CLASS 9th
TISSUES Best HandwrittenNotes
made with
ShobhitNirwan
We know thatallliving
organisms are composed of cells.
Types of Cells
Unicellular Multicellular
Inunicellularorganisms,a Inmulticellul
ar organisms,
singlecellperforms all the thereare millionsof cells
functions. to carryon a
specialised
Eg- Amoeba task.
specific
Eg- Human Being
Cellsspecialised functions
to perform a specific are groupedtogether
to formn a 'cluster'.
This clusterof cellsis calledtissue.
#Kitaabi
Definition:
A group of cellthatare similar
in structure
and as work
togetherto achievea particul
ar functionforms a tissue
-{NCERT Intext
Pg61 1
L.P.1- What is tissue?
Ans- A groupof cellsthatare similarinstructureand/or work
togetherto achievea particular
functionforms a tissue.
L.P.2- What is the utility inmulti-cellular
of tissue organisms.
Ans- 1.They providedefinedstructure.
2. They provide
mechanicalstrength.
3. Theyfacilitate
division
of labor.
PlantTissues
to perform a specific
Cellsspecialised functions
inplantsare plant
tissues.
of planttissues:
Characteristics
1. Growth inplantsoccursonly incertain specific
regions,thisis due
to dividing locatedatthepoints.
tissues
2. These dividing are also called
tissues meristematictissues.
3. When the meristematictissues roleand losethe
takesup a specific
to divide- they form
ability a type of permanent tissues.
specific
PlantTissue
Meristematic
Tissues Permanent Tissues
Meristematic
Tissues
Meristematictissuesare those tissuesinwhich the cellsdivide
and help inincreasing
continuously the lengthand growth of plant.
Characteristics:
1. Meristem atictissues oval,polygonor rectangle
may be spherical,
inshape.
2. They are very active.
3. They have thincellulose walls.
4. They have very few or no vacuoles
5. They have dense cytoplasmand prominentnuclei.
Occurrence:
and found inthe growingregion.
They are growth tissues
into:
Accordingto the basisof ocçurrence,they are divided
Apical Lateral Intercalary
Situated
at
Present at
growingtipof | Found beneath
the bark and in
stems and roots.| vasculardicot
1Locatedat the
base of leaveand
internodes.
rootsand stem.
Bringsabout Causes organ to Producesan
elongationof increasein increaseinthe
Functions rootsand stemns. diameterand lengthof organ
Thisincreases girth,called such as leaves.
heightof plant, secondary
calledprimary growth.
growth.
meriten
Apical
Lwetdl reiter
Permanent Tissues
The tissuesthatare completelygrown and have lostthe ability
to
divideare known as permanent tissues.
This permanent shape,sizeand functionis attainedby the process
called differentiation.
Permanent Tissues
Simple Permanent Tissue Complex Permanent Tissue
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Phloem Xylem
SimplePermanent Tissue
The tissuesthatare made of one typeof cellsand are structurally
and functionallysimilar.
A) PARENCHYMA
Nature: sas
lioelllar
1. Most common simple perman ent tissue
2 The cellsare rounded or isodiametric
3. They are livin
g cells.
4. They are generally looselyarranged,
thus have largespace between them.
5. The cellwall is thin.
Occurrence:
inplantbodiessuch as stems,roots,
1. Widelydistributed leaves.
2. Found insoftpartof plants,
i.e.
cortexof roots,groundtissues.
Function:
1. These tissuesgenerally
storesfood.
to fill
2. Servesas a packingtissue- the spaces between other
tissue.
3. Transport
of materialsoccursthroughcellsor cells
wall of
parenchyma cells.
4. Itstoreswaste productof plants.
5. Itmaintains the shape and firmnessof plantsdue to itsturgid
cells.
B) COLLENCHYMA
Nature:
1. Collenchymatissuealso consistsof livingcells.
2. Intercellularspaces are generallyabsent. Thickened
Corners
3. The cellsare elongatedinshape.
Vacuole
4. They oftencontainfourchloroplasts. Collwall
Occurrence: Protoplasm
1. Cellsare locatedbelow the epidermisof dicotyledon
stem and
petiole.
2. The cellsalsooccurinthe midribsof dicotleaves.
Function:
1. Itprovidesmechanicalsupport and elasticity.
2. Itallowseasy bendinginvariouspartsof a plantwithout
actuallybreakng it.
3. When cellsof collenchymacontainsame chloroplast,
they
manufacturesugar and starch.
(C) SCLERENCHYMA
Nature:
1. They are dead cellsand are devoidof protoplasm.
2. The cellwalls of sclerenchymaare greatlythickened
of lignin.
3. The cellof sclerenchymaare closelypacked withoutintercellular
spaces.
Occurrence:
1 Occurs inabundance eitherinpatchesor de finite
layers.
2. They are foundinstems,roots,veinsof leaves,hard coveringof
seeds and nuts.
*Husk of coconut ismade of sclerenchymatissue(presentin
mesocarp of coconut
Function:
1. Itgivesstrength,
rigidity,
flexibility
and elasticity
toplantbody.
The transversesectionand longitudinal
sectionof sclerenchymaare
as shown: Simple
pitpair
atrow lunea
thick
wall
TS Slereaelsna LS Selerucvna
Protective The tissueswhich provide
Tissues: to the plants
protection
from lossof water.
There are two types of protective
tissues:
(A)Epidermis:
1 The entiresurfaceof tshas
an outer coveringcalled
plan
epidermiscoveredwithcuticle.
2. Itis the outermostlayerof cells
and is usuallymade of single
layerof cells.
Function:
1. The main functionis to protecttheplantfrom desiccation
and
infection.
2. Itpreventslossof water.
*Epidermalcellsof leafbearsmallporesknown as stomata-they
are then enclosedby two kidneyshaped cellscalledguard cells.
Stomata are are necessaryfor exchange of gases withatmosphere.
Protective
tissue
(B) Cork (or phellem):
1. Itis a protective
tissuefoundinthe outerbark of woody
plants, intreeswithsecondarygrowth.
particularly
t,
2. Itis a dead, water-resistanand durabletissue.
3. Itcontainsa waxy substancecalledSuberinthatmakes d the
tissueimpervious
to water and gases,providing
excellent
to plant.
protection
Complex Permanent Tissue
Complex permanent tisSuesare those that consistof more than one
typecellshavinga common origin.
These cellscoordinateto perform a common function to transfer
i.e.
water,mineralsaltsand food materialto various
partsof plantbody.
Xylem Phloem
(Transport
water) (Transportfood)
Both are conducting tissues.
- They are also calledvascular tissues.
Together both constitutes vascularbundle.
XYLEM:
1. Itconsistsof tracheids,
vessels,xylem
parenchyma and xylem fibres.
2. Tracheidsand vesselshave tubularstructure
which allows them to transport
water
vertically.
3. Xylem parenchyma stores food. Xylenaparcnchna
innature.n
4. Xylem fibresare mainlysupportive Vessdl
PHLOEM:
1. Phloem is made up of fivetypeof cells:
sieve
Sieveplate
cells,
sievetubes,companion cells, phloem Sievetube
fibresand the phloem parenchyma.
2. Sievetubesare tubularcells with perforated Phloem
walls. parenchyma
3. Exceptphloem fibres,
otherphloem cellsare Companioncell
living
cells.
4. Phloem transportsfood from leavesto other
partsof the plant.
-NCERT IntextPg65 ]
LP.1:Name typesof simple tissues?
Ans- Parenchyma,Collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
L.P.2: Where is apicalmeristem found?
IAns-They are found at growingtipsand roots.
L.P.3: What tissuemakes up the husk of coconut?
Ans- Husk of coconutis made up of sclerenchymatissues.
1 L.P.
4: What are the constituents
of phloem?
Ans- Sievecells, phloem fibresand
sievetube,companion cells,
phloem parenchyma.
Squamous
Cuboidal
Epithelial
Tissues Columnar
\ciliated
Stratified
Squamous
Skeletal
MuscularTissues -Smooth
Cardiac
Loose
Aerolar Tendon
AnimalTissue! Densek
Adipose Ligament
ConnectiveTissuesk
Cartilage
'skeletal
Bone
Blood
Fluid
Lymph
Nervous Tissues
Epithelial
Tissue
1. Coveringor protective
tissuesinthe animalsare epithelial
tissues.
2. Itcoversmost organsand also forms a barrier
to keep different
body system separate.
3. These aretightlypacked and form a continuoussheet.
4. Almost no intercellular space.
5. Ithas singlelayerof cellsand as a resultanythingentering
or
leavingthe body must crossatleastone layerof epithelium.
6. The permeability playsan important
of cellsof variousepithelia
roleinregulating the exchange of materialsbetween the body and
externalenvironmentand also different partsof body.
7. Allepithelium is separatedfrom the underlying tissueby an extra
cellularfibrous basement membrane.
Basement Membrane: Itis a thin, sheetthatprovides
pliable support
to tissueas well as supply nutrients
and bloodto epithelial
cells.
All epithelial
cellsare on basemnent membrane.
Epithelial
Tissue
Simple Stratified Cuboidal Columnar
Squamous squamous epithelium (Ciliated)
Epithelium epithelium epithelium
SimpleSquamous Epithelium Stratified
squamous epithelium
Cellsare arranged insinglelayer. Cellsare arranged inmultiple
layers
- Oesophagus and thelining
of - skin
mouth.
- Forms delicate
lining - Preventswear and tear.
Simplesquamous Stratiffed
squamous
CuboidalEpithelium:
Cellsare cube-shapedand are placedon a
basement membrane.
Location:
Lining of kidneytubulesas well as inthe
ductsof the salivaryglands.
Function:Ithelps inabsorptionof usefulmaterial
from urinebeforeispassed out.
Ciliated
Columnar Epithelium:
Inthis,
cellhas hairlike
projection
on the outer
tissuewhich helpsin
surfaceof epithelial
movement of particle.
Inrespiratory
Location: tract,
infallopian tube.
Function:Ithelps inmovement of particle.Eg:In
tract,
respiratory the movement of cilia
pushes the
mucous forward to clearit.
Columnar Epithelium:
These cellsare talland cylindricallikepillars.
Location:Innerlining of the stomach and intestines.
Function: Itabsorbsnutrients from digestedfood.
MuscularTissue
1. Itconsistsof el ongat ed cellsalso calledmuscle fibres.
2. Itis responsible
formovement inbody.
(A)SkeletalMuscles/ Striated
muscles:
They are long,cylindrical,
unbranched and
multinucleate. A Statdata
They are found mostly attachedto bones
Location:
Ithelps involuntarymuscle movement and locomotion.
Function:
(B) Smooth Muscle
The cellsare longwith pointed
ends and
Uninucleate
Location:Found iniris
of eye,uterus,digestive
Tractand otherinternal organs.
Function:Carryout involuntary movement N Sooe muc
Eg: Movement of food in elementarycanal
(C)Cardiacmuscle
Muscle cellsare cylindrical,
branched and
Uninucleate
Found only inthe walls of heart
Location:
Function:Rhythmic contraction and relaxation
of cardiacmuscle help to pump and distributed
the bloodto variouspartsof body.
| Connective
Tissue i
Areolar Adipose Skeletal Fluid
Loose Dense Bones Cartilage Blood Lymph
Tendon Ligament
of connective
- The cells tissueare looselyspaced and embedded in
intercellular
matrix.
Matrixcan be jelly
likefluid,
dense or rigid
AreolarConnectiveTisse
Itis a type of connective
tissuethatsupportand helps to protect
organs,muscles and many othertissues.
Loose Connective
Tissue
Inthis,
cellsare embedded inloosegel like
matrix.
Location:
Between skinand muscles.
Around bloodvesselsand nerves.
Function:
- Itfills
space inside
the organ.
Support internalorgans.
- Helps inrepairof tissues.
Dense Connective
Tissue
Inthis,
cellsare embedded -hardmatrix.
in type- Collagen
Tendons Ligament
Itconnects muscle to bones. Itconnects bones to bones.
- Fibroustissue. - Little
matrixis present
Limited
flexibility strength
Considerable
-Greatstrength
AdiposeConnective Tisse
Itis formed from aggregationof fat cells.
Location:
Below skin
Between internal
organs
Function:
- Cellsof thistissueare filled
with fatglobules- Fat Reservation.
- Itact as an insulation- storageof fatsalso letsitact as an
insulator.
Skeletal
ConnectiveTissue
Itforms the endoskeletonof the vertebratebody.
1. Cartil
age
Ithas extensivem atrix
of proteinand sugar.
Location:
Nose tip,
Ear pinnae
Function:
Support and flexibility
to body parts.
2. Bones
Characteristic
- Itis a strongand non-flexible
tissue.
- Itis embedded ina hard matrixthatis composed of calciumand
phosphorus compounds.
Function
- Itforms the framework thatsupportsthe body.
- Italso anchors the muscles and supportsthe main organsof body.
FluidConnectiveTissue
inthe body (i.e.
Itmakes connectivity presentinwhole body)
Blood
Characteristics
- Composed of bloodcells.
- Bloodcellsmove inliquid matrixBloodPlasma.
- Bloodcellsare of threetypes:RBC, WBC and Platelete
Function
Bloodflowsand transports gases,digestedfood,hormones and
waste materialto different
partsof body.
Lymph
Itis a colourless inwhich one WBC is present.
fluid
Nervous Tissues
Nervoustissuereceives
stimulusand
itfrom one partof tissueto
transmits
other. Nucleus
Dendrite
The cellsof thistissueare calledNerve
cellsor Neurons,these are highly Axo
Nerve ending
specialisedforreceiving stimulusand then
Cellbody
transmitting itveryrapidlyfrom one
6.12:Neuron-unit
Fig. of nervoustissue
place to another within body itself.
Brain,
Location: spinalcord and neurons.
YA. Neurons are the body'slongestcells.
2. A singleneuronconsist of (a)Cellbody;(b) Axon and (c)Dendrites
(a)Cell body:Ithas nucleusand cytoplasmn
(b)Axon:Ittransmitsimpulse away from the cellbody
Itcarryinformation
(c)Dendrites: from theirtipstowards axon.
NCERT IntextPg 3]
formovement inour body.
L.P.1- Name the tissueresponsible
Ans- Musculartissueand nervous tissueare responsiblefor
movement inour body.
L.P.2- What does a neuron looklike?
Ans- -A neuron consistsof a cellbody with a nucleuSand
|
|cytoplasm,from which longthinhairlikepartsarises.
I
-Each neuron has a singlelongpartcalledthe axon, and many
small,short branchedpartscalleddendrites.
Nuckeus
Dendrite
Nerveendtng
Cellbody
FIg.6.12:Neuron unitofnervous ussue
LP.3: Givethree featuresof cardiacmuscles.
Ans- 1.Heartmuscles are cylindrical,
branched and uninucleated.
2. They are involuntary
muscles,cannot be controlled
by us.
3. They are striated
muscle fibre.
L.P.4: What are the functions of areolartissue?
Ans- 1.Itfillsspace insidethe organs.
2. Supportsinternal organs.
3. Helpsinrepairof tissues.
