Settlements: Imidiate settlement Consolidation settlement (decrease of volume) Circ area with uniform load p=2*q*a(1-v^2)/E Rect p=q1*B*(1-v^2)Ip/E

Ip influence coefitient of length and breadth of area Characteristic value of the vertical load: Average stresses under the footing; Primary stresses: Secondary stresses: , where Additional stresses: , where Settlement in range of secondary stresses: because time of erection of building exceeds 1 year, Settlement in range of additional stresses: Total settlement: 1LS bearing state: a) loss general stability of the ground, b) the exhaustion of carrying capacity, damage due to puncture or displacement c) loss of stability due to the shift (slip) d) the total loss of stability of the substrate and the destruction of the structure, e) the destruction of the structure due to displacement of the foundation Q.r<=m*Q.f, load = correction factor * anti-load computational boundary resistance 2 LS: usuage state a) excessive sedimentation, g) excessive uplift caused by swelling of frost or other causes h) unacceptable vibration [S]<=[S].dop Sdop- is fixed for a given structure on the limit state analysis of its construction, user requirements and operation of equipment, and plumbing connections work. 1. Shear strength in soils is the result of the resistance to movement at interparticle contacts. Soil derives its shear strength from two sources: Cohesion between particles (stress independent component) Frictional resistance between particles (stress dependent component) In terms of total stress the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion is defined as: Tau.f=c+sigma*tan(fi) maximum shear strength on plane of failure=cohesion of a soil + normal stress * angle of internal friction of soil. Modified by Terzagi (with prime), draw with circles. Cohesion mechanical parameter concerning cohesive soils, which depends on two factors:- Cementation between sand grains - Electrostatic attraction between clay particles Angle of internal friction - A measure of the ability of a unit of rock or soil to withstand a shear stress. It is the angle (fi), measured between the normal force (N) and resultant force (R), that is attained when failure just occurs in response to a shearing stress (S). Its tangent (S/N) is the coefficient of sliding friction. Its value is determined xperimentally. methods for measuring angle of friction: - Direst shear test - Triaxial shear test Total stresses - stress, which is made up of the weight of soil vertically above the plane, together with any forces acting on the soil surface (e.g. the weight of a structure). Total stress increases with increasing depth in proportion to the density of the overlying soil. Pore water pressure - The pore water pressure u is the pressure of the water on that plane in the soil, and is most commonly calculated as the hydrostatic pressure. In the situation of a horizontal water table pore water pressure increases linearly with increasing depth below it. Effective stresses Terzhagi It is a measure of the stress on the soil skeleton (the collectionof particles in contact with each other), and determines the ability of soil to resist shear stress.It cannot be measured in itself, but must be calculated from the difference between twoparameters that can be measured or estimated with reasonable accuracy. Effective stress (sigm' ) on a plane within a soil mass is the difference between total stressand pore water pressure (u): sigm=sigm-u

- graph Z2-13 , where