, da trn mt s trng xc sut.

Vi s la chn gia ba m c trong hnh.2 gii thch cc trnh quan st ca u v ui, mt cu hi t nhin s l m hnh tt nht ph hp vi quan st thc t. N s c r rng rng 1-xu m hnh n gin ca hnh. 2 (a) ch c 1 tham s cha bit, m hnh 2 ng xu ca hnh.2 (b) c 4 thng s cha c bit n, v m hnh 3-xu ca hnh. 2 (c) c 9 thng s cha bit. Nh vy, vi mc cao hn ca s t do, HMMs ln hn dng nh vn c nhiu hn kh nng ca m hnh mt lot cc th nghim tung ng xu s tng ng nh hn m hnh. Mc d iu ny l ng v mt l thuyt, chng ta s thy sau ny trong bi bo ny xem xt thc t p t mt s hn ch mnh m vo kch thc ca cc m hnh m chng ta c th xem xt.Hn na, n ch c th l trng hp m ch mt ng xu c nm. Sau , bng cch s dng m hnh 3-xu Hnh.2 (c) s l khng ph hp, k t khi s kin vt l thc t s khng tng ng vi m hnh ang c s dng tc l, chng ta s s dng theo h thng quy nh. M hnh chic bnh v bng: m rng nhng tng ca HMM n mt tnh hnh phc tp hn i cht, hy xem xt chic bnh v h thng qu bng tong hnh.3. Chng ti cho rng c N (rt ln) bnh thy tinh trong mt phng.Trong mi chic bnh tng c mt s lng ln cc qu bng mu.Chng ti gi s c M mu sc ring bit ca cc qu bng. Qu trnh vt l c c quan st nh sau. Mt v thn trong phng, v theo mt s qu trnh ngu nhin, ng (hoc b) chn chic bnh ban u.T chic bnh ny, mt qu bng c chn ngu nhin, v mu sc ca n c ghi nhn l quan st. Qu bng sau c thay th trong chic bnh m t n c la chn. Chic bnh mi sau la chn theo qu trnh la chn ngu nhin gn lin vi chic bnh hin ti, v qu trnh la chn qu bng l lp i lp li. Ton b qu trnh ny to ra mt chui quan st hu hn ca mu sc, m chng ti mun m hnh l u ra quan st ca HMM.

N s ch ra c r rng l HMM n gin tng ng vi chic bnh v qu bng l mt trong mi trng thi tng ng vi mt chic bnh c th, v xc sut (qu bng) mu c nh ngha cho mi trng thi.S la chn ca bnh c quyt nh bi cc ma trn chuyn i trng thi ca HMM. 5.Cc yu t ca HMM Cc v d trn cho chng ta mt tng kh tt v nhng g l mt HMM v lm th no n c th c p dng cho mt s kch bn n gin.By gi chng ta chnh thc xc nh cc yu t ca mt HMM , v gii thch lm th no m hnh to ra cc trnh t quan st. Mt HMM c c trng bi nhng yu t sau: 1) N, s lng ca cc trng thi trong m hnh.Mc d cc trng thi l n, i vi nhiu ng thc t thng l mt s ngha vt l thuc cc trng thi hoc b trng thi ca m hnh. Do , trong cc th nghim tung ng xu, mi trng thi tng ng vi mt ng xu thin lch khc bit. Trong m hnh chic bnh v qu bng, cc trng thi tng ng vi cc bnh. Ni chung cc trng thi ang kt ni vi nhau theo mt cch m bt k trng thi no c th t c t bt k trng thi khc (v d, mt m hnh ergodic), tuy nhin, chng ta s thy sau ny trong giy khc c th c mi lin kt ca cc trng thi thng quan tm. Chng ti biu th cc trng thi ring l l S = {S1, S2,. . ., Sn}, v trng thi ti thi im t l qt, 2) M, s lng cc biu tng quan st khc bit cho mi trng thi, tc l, kch thc bng ch ring bit.Cc biu tng quan st tng ng vi u ra vt l ca h thng ang c m hnh.i vi nhng th nghim nm ng xu nhng biu tng quan st c ch n gin l ng u hoc cui, bng v m hnh chic bnh chng c cc mu sc ca cc qu bng c la chn t bnh. Chng ti biu th cc biu tng ring l l V = {v1, v2,,vm} 3) xc sut chuyn i trng thi phn phi A = {a,} ni

i vi trng hp c bit ni m bt c nh nc c th t c bt k trng thi khc trong mt bc duy nht, chng ta c aij > 0 cho tt c i j. i vi cc loi khc ca HMMs, chng ta s c aij = 0 i vi mt hoc nhiu cp (i, j). 4) biu tng quan st xc sut phn phi trng thi j, B = {b j(k)},

5) S phn b trng thi ban u = { i} Vi gi tr thch hp ca N, M, A, B, v , HMM c th c s dng nh b sinh cung cp mt chui quan st (m mi quan st O, l mt trong cc biu tng t V, v T l s lng quan st theo th t) nh sau: (1) Chn mt trng thi ban u q1 = Si theo phn phi trng thi ban u T. 2) t t = 1. 3) Ot = vk theo phn b xc sut biu tng trong SI trng thi, tc l, bi (k). 4) Chuyn trng thi mi qt+1 = Sj theo phn phi trng thi chuyn xc sut cho trng thi S, ngha l mt. 5) t t = t + 1; tr li bc 3) nu t <T, nu khng kt thc th tc. Th tc trn c th c s dng nh b sinh ca cc quan st, v nh mt m hnh cho mt trnh t quan st c to ra bi HMM.thch hp. N c th c nhn thy t tho lun trn l mt c im k thut hon chnh ca mt HMM yu cu c im k thut ca hai thng s m hnh (N v M), c im k thut ca cc biu tng quan st, v c im k thut ca xc sut ba bin php A, B, v T. thun tin,chng ti s dng cc k hiu nh gn ch ra cc thng s thit lp ca m hnh. C. Ba vn c bn cho HMMs Vi hnh thc ca HMM trong nhng phn trc, c ba vn c bn cn quan tm phi c gii quyt cho m hnh hu ch trong ng dng th gii thc.Nhng vn ny nh sau: Vn 1: Vi trnh t quan st O = O1 O2OT Hoc, v mt m hnh = (A, B, ), lm th no chng c hiu qu tnh ton P (O| ), xc sut ca chui quan st , cho cc m hnh? Vn 2: Do trnh t quan st O = O1 O2 OT, v m hnh A, lm th no chng ta chn mt chui trng thi tng ng Q = q1 q2 qj trong l ti u theo mt ngha (v d, gii thch tt nht cho quan st s)?

Vn 3: Lm th no chng ti iu chnh cc thng s m hnh A = (A, B, ) ti a ha P (O| )? Vn 1 l vn nh gi, c th l mt m hnh v v trnh t quan st, lm th no chng ta tnh xc sut rng trnh t quan st c to ra bi m hnh. Chng ta cng c th xem vn l mt trong nhng nh gi nh th no cho mt m hnh a ra ph hp vi mt chui quan st a ra. Quan im th hai l cc k hu ch. V d, nu chng ta xem xt trng hp trong chng ta ang c gng la chn gia mt s m hnh cnh tranh, gii php cho vn 1 cho php chng ta la chn m hnh ph hp nht vi cc quan st. Vn 2 l mt trong nhng vn m chng ta c gng khm ph ra b phn n ca cc m hnh, v d, tm chui trng thi "chnh xc".N s c xa cho tt c cc trng hp thoi ha m hnh, l khng c trng thi"ng" trnh t c tm thy. Do cho cc tnh hung thc t, chng ta thng s dng mt tiu ch ti u gii quyt vn ny mt cch tt nht c th.Tht khng may, chng ta s thy, c mt s tiu ch ti u hp l c th c p t, v do s la chn ca tiu chun l mt chc nng mnh m ca mc ch s dng cho chui trng thi pht hin.Tiu biu dng c th c tm hiu v cu trc ca m hnh, tm chui trng thi ti u cho nhn dng ging ni lin tc, hoc c c s liu thng k trung bnh ca cc trng thi c nhn, ... Vn 3 l mt trong nhng vn m chng ta c gng ti u ha cc thng s m hnh tt nht m t mt chui quan st cho i km khong.Trnh t quan st c s dng iu chnh cc thng s m hnh c gi l mt trnh t o to k t khi n c s dng "o to" HMM.Vn o to l mt trong nhng vn quan trng i vi hu ht ng dng ca HMMs, v n cho php chng ta cho thch ng ti u thng s m hnh o to quan st d liu, tc l, to ra m hnh tt cho hin tng thc t. sa cha nhng tng, hy xem xt bn nhn t sau y n gin b c lp pht biu. i vi mi t ca mt t vng t W, chng ta mun thit k mt HMM N-trng thi ring bit.. Chng ta i din cc tn hiu li ni ca mt t c a ra nh l mt chui thi gian ca vector quang ph c m ha. Chng ta gi nh rng m ha c thc hin bng cch s dng mt danh b quang ph vi vector M quang ph duy nht, v vy mi quan st l ch s ca cc vector ph gn nht (trong mt s ngha quang ph) cc tn hiu li ni ban u. Nh vy, i vi mi t vng, chng ta c mt trnh t hun luyn bao gm mt s ln lp li trnh t ca cc ch s danh b ca t ny (mt hoc nhiu ngi ni). Nhim v u tin l xy dng m hnh t c nhn .Nhim v ny c thc hin bng cch s dng cc gii php cho

Vn 3 c tnh ti u cc thng s m hnh cho mi m hnh t ng. pht trin mt s hiu bit v ngha vt l ca cc trng thi m hnh, chng ti s dng gii php cho Vn 2 phn on ca cc trnh t hun luyn t ng vo trng thi, v sau nghin cc thuc tnh ca cc vect quang ph dn n cc quan st xy ra trong mi trng thi. Mc tiu y s c thc hin ci tin v m hnh (v , nhiu trng thi, danh b kch thc khc , ) ci kh nng m hnh ha cc trnh t t ni. Cui cng , mt khi cc thit lp ca W HMMs c thit k v ti u ha v nghin cu k lng, cng nhn ca mt t khng c thc hin bng cch s dng gii php cho vn 1 s im t ng mi m hnh da trn trnh t quan st c a ra th nghim, v chn t c s im m hnh l cao nht (tc l kh nng cao nht). Trong phn tip theo chng ta trnh by gii php chnh thc ton hc trong ba vn c bn i vi HMMs. Chng ta s thy rng ba vn c lin kt vi nhau cht ch trong khun kh xc sut ca chng ta.