EMI formulas

1.0 Magnetic Flux

Magnetic Flux (Φ ): B

ΦB = B ⋅ A = BA cos θ

Magnetic Flux through a Coil in Non-Uniform Magnetic Field:

ΦB = ∫ B ⋅ dA
Surf ace

Flux Linkage (λ):

λ = N ΦB

2.0 Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday's Law:

dΦB
E = −
dt

Generalized Faraday’s Law for a Moving Loop:

dΦB
E = − + ∮ (v × B) ⋅ dl
dt

Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction:

1. The magnitude of the induced EMF is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic
flux.
2. The direction of the induced EMF is such that it opposes the change in magnetic flux
(Lenz's Law).

3.0 Lenz's Law

Lenz’s Law (Conservation of Energy):

dΦB
E = −
dt

4.0 Methods of Producing Induced EMF (Types of

EMI)
 Induced EMF by Changing the Magnetic Field (E ): B

dB
EB = −N ⋅ A
dt

Induced EMF by Changing the Area of the Coil (E ): A

dA
EA = −N B
dt

Induced EMF by Varying Both Magnetic Field and Area:

dB dA
E = −N ( ⋅ A + B ⋅ )
dt dt

5.0 No E.M.I. Cases

No Induced EMF Case:

E = 0

Case of a Moving Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field:

E = 0

6.0 Motional EMF from Lorentz Force

Motional EMF (E motion):

Emotion = B ⋅ l ⋅ v

Motional EMF in a Rotating Rod (Non-uniform Magnetic Field):

E = Blv cos(θ)

7.0 Induced EMF Due to Rotation of a Conductor Rod

in a Uniform Magnetic Field
Induced EMF (E rotation
) for a Rod Rotating in a Uniform Magnetic Field:

1
2
Erotation = Bl ω
2

Case of a Rod with Variable Length (l(t)):

1
2
Erotation = Bl(t) ω
2
8.0 Induced Electric Field
Induced Electric Field (E ):
ind

dΦB
∮ Eind ⋅ dl = −
dt

9.0 Self Induction

Self-Inductance (L):

dI
E = −L
dt

Self-Inductance of a Plane Coil:

2
μ0N A
L =
l

Self-Inductance of a Solenoid:
2
μ0N A
L =
l

Induced EMF in an RL Circuit during Transient Growth:

dI
E = L
dt

Energy Stored in a Solenoid due to Self-Induction:

1
2
U = LI
2

10.0 Mutual Induction

Mutual Inductance (M ):

dI1
E2 = −M
dt

Mutual Inductance for Coils in Series (M series

):

Mseries = M12 + M21

Mutual Inductance for Coils in Parallel (M parallel ):

M12 ⋅ M21
Mparallel =
M12 + M21

Induced EMF in the Second Coil (when Both Coils are Moving):
 dI1 dI2
E2 = −M ( + )
dt dt

11.0 Energy Stored in Inductor

Magnetic Energy Stored in an Inductor (U ):

1
2
U = LI
2

Magnetic Energy Density (u):

2
B
u =
2μ0

Magnetic Energy Stored in a System of Inductors in Series:

1
2
U = (L1 + L2 + 2M )I
2

Magnetic Energy Stored in a System of Inductors in Parallel:

2
1 L1L2 − M
2
U = I
2 L1 + L2

12.0 Periodic EMI

Formulas related to alternating EMF can be derived based on the situation, involving
sinusoidal functions of time.

13.0 R-L Circuit

Current Growth in an R-L Circuit:
R
− t
I (t) = I0 (1 − e L
)

Current Decay in an R-L Circuit:

R
− t
I (t) = I0e L

Voltage across the Inductor (V ):

L

dI
VL = L
dt

Time Constant (τ ) for an R-L Circuit:

L
τ =
R
 Voltage across Resistor (V ) in Transient State:
R

R
− t
VR = I0R (1 − e L
)

14.0 LC Oscillation
Oscillation Frequency of an LC Circuit:

1
ω0 =
√ LC

Charge (Q) and Current (I ) in LC Circuit:

Q(t) = Q0 cos(ω0t)

I (t) = −ω0Q0 sin(ω0t)

Damped LC Oscillations (with Resistance R):

2
1 R
′
√
ω = − ( )
LC 2L

Quality Factor (Q) for an LC Circuit:

1 L
Q = √
R C

Transformer EMF (Related to Mutual Induction):

dΦB dΦB
E1 = −N1 , E2 = −N2
dt dt