Aerospace Engineering

AMET-125

Week 2

Statics: Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies

and Friction
 Agenda
Textbook Chapter 6
• Equilibrium of a Rigid Body
• Friction
 Introduction

Mechanics

Solid Fluid
Mechanics Mechanics

Mechanics of Hydrodynamics Gas Dynamics Aerodynamics

Mechanics of
Deformable (incompressible (compressible (gasses flowing
Rigid Bodies
Bodies fluids) fluids) over bodies)

Strength of Theory of Theory of

Statics Dynamics
Materials Elasticity Plasticity

Kinematics Kinetics

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body

EQUILIBRIUM OF A RIGID BODY

• Rigid Body - can be considered as a combination of a large
number of particles

• Nonconcurrent forces (particles & rigid bodies)

• Forces acting on the body have different points of
application
• The lines of action of the forces do not intersect at a
common point.

F x 0 F y 0 M o 0
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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Moment of a Force

MOMENT OF A FORCE
• Tendency of a force to produce rotation about an axis
• The moment of a force about an axis is defined as the product of the
force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force
to that axis
• The magnitude of a moment may be changed by varying either force F
or perpendicular distance d

M=Fxd

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Moment of a Force

MOMENT OF A FORCE
• If the line of action of a force passes through a point, then d = 0 and the
force has no moment about that point

M=Fxd=0

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Moment of a Force

MOMENT OF A FORCE – ROTATION DIRECTION

• It is important to identify a proper direction
• According to a right hand rule;
• Counterclockwise rotation is considered to
be POSITIVE

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Moment of a Force

UNITS
• Symbol
o M

• Equation
o M=Fxd (force x distance)

• Units
o SI (Metric): Nm (Newton-meter)
o U.S Customary (Imperial): 1 lb-ft (pound-foot) or lb-in
o In the U.S. Customary system, units of lb-ft are used to make a
distinction from work units expressed in ft-lb
o Plural: 2 pound feet not 2 pounds feet or 2 pounds foot

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Moment of a Force

MOMENT VS. TORQUE

• Moment - ability of a force to turn an object about its axis.

• Torque
a) Torque - used interchangeably with moment (physics)
b) Torque - rate of change of angular momentum of an object
c) Torque - a special application of moment (engineering)
o Two equal and opposite forces form a couple, and that moment is
called a torque

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - The Theorem of Moments

THE THEOREM OF MOMENTS

• The moment of a force about a point is equal to the sum of the moments
of the components of that force about the same point.

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Moment of a Force

EXAMPLE 4.1
Find the moment of the 120-lb force at C about points A, B, C, and D for the
rigid body shown below.

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Moment of a Force

EXAMPLE 4.1 (SOLUTION)

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Moment of a Force

PROBLEM 4.1 (PRACTICE)

Determine the moment of the forces about points A, B, C. and D for the beam
shown.

Solution
Σ𝑀𝐴 = 86 kN ∙ m
Σ𝑀𝐵 = 38 kN ∙ m

Σ𝑀𝐶 = 26 kN ∙ m
11/03/2023 Statics and Strength of Materials, 7/E, By H.W. Morrow and R.P. Kokernak
Σ𝑀𝐷 = –4 kN ∙ 13
m
 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Moment of a Force

EXAMPLE 4.2
Determine the moment about C due to the force F of magnitude 100 N
applied at a point A to the bracket shown.

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Moment of a Force

EXAMPLE 4.2 (SOLUTION)

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Moment of a Force

PROBLEM 4.3 (PRACTICE)

Determine the moment about A due to the force F of magnitude 65 lb.
applied at a point C to the bracket shown.

Solution:
MA = 1185 lb-in
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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Moment of a couple

MOMENT OF A COUPLE
• Couple - Parallel-force system consisting of two parallel forces of equal
magnitude acting in opposite directions
• Arm of the couple - perpendicular distance d, between the lines of action
of the forces

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Moment of a couple

MOMENT OF A COUPLE
• Moment of the couple about O:

• The moment of a couple depends only on the forces in the couple, and the
arm of the couple
• A couple produces a pure moment — a turning effect only.

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Couple

PROBLEM 4.19
The three couples shown are equivalent. Determine
a) the distance d for the second couple
b) the force F for the third couple

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Couple

PROBLEM 4.19 - SOLUTION

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Couple

RESOLUTION OF A FORCE INTO A FORCE AND COUPLE

• In certain physical applications, it is convenient to replace the force P at A
by a force P at O and a couple

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

The force at A has been replaced by a force at O and couple.

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Couple

EXAMPLE 4.7
Replace the force at B by a force at C and a couple.

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Couple

EXAMPLE 4.7 (SOLUTION)

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Couple

PROBLEM 4.22 (PRACTICE)

Replace the force at A by (a) a force at B and a couple, and (b) a force at C
and a couple

Solution:
(a) F = –80 lb @ B & MC = –960 lb-in.
(b) F = –80 lb@ C & MC = –960 lb-in.

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Couple

ENGINE TORQUE EFFECT (PROP)

• Torque effect is the reaction to the torque produced by the engines that imparts a
rolling moment to the airplane, in the opposite direction to the propeller rotation.
• Newton’s third law

Counterclockwise rotation from pilot’s view Clockwise rotation from pilot’s view (most common)

11/03/2023 https://www.quora.com/What-is-torque-and-P-factor-How-they-work-on-aircraft 25
 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Couple

PROBLEM 4.75
When the engine of the plane is running, the vertical reaction that the ground exerts
on the wheel at A is measured as 650 lb. When the engine is turned off, however, the
vertical reactions at A and B are 575 lb each. The difference in readings at A is caused
by a couple acting on the propeller when the engine is running. This couple tends to
overturn the plane counterclockwise, which is opposite to the propeller’s clockwise
rotation. Determine the magnitude of this couple and the magnitude of the reaction
force exerted at B when the engine is running.

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Couple

PROBLEM 4.75 (SOLUTION)

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Couple

PROBLEM 4.175 (PRACTICE)

When the engine of the plane is running, the vertical reaction that the ground exerts
on the wheel at A is measured as 580 lb. When the engine is turned off, however, the
vertical reactions at A and B are 450 lb each. The difference in readings at A is caused
by a couple acting on the propeller when the engine is running. This couple tends to
overturn the plane counterclockwise, which is opposite to the propeller’s clockwise
rotation. Determine the magnitude of this couple and the magnitude of the reaction
force exerted at B when the engine is running.

Solution:
M = 2860 lb-ft
RB = 320 lb
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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body

RIGID BODY
• Structure or Machine can be classified as:
o Single member

o Multiple members

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body

RIGID BODY IN EQUALIBRIUM

• The resultant force acting on the particle is equal to zero.

F
x 0 F y 0 M o 0

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body

FORCES & MOMENTS

• External (applied & reactive)
o Applied (forces that act directly on the member – 3000 lb, 560 lb)
o Reactive (forces produced by members’ support – AX, AY, CA and T)
• Internal (forces that hold the members together)

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 Support Conditions For Bodies In A Plane

SUPPORT CONDITIONS FOR BODIES IN A PLANE

• The supports develop reactions to applied forces and prevent the body
from moving!
• For the body to be in equilibrium, the body MUST be at rest.

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 Support Conditions For Bodies In A Plane

SUPPORT CONDITIONS FOR BODIES IN A PLANE

• Support conditions for bodies in a plane are classified as:

o One reaction force (prevents translation motion along the line of

action)

o Two reaction forces (prevents translation motion in two

perpendicular directions – plane)

o Three reaction forces (prevents translation motion in two

perpendicular directions & rotational motion)

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 Support Conditions For Bodies In A Plane

REACTIVE FORCE
Restriction of motion can be:
• In one linear direction (1).
• In two perpendicular linear
directions (2).
• In two perpendicular linear
directions and rotational motion (3).

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 Construction of the Rigid Body

EXAMPLE 5.1
Draw the free-body diagram and determine total number of forces and
moments. Neglect the weight

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 Construction of the Rigid Body

EXAMPLE 5.1

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 Support Conditions For Bodies In A Plane

PROBLEM 5.1-3
An aircraft is loaded to it’s max takeoff weight of 3200lbs. The nose wheel of
the aircraft carries 13% of the aircraft weight. The distance between the nose
and main landing gears is 55 ft. on x.
- Calculate the weight on the nose and main landing gear.
- Calculate how far from the main landing gear the Center of Gravity.

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 Support Conditions For Bodies In A Plane

PROBLEM 5.1-3 (SOLUTION)

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 Support Conditions For Bodies In A Plane

PROBLEM 5.1-4 (PRACTICE)

An aircraft is loaded to it’s max takeoff weight of 2550lbs. The nose wheel of
the aircraft carries 15% of the aircraft weight. The distance between the nose
and main landing gears is 64 ft. on x.
- Calculate the weight on the nose and main landing gear.
- Calculate how far from the main landing gear the Center of Gravity.

Solution:
RNLG = 382 lbs
RMLG = 2170 lbs
X = 9.58 ft.
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 Support Conditions For Bodies In A Plane

BEAM
• Beams are structural members designed to support loadings applied perpendicular
to their axes (bending)
• In general, they are long and straight and have a constant cross-sectional area.

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 Support Conditions For Bodies In A Plane

BEAM
• Structural beams and columns are fabricated in various configurations from:
• Wood
• Steel
a) Wide-flange beam or H-Beam – (W member)
b) American Standard Beam or I-Beam – (S member)
c) American Standard Channel – (C member)
d) Angles – (L member)

Flange

Web

a) b) c) d)
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 Support Conditions For Bodies In A Plane

BEAM – AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS

• Beams are commonly found in wing spar sections.
• Spars are the principal structural members of the wing

• Currently, most manufactured aircraft have wing spars made of solid extruded
aluminum or aluminum extrusions riveted together to form the spar.

Examples of metal wing spar shapes.

11/03/2023 Technician Handbook Airframe Vol. 1 By FAA 42
 Support Conditions For Bodies In A Plane

TYPES OF BEAMS – SUPPORTS AND LOADING

• Beams may be classified according to the kinds of supports and loading.

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 Support Conditions For Bodies In A Plane

PROBLEM 4.8
For the beam and loading shown, determine (a) the reaction at A,
(b) the tension in cable BC.

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 Support Conditions For Bodies In A Plane

PROBLEM 4.8 (SOLUTION)

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 Support Conditions For Bodies In A Plane

PROBLEM 5.7 (PRACTICE)

Determine the reactions at A and B for the simply supported beam shown.

Solution:
B = 12,500 lbs
Ay = 11,500 lbs
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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Distributed loading

RESULTANT OF DISTRIBUTED LOADING

• Each unit length of the beam supports a load w [N/m or lb/ft].
• Area of a typical narrow strip of width Δx under the load curve is wΔx and
is equal to ΔF which has units of force.
• The resultant concentrated load is equal to the total area under the load
curve.

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Distributed Forces

RECTANGULAR LOADING
• A uniform load may be represented by a rectangle
• Resultant of a uniformly distributed load is equal in magnitude to the
area of that rectangle, R = wL.
• It acts at the geometric center in the middle of the rectangle a distance
from either end of L/2.

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Distributed Forces

TRIANGULAR LOADING
• The resultant of a triangular load is equal in magnitude to the area of the
triangle, R = wL/2.
• It acts at the geometric center of the triangle a distance 2L/3 from the
pointed end of the triangle and a distance of L/3 from the flat end of the
triangle.

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Distributed Forces

PROBLEM 4.159
Maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of Boeing 737-300 is 138,490 lbs. The
lifting force along the wing (weight of the wing, W = 50,000 lbs @ 13ft. from
A) of a jet aircraft consists of a uniform distribution along AB, and a triangular
distribution along BC with origin at B. Determine the reactions at point A.

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Distributed Forces

PROBLEM 4.157 (SOLUTION)

=0 EAST+
=0

=0 NORTH+
+ 34600 + 34600 – 50000 = 0
= -19,200 lbs

CCW+
+ 34600(20) + 34600(6) – 50000(13) = 0
= -250,000 lb-ft.

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 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body - Distributed Forces

PROBLEM 4.189 (PRACTICE)

The lifting force along the wing (W = 40,000 lbs @ 14ft. From A) of a jet
aircraft consists of a uniform distribution along AB, and a triangular
distribution along BC with origin at B. Determine the reactions at point A.

Solution:
Ay = -9,000 lbs
MA = -77,000 lb-ft
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 Friction

FRICTION
• There are two types of friction:
• Dry friction, sometimes called Coulomb friction

STATICS

• Fluid friction

FLUID
MECHANICS

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 Dry Friction

DRY FRICTION
• Dry Friction - occurs between a body and surface that are in contact
along dry surface.
• Dry Friction - results from the interactions (surface roughness, the
molecular attraction) between the surface layers in contact

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 Dry Friction

FRICTION
• Advantages
• Indispensable for
• Brakes
• Belt drives, etc.

• Disadvantages
• The loss of power and wear of surfaces in contact for
• Gears
• Bearings
• Other machine elements

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 Friction

FRICTION
• NO PERFECTLY FRICTIONLESS SURFACE EXISTS
• When two surfaces are in contact, tangential forces, called friction
forces, will always develop if one attempts to move one surface with
respect to the other.

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 Dry Friction

SUPPORT CONDITIONS
• Smooth (frictionless) – Reactive force is normal to the surface at the point
of contact

• Rough surface (friction) – Reactive force oblique to the surface at the

point of contact

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 Dry Friction

REACTIVE FORCE
• Normal force (NR) – normal to the surface
• Tangential force (F – Friction force) - tangential to the surface, prevents
the free motion of the body with respect to each other and directed
opposite to the motion of the body over surface.

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 Dry Friction

TYPES OF DRY FRICTION

• Maximum (Static) Friction (Fs)

o N – normal reaction force

o μs – coefficient of static friction

• Kinetic Friction (Fk)

o μk – coefficient of kinetic friction (usually 75 % of static friction)

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 Dry Friction

TYPES OF DRY FRICTION

(usually 75% of static friction)

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 Dry Friction

COEFFICIENT OF STATIC FRICTION

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 Dry Friction

PROBLEM 8.1
A 600-lb block rests on a horizontal surface as shown. (μs = 0.4 and μk = 0.3.)
Determine the friction force if the applied load P is equal to
(a) 100 lb,
(b) 200 lb
(c) 300 lb.

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 Dry Friction

PROBLEM 8.1 (SOLUTION)

=0 NORTH+
NR – W = 0
NR= 600 lb

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 Dry Friction

PROBLEM 8.1 (SOLUTION)

=0 EAST+
–F=0

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 Dry Friction

PROBLEM 8.2 (PRACTICE)

The block resting on a horizontal surface as shown has a mass of 100 kg.
(μs = 0.4 and μk = 0.3.)
Determine the friction force if the applied load P is equal to
(a) 150 N
(b) 390 N
(c) 600 N.

Solution:

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 Dry Friction

PROBLEM 8.3
Determine the maximum force P the connection can support so that no
slipping occurs between the plates. There are four bolts used for the
connection and each is tightened so that it is subjected to a tension of 4 kN.
The coefficient of static friction between the plates is 0.4

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 Dry Friction

PROBLEM 8.3 (SOLUTION)

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 Dry Friction

PROBLEM 8.4 (PRACTICE)

Determine the maximum force P the connection can support so that no
slipping occurs between the plates. There are four bolts used for the
connection and each is tightened so that it is subjected to a tension of 6 kN.
The coefficient of static friction between the plates is 0.35

Solution:
h = 16.8 kN
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