General Biology I
eyy faraday 🤙🏼
Lesson 5
CELL SPECIALIZATION
Multicellular organisms need many different
types of cells to carry out the same life
processes. Each of these special types of
cells has a different structure that helps it
perform a specific function. Humans have
many different types of cells with different
jobs, such as blood cells that carry oxygen
and nerve cells that transmit signals to all
parts of the body.
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SPERM CELL
Fertilizes the egg to make babies.
Has long tail to swim (Flagella)
Numerous Mitochondria
With chemicals on the head for egg cell
entry.
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EGG CELL
carries the genetic material.
-Large and bulky
A chemical Change in membrane
prevents fertilization of more than
one sperm.
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NERVE CELL
carry impulses through the body
long, thin axon’
branching dendrites
myelinated
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MUSCLE CELL
Facilitates body movement
-Elongated and elastic
-Numerous mitochondria
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GUARD CELL
regulates transpiration.
-Cell wall has varying thickness
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ROOT HAIR CELL
Absorbs water and minerals from the
soil.
With long and thin surface area.
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PHOTOSYNTHETIC CELL
Produces food through the process of
photosynthesis.
Contains numerous chloroplasts.
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VASCULAR TISSUES
Xylem transport water and minerals
from the roots to the other part of the
body.
Phloem- transport food to the other
parts of the body
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CELL MODIFICATION
Apical (Surface or luminal) modifications: It is
specialized to carry out functions that occur at
these interfaces, including secretion,
absorption, and movement of luminal contents.
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CILIA
are membrane-covered extensions of the
entire apical surface. They beat in waves,
often moving a surface coat of mucus and
trapped materials. Ciliated epithelia include
ciliated pseudostratified columnar
(respiratory) epithelium and the ciliated
simple columnar epithelium of the oviducts.
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FLAGELLA
Flagella: are also concerned with movement.
Spermatozoa, derived from seminiferous
epithelia, are the only flagellated human cells.
Whiplike structure
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MICROVILLI
Microvilli (brush border or striated border): are plasma membrane-covered
extensions of the cell surface. Their cores are composed of parallel actin
microfilaments; these are anchored in a dense mat of filaments in the apical
cytoplasm called the terminal web. By interacting with cytoplasmic myosin,
the microfilaments can contract, shortening the microvilli. The apical surface
of absorptive cells is usually covered with microvilli, which greatly increase
the apical surface area when extended. Microvillus-covered epithelia, said to
exhibit a striated border, or brush border, include the absorptive simple
columnar epithelium lining the small intestines and the absorptive simple
cuboidal epithelium lining the proximal tubules of the kidney.
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STEREOCILIA
are not true cilia but very long microvilli.
They are found in the male reproductive
tract (epididymis. ductus deferens) where
they have an absorptive function, and in
the internal ear (hair cells of the maculae
and organ of Corti). where they have a
sensory function.
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General Biology I
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