Lecture 1
Introduction
Introduction
• Combustion engines have had more than 100 years successful applications
in almost all types of vehicles.
• The main reasons they are challenged are tailpipe emissions and what
seems to be a lack of potential for large scale, sustainable fuel production.
• The battery electric vehicle is a contender, which has rapidly passed many
technical hurdles, and is now in mass production, at least when it comes to
cars.
• Its remaining drawbacks are cost, driving range, and charging
infrastructure.
• The hybrid electric powertrain is a way of balancing the best features of
combustion engines to the best features of battery electric powertrains.
• For several market segments, they are likely to be the most cost effective
solution.
Introduction
• In this course, you will learn about several different types of hybrid electric
powertrains.
• We will use power flow diagrams and powertrain models to understand how they
work, and we will determine their performance in different modes.
• A fairly detailed fuel consumption model will help us to determine how fuel
consumption can be reduced.
• Finally, we use this model to determine how a hybrid powertrain shall be
controlled.
• The knowledge and skills you get by completing this course is not only important
for powertrain engineers, but will also be very valuable, for instance, if you work
or plan to work in the automotive industry with engines, electric drives, batteries,
powertrain control, transmissions, vehicle software, or vehicle product strategies.
Classification of Vehicle/Powetrain
• Motorized vehicles can be described according to function groups.
Typical truck powertrain
Passenger Car
Conventional Powertrain
Advantages
• long range
• fast refueling
• low cost per unit of power
Disadvantages
• Low efficiency, only about 15% to 35%, depending on the type of driving
situation
• Energy is not recuperated - no regenerative braking,
• Pollution due to exhaust gases
• Noise
It makes sense to look for alternatives due to the disadvantages
Fully electric powertrain
• Advantages
• High efficiency
• Regenerative braking
• No tailpipe emissions
• Low noise
• Disadvantages
• Shorter range, compared to combustion engine powertrains
• Slow refueling-- that is, charging the battery is relatively slow
• Currently high cost of batteries
• Batteries are large and heavy, which means they have a low energy density.
• Hybrid Powertrains might be the answer!
What is a hybrid/electric vehicle?
Series Hybrid Powertrain
• Advantages
• Long range
• Regenerative braking
• Low emissions
• Disadvantages
• Low Efficiency (Comparatively)
• System Cost
Parallel Hybrid
• Advantages
• Long range
• Good overall efficiency
• Downsizing opportunities
• Regenerative braking
• Lower emissions
• Disadvantages
• More system complexity
• Higher Cost (Compared to conventional vehicles)
Vehicle Modeling
Aerodynamic Drag Force
• Increases rapidly with vehicle speed
Vehicle acceleration
Vehicle Forces on a Gradient
Downhill Gradient Forces
Operating maps
Graphical Map of Vehicle Model
Vehicle Requirements
Other Requirements
