Hybrid Electric Vehicles

By: GURRATTAN
SINGH
URN. 2236071
Overview
 What is an HEV?
 HEV objectives
 HEV advantages over conventional engines
 Motor components
 Vehicle propulsion
 Example
What is an HEV?
HEV – Hybrid Electric Vehicle

A vehicle that has two or more energy conversion

technologies combined with one or more energy
storage units
HEV Objectives
Objectives the HEV wants to obtain:
 Maximize fuel economy
 Minimize fuel emissions
 Minimize propulsion system cost to keep affordable
 Maintain acceptable performance with a reasonable
cost
 Reduce the conventional car weight
HEV Advantages Over
Conventional Engines
 Regenerative Braking
 Reduction in engine and vehicle weight
 Fuel efficiency is increased
 Emissions are decreased
 Cut emissions of global warming pollutants by 1/3 or
1/2
 Reduce the dependency on fossil fuels
 Some states offer incentives with owning an HEV
 ~2 times more efficient than conventional engines
Motor Components

Drive train
 Electric Motors/Controllers
 Electric Energy Storage systems
 Hybrid power units
 Transmission
Motor Components
Electric Motors/Controllers
 Basic Components
– An Armature or Rotor
– A Commutator
– Brushes
– An Axle
– Field Magnet
– DC Power Supply
Motor Components
Electric Motor/Controllers
Advanced electronics allows the motor to act as a generator
Draws energy to accelerate and regenerates the battery when
slowing down
Motor uses magnets and magnetism to create motion
Motor Components
Electric Energy Storage Systems
 Batteries: Lithium Ion and Nickel-metal hydride batteries
 Ultracapacitors
 Flywheels
Motor Components
Energy Storage: Ultracapacitors
Store energy as an electric charge in a polarized liquid layer
between an ionically electrolyte and conducting electrode
Primarily used for acceleration, climbing hills and regenerative
braking
Motor Components
Electric Energy Storage Systems
Desirable attributes:
High-peak and pulse specific power
High specific energy at pulse power
High charge to maximize regenerative braking
Long life
Challenges:
Accurate techniques to determine battery state of
charge
Develop abuse-tolerant batteries
Recycleability
Motor Components
Energy Storage: Flywheel
Store kinetic energy within a rapidly
spinning wheel
Complex, heavy, and large
Contains no acid or hazardous material
Not affected by temperature
Delivers a smooth flow of powre
Motor Components
Charging/Discharging the Battery

The following are some links to visually display the characteristics of

the motor and engine during different scenarios
 Driving at low speeds
 City driving
 Highway driving
 Uphill driving
 Coasting/Slowing/Stopping
Motor Components
Regenerative Braking

When the driver brakes, the motor becomes

a generator and the kinetic energy
generates electricity stored into the battery

The Toyota Prius uses about 30% of the

heat lost kinetic energy from braking
Motor Components
Hybrid Power Units

4 Types:
¾ Compression Ignition Direct Injection Engines (CIDI)
¾ Spark Ignition Engines
¾ Gas Turbines
¾ Fuel Cells
Motor Components
Hybrid Power Units: CIDI
Most promising power unit
Achieves combustion through
compressions without the use of a
spark plug
High pressure injection of the fuel
into the combustion chamber
Throttle and heat losses travels into
the combustion chamber increasing
thermal efficiency
Motor Components
Hybrid Power Units: Spark Ignition
Runs on an Otto cycle
Uses a homogeneous air-fuel mixture
before entering the combustion
chamber
When the combustion chamber is
compressed, the spark plug is ignited
Controlled by limiting the amount of air
allowed into the engine
Motor Components
Hybrid Power Units: Gas Turbines
Runs on a Brayton cycle
A compressor raises the pressure and temperature of the inlet air
Air is moved to the burner and fuel is injected and combusted to
raise the air temperature
Power is produced when
the heated pressure
mixture is expanded and
cooled through the
turbine
Motor Components
Hybrid Power Units: Fuel Cells
Generate electricity through an
electrochemical reaction
combining hydrogen with ambient
air
Pure hydrogen or any fossil fuel
produced is used as hydrogen-
rich gas
Water vapor is emitted

Click to see an animation of the s

teps to make electricity from a fue
l cell.
Motor Components
Transmission

4 Types:
– Continuous Variable Transmission (CVT)
– Automated shifted transmission
– Manual transmission
– Traditional automatic transmission with torque converter
Vehicle Propulsion
 Series “Power Assist”
 Parallel “Range Extender”
Vehicle Propulsion
Series Configuration
Small fuel-burning engine that directly drives an alternator to
generate electricity
Electricity is stored in the battery or sent the to electric motor
When the batteries are drained to a certain level, the engine turns
on and recharges the battery
Vehicle Propulsion
Parallel Configuration
Two power paths
Hybrid power unit or electric propulsion system or both can power
the wheels
For long trips the engine is used
For hills, acceleration, and high power scenarios the electric motor
is used
Examples
Toyota Prius

Toyata Inova
Hycross