Honors in “Electric Vehicles” Bachelor of Engineering

e-Vehicle Technology(302031MJ)
Content of the Syllabus
• EV Technology
• Significance of e-Vehicle.
• Types of electric vehicles and it components.
• Steps in formation of battery pack and its calculation for specific applications.
• Introduction to suspension system
• Mechanical transmission and IoT systems.
E-VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
• Electro mobility (or e-Mobility) represents the concept of using electric powertrain technologies, in-
vehicle information, and communication technologies and connected infrastructures to enable the
electric propulsion of vehicles and fleets.
• Electric mobility presents a viable alternative in addressing the challenges like rapid economic
growth, rising urbanization, travel demand and country’s energy security, when packaged with
innovative pricing solutions, appropriate technology and support infrastructure.
• Electric mobility will also contribute to balancing energy demand, energy storage and environmental
sustainability. Electric vehicles could help diversify the energy needed to move people and goods
thanks to their reliance on the wide mix of primary energy sources used in power generation, greatly
improving energy security.
• Thanks to their storage capacity, they could help support the uptake of clean electricity, enabling
greater use of variable renewable in electricity production. If coupled with the decarburization of the
power sector, electric vehicles would also provide major contributions to keep the world on track to
meet its shared climate goals.
• Electric mobility comes with zero or ultra-low tailpipe emissions of local air pollutants and much
lower noise, and, by being one of the most innovative clusters for the automotive sector, can provide a
major boost to the economic and industrial competitiveness, attracting investments, especially in
countries.
Introduction
Electric Vehicles (EVs) are run by electric motors which are powered by energy stored in
batteries. EVs have an electric motor instead of an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). As an
EV runs on electricity, the vehicle emits no exhaust from a tailpipe i.e. it has zero tail pipe
emission and does not contain components, such as a fuel pump, fuel line, or fuel tank.
SIGNIFICANCE OF E-VEHICLE
Electromobility is an integral part of the energy mix of the future. It will make a significant contribution
to reducing the environmental impact of transport. Electromobility is an important milestone on the way
to achieving climate-friendly transportation that is kind to the environment and the world around us.
Economical:
• EVs have fewer moving parts as compared to ICE, thus EVs need less maintenance.
• Higher efficiency, lower fuel cost and lower operational cost makes EVs economical than ICE
vehicles.
Improved Air quality:
• EVs have no tailpipe emission as compared to ICE vehicles. Adopting EVs will help in reducing
local air pollution.
• Shifting to EVs will reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions that get emitted from running an
ICE vehicle.
Convenience:
• EVs have no gears and are much easier to drive than ICE vehicles
• The lack of a combustion and mechanical drivetrain makes EVs much quieter
• Comfortably charge at home
• Upfront incentives from Government to EV owners
• Incentive for scrapping ICE vehicles
• EV owners can claim income tax deduction up to Rs 150,000 under Section 80EEB
• Reduced dependence of imported fossil fuel for the Country
TYPES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND ITS COMPONENTS.
• Different types of electric cars changed and are developed continuously giving users and potential
users choices. Today the world is increasingly familiar with the terms BEV, HEV, PHEV and FCEV. An
electric car is a vehicle that is fully or partially propelled by electric motors, using energy stored in
rechargeable batteries.
• Working Principal
1) When pedal of the car is pressed, then:
2) Controller takes and regulates electrical energy from batteries and inverters.
3) With the controller set, the inverter then sends a certain amount of electrical energy to the motor
(according to the depth of pressure on the pedal).
4) Electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy (rotation).
5) Rotation of the motor rotor rotates the transmission so the wheels turn and then the car moves.
• There are 4 (four) types of electric cars, with the following outline:
1) Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
2) Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
3) Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
4) Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV)
Types of electric vehicles.
Pure Electric Vehicle
Introduction
• All-electric vehicles (EVs) also referred to as battery electric vehicles, have an electric motor instead of an internal
combustion engine.
• The vehicle uses a large traction battery pack to power the electric motor and must be plugged in to a wall outlet or
charging equipment, also called electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE).
• Because it runs on electricity, the vehicle emits no exhaust from a tailpipe and does not contain the typical liquid fuel
components, such as a fuel pump, fuel line, or fuel tank.
• A Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), also called All-Electric Vehicle (AEV), runs entirely on a battery and electric drive train.
• These types of electric cars do not have an ICE. Electricity is stored in a large battery pack that is charged by plugging into
the electricity grid.
• The battery pack, in turn, provides power to one or more electric motors to run the electric car.
Working Principles of BEV
• Power is converted from the DC battery to AC for the electric motor.
• The accelerator pedal sends a signal to the controller which adjusts the vehicle’s speed by changing the frequency of the
AC power from the inverter to the motor.
• The motor connects and turns the wheels through a gear.
• When the brakes are pressed or the electric car is decelerating, the motor becomes an alternator and produces power, which
is sent back to the battery.
Examples of BEV
• Volkswagen e-Golf, Tesla Model 3, BMW i3, Chevy Bolt, Chevy Spark, Nissan LEAF, Ford Focus Electric, Hyundai
Ioniq, Karma Revera, Kia Soul, Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Tesla X, Toyota Rav4.
Pure Electric Vehicle
Architecture of BEV
Key Components of an All-Electric Car
• Battery (all-electric auxiliary): In an electric drive vehicle, the auxiliary battery provides electricity
to power vehicle accessories.
• Charge port: The charge port allows the vehicle to connect to an external power supply in order to
charge the traction battery pack.
• DC/DC converter: This device converts higher-voltage DC power from the traction battery pack to
the lower-voltage DC power needed to run vehicle accessories and recharge the auxiliary battery.
• Electric traction motor: Using power from the traction battery pack, this motor drives the vehicle's
wheels. Some vehicles use motor generators that perform both the drive and regeneration functions.
• Onboard charger: Takes the incoming AC electricity supplied via the charge port and converts it to
DC power for charging the traction battery. It also communicates with the charging equipment and
monitors battery characteristics such as voltage, current, temperature, and state of charge while
charging the pack.
• Power electronics controller: This unit manages the flow of electrical energy delivered by the
traction battery, controlling the speed of the electric traction motor and the torque it produces.
• Thermal system (cooling): This system maintains a proper operating temperature range of the
engine, electric motor, power electronics, and other components.
• Traction battery pack: Stores electricity for use by the electric traction motor.
• Transmission (electric): The transmission transfers mechanical power from the electric traction
motor to drive the wheels.
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Cars
• PHEV is a type of hybrid vehicle that both an ICE and a motor, often called as series hybrid.
These types of electric cars offer a choice of fuels. This type of electric cars is powered by a
conventional fuel (such as gasoline) or an alternative fuel (such bio-diesel) and by a
rechargeable battery pack. The battery can be charged up with electricity by plugging into an
electrical outlet or electric vehicle charging station (EVCS).
• PHEV typically can run in at least two modes:
• All-electric Mode, in which the motor and battery provide all the car’s energy
• Hybrid Mode, in which both electricity and gasoline are employed.
• Some PHEVs can travel more than 70 miles on electricity alone.
Working Principles of PHEV
• PHEVs typically start up in all-electric mode and operate on electricity until their battery pack is depleted.
• Some models shift to hybrid mode when they reach highway cruising speed, generally above 60 or 70 miles per hour.
• Once the battery is empty, the engine takes over and the vehicle operates as a conventional, non-plug-in hybrid.
• In addition to plugging into an outside electric power source, PHEV batteries can be charged by an internal
combustion engine or regenerative braking.
• During braking, the electric motor acts as a generator, using the energy to charge the battery.
• The electric motor supplements the engine’s power; as a result, smaller engines can be used, increasing the car’s fuel
efficiency without compromising performance.
• Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) use batteries to power an electric motor and another fuel, such as gasoline,
to power an internal combustion engine (ICE).
• PHEV batteries can be charged using a wall outlet or charging equipment, by the ICE, or through regenerative
braking.
• The vehicle typically runs on electric power until the battery is nearly depleted, and then the car automatically
switches over to use the ICE.
Examples of PHEV
• Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid , Chevy Volt, Chrysler Pacifica, Ford C-Max Energi, Ford Fusion Energi, Mercedes
C350e, Mercedes S550e, Mercedes GLE550e, Mini Cooper SE Countryman, Audi A3 E-Tron, BMW 330e, BMW i8,
BMW X5 xdrive40e, Fiat 500e, Hyundai Sonata, Kia Optima, Porsche Panamera S E-hybrid, Volvo XC90 T8.
Architecture and Main Components of PHEV
Architecture and Main Components of PHEV
Architecture and Main Components of PHEV
• Battery (auxiliary): In an electric drive vehicle, the low-voltage auxiliary battery provides electricity to start the car before the traction
battery is engaged; it also powers vehicle accessories.
• Charge port: The charge port allows the vehicle to connect to an external power supply in order to charge the traction battery pack.
• DC/DC converter: This device converts higher-voltage DC power from the traction battery pack to the lower-voltage DC power needed to
run vehicle accessories and recharge the auxiliary battery.
• Electric generator: Generates electricity from the rotating wheels while braking, transferring that energy back to the traction battery pack.
Some vehicles use motor generators that perform both the drive and regeneration functions.
• Electric traction motor: Using power from the traction battery pack, this motor drives the vehicle's wheels. Some vehicles use motor
generators that perform both the drive and regeneration functions.
• Exhaust system: The exhaust system channels the exhaust gases from the engine out through the tailpipe. A three-way catalyst is designed
to reduce engine-out emissions within the exhaust system.
• Fuel filler: A nozzle from a fuel dispenser attaches to the receptacle on the vehicle to fill the tank.
• Fuel tank (gasoline): This tank stores gasoline on board the vehicle until it's needed by the engine.
• Internal combustion engine (spark-ignited): In this configuration, fuel is injected into either the intake manifold or the combustion
chamber, where it is combined with air, and the air/fuel mixture is ignited by the spark from a spark plug.
• Onboard charger: Takes the incoming AC electricity supplied via the charge port and converts it to DC power for charging the traction
battery. It also communicates with the charging equipment and monitors battery characteristics such as voltage, current, temperature, and
state of charge while charging the pack.
• Power electronics controller: This unit manages the flow of electrical energy delivered by the traction battery, controlling the speed of the
electric traction motor and the torque it produces.
• Thermal system (cooling): This system maintains a proper operating temperature range of the engine, electric motor, power electronics,
and other components.
• Traction battery pack: Stores electricity for use by the electric traction motor.
• Transmission: The transmission transfers mechanical power from the engine and/or electric traction motor to drive the wheels.
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
• This type of hybrid cars is often called as standard hybrid or parallel hybrid. HEV has both
an ICE and an electric motor. In this types of electric cars, internal combustion engine gets
energy from fuel (gasoline and others type of fuels), while the motor gets electricity from
batteries. The gasoline engine and electric motor simultaneously rotate the transmission,
which drives the wheels. The difference between HEV compared to BEV and PHEV is where
the batteries in HEV can only charged by the ICE, the motion of the wheels or a combination
of both. There is no charging port, so that the battery cannot be recharged from outside of the
system, for example from the electricity grid.
Working Principles of HEV
• Has a fuel tank that supplies gas to the engine like a regular car
• It also has a set of batteries that run an electric motor
• Both the engine and electric motor can turn the transmission at the same time
Examples of HEV
• Honda Civic Hybrid, Toyota Prius Hybrid, Honda Civic Hybrid, Toyota Camry Hybrid.
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles Using Hydrogen (FCEV)
• Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) use electricity to power an electric motor.
• In contrast to other electric vehicles, FCEVs produce electricity using a fuel cell powered by
hydrogen, rather than drawing electricity from only a battery.
• During the vehicle design process, the vehicle manufacturer defines the power of the vehicle
by the size of the electric motor(s) that receives electric power from the appropriately sized
fuel cell and battery combination.
• Although automakers could design an FCEV with plug-in capabilities to charge the battery,
most FCEVs today use the battery for recapturing braking energy, providing extra power
during short acceleration events, and to smooth out the power delivered from the fuel cell
with the option to idle or turn off the fuel cell during low power needs.
• The amount of energy stored onboard is determined by the size of the hydrogen fuel tank.
This is different from an all-electric vehicle, where the amount of power and energy available
are both closely related to the battery's size.
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles Using Hydrogen (FCEV)
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles Using Hydrogen (FCEV)
• Battery (auxiliary): In an electric drive vehicle, the low-voltage auxiliary battery provides electricity to start
the car before the traction battery is engaged; it also powers vehicle accessories.
• Battery pack: This high-voltage battery stores energy generated from regenerative braking and provides
supplemental power to the electric traction motor.
• DC/DC converter: This device converts higher-voltage DC power from the traction battery pack to the lower-
voltage DC power needed to run vehicle accessories and recharge the auxiliary battery.
• Electric traction motor (FCEV): Using power from the fuel cell and the traction battery pack, this motor
drives the vehicle's wheels. Some vehicles use motor generators that perform both the drive and regeneration
functions.
• Fuel cell stack: An assembly of individual membrane electrodes that use hydrogen and oxygen to produce
electricity.
• Fuel filler: A nozzle from a fuel dispenser attaches to the receptacle on the vehicle to fill the tank.
• Fuel tank (hydrogen): Stores hydrogen gas onboard the vehicle until it's needed by the fuel cell.
• Power electronics controller (FCEV): This unit manages the flow of electrical energy delivered by the fuel
cell and the traction battery, controlling the speed of the electric traction motor and the torque it produces.
• Thermal system (cooling) - (FCEV): This system maintains a proper operating temperature range of the fuel
cell, electric motor, power electronics, and other components.
• Transmission (electric): The transmission transfers mechanical power from the electric traction motor to drive
the wheels.
Architecture of Vehicle

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs), also known as fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) or Zero Emission Vehicle,
are types of electric cars that employ ‘fuel cell technology’ to generate the electricity required to run the
vehicle. In this type of vehicles, the chemical energy of the fuel is converted directly into electric
energy.
Working Principles of FCEV
• The working principle of a ‘fuel cell’ electric car is different compared to that of a ‘plug-in’ electric
car. These types of electric cars are because the FCEV generates the electricity required to run this
vehicle on the vehicle itself.
Examples of FCEV
• Toyota Mirai, Hyundai Tucson FCEV, Riversimple Rasa, Honda Clarity Fuel Cell, Hyundai Nexo.
Steps in formation of battery pack and its calculation for specific applications:
• There are 5 types of electric vehicle batteries,
• Lithium-Ion (Li-On)
• Nickel-Metal Hybrid (NiMH)
• Lead Acid (SLA)
• Ultracapacitor
• ZEBRA (Zero Emissions Batteries Research Activity)
Steps in formation of battery pack and its calculation for specific applications:
• Due to the limited voltage and capacity of the single battery cell, the series and parallel
connection is needed in the actual use to obtain higher voltage and capacity, so as to meet the
actual power demand of the equipment.
• When Lithium batteries needs to be connected in series add the voltage of batteries, capacity
remains the same and internal resistance increases.
Lithium Battery Pack
• Lithium battery pack technique refers to the processing, assembly and packaging of lithium
battery pack. The process of assembling lithium cells together is called PACK, which can be
a single battery or a lithium battery pack connected in series or parallel. The lithium battery
pack usually consists of a plastic case, PCM, cell, output electrode, bonding sheet, and other
insulating tape, double-coating tape, etc.
• Lithium cell: The core of a finished battery
• PCM (Protection Circuit Model) and BMS (Battery Management System): Protection
functions of over charge, over discharge, over current, short circuit, NTC intelligent
temperature control.
• Plastic case: the supporting skeleton of the entire battery; Position and fix the PCM; carry all
other non-case parts and limit.
• Terminal lead: It can provide a variety of terminal wire charging and discharging interface
for a variety of electronic products, energy storage products and backup power.
• Nickel sheet/bracket: Connection and fixing component of the cell
Lithium Battery Pack
Calculation Lithium Battery Connected in Series and Parallel
• Due to security reasons, lithium ion batteries need an external PCM used for battery
monitoring for each battery. It is not recommended to use batteries in parallel. If connect in
parallel, make sure the consistency of the battery parameters (capacity, internal resistance,
etc.), the other batteries in series need to have consistent parameters, otherwise, the
performance of the battery pack can be much worse than the performance of a single cell.
• The purpose of lithium battery matching is to ensure that every cell in the battery has
consistent capacity, voltage and internal impedance, because inconsistent performances will
make lithium battery have various parameters during using. Voltage imbalance will happen.
After a long run, the battery will overcharge, over discharge; capacity lost, or even fire to
explode.
• Lithium battery voltage increases after series connection, capacity increases after parallel
connection. For battery calculations cell specification of the battery pack is adopted for the
assembly, because different cells have different voltage and capacity. The cell quantity of
series and parallel connection required to assemble a specific lithium battery pack varies. The
common lithium cell types on the market are: 3.7V LiCoO2, 3.6V ternary, 3.2V LFePO4,
2.4V lithium titanate. The capacity is different because of the cell size, material and
manufacturers.
Calculation Lithium Battery Connected in Series and Parallel
Lithium Battery Assembly Process
Lithium Battery Assembly Process
• Cell Capacity Grading:Capacity Difference≤30mAh After capacity grading, stay still for 48-72h and then
distribute.
• Voltage Internal Impedance Sorting and Matching:Voltage Difference≤5mV
Internal Impedance Difference≤5mΩ 8 cells with similar voltage internal impedance are distributed together.
• Cell Spot Welding: The use of formed nickel strip eliminates the problems of spurious joint, short circuit, low
efficiency and uneven current distribution
• Welded PCM: Make sure that the circuit board has no leakage components, and the components have no
defective welding.
• Battery Insulation:Paste the fiber, silicone polyester tape for insulation.
• Battery Pack Aging:For the quality of the battery, improve the stability, safety and service life of the lithium
battery.
• PVC Shrink Film:Position the two ends after heat shrinking, then heat shrink the middle part. Put PVC film in
the middle. No whiten after stretching. No hole.
• Finished Product Performance Test: Voltage：10.8～11.7V Internal Impedance：≤150mΩ Charge-discharge
and overcurrent performance test.
• Battery Code-spurting:Code-spurting cannot be skewed, and it needs legible handwriting.
Precautions for Lithium Batteries in Series and Parallel
• Don't use batteries with different brands together.
• Do not use batteries with different voltages together.
• Do not use different capacities or old and new lithium batteries together.
• Batteries with different chemical materials cannot be used together, such as nickel metal
hydride and lithium batteries.
• Replace all batteries when electricity is scarce.
• Use the lithium battery PCM with corresponding parameters.
• Choose batteries with consistent performance. Generally, distributing of lithium battery cells
is required for series and parallel connection. Matching standards: voltage difference≤10mV,
impedance difference ≤5mΩ, capacity difference ≤20mA.
Considerations for battery connections:
• Topological Structure of Lithium Battery Connected in Series and Parallel: The typical connection modes of a
lithium battery pack are connecting first in parallel and then in series, first in series and then in parallel, and
finally, mixing together. Lithium battery pack for pure electric buses is usually connected first in parallel and
then in series. Lithium battery pack for power grid energy storage is tend to be connected first in series and then
in parallel.
• Advantages of Lithium Batteries First Connected in Parallel and Then in Series: If a lithium battery cell
automatically exits, except the capacity reduction, it does not affect parallel connection; In parallel connection, a
short circuit of a lithium battery cell may cause short circuit due to large current, which is usually avoided by
using fuse protection technology.
• Disadvantages of Lithium Batteries First Connected in Parallel and Then in Series: The difference of internal
impedance and heat dissipation will affect the cycle life of parallel connection lithium battery.
• Advantages of Lithium Batteries First Connected in Series and Then in Parallel: First connecting the
batteries in series according to the capacity, for example, 1/3 of the whole battery capacity are connected in
series, and then connecting the rest in parallel, will reduce the failure probability of high-capacity lithium
battery modules. First series and then parallel connection help the consistency of the lithium battery pack.
• From the perspective of the reliability of the lithium battery connection, the development trend of voltage
inconsistency and the influence of performance, the connection mode of first parallel and then series is
better than that of first series and then parallel, and the topology structure of first series and then parallel
lithium battery is conducive to the detection and management of each lithium battery cell in the system.
Suspension system in Electric Vehicle:
• Suspension is the system of tires, tire air, springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to its
wheels and allows relative motion between the two.
• Suspension systems must support both road holding/handling and ride quality, which are at odds with each
other.
• The suspension system's primary function is to maximize the overall performance of a vehicle as it cruises down
the road.
• The suspension system also helps to absorb bumps in the road and provide a safe and comfortable ride.
• A suspension works on the principle of force dissipation which involves converting force into heat thus
removing the impact that force would have made. It uses springs, dampers and struts to achieve this.
• A spring will hold the energy while a damper will convert it into heat.
EV suspension technologies
Michelin Active Wheel
• The Activ Wheel, although not regenerative technology, incorporated a pair of electric motors: A hub traction
motor for the drive and another motor to control the active suspension system. The system, designed specifically
for battery or fuel-cell powered electric vehicles, did away with the gearbox, clutch, transmission shaft,
universal joint and anti-roll bar.
Regenerative suspension systems:
System regenerated energy by pairing an electricity generator to a conventional suspension
system with steel springs and hydraulic shock absorbers.
Electricity-generating suspension system for hybrid and electric cars
• the regenerative system converted a greater percentage of the kinetic energy from the vertical
suspension movement, as well as that harvested from the body acceleration, into electricity
by using coupled linear generators.
• assuming an average wheel suspension movement per meter traveled of +/-25mm, the
potential energy yield from the regenerative suspension would be 15kWh over a distance of
100km.
• As there are no steel springs and shock absorbers, the suspension function is provided by an
electronically controlled, double-action hydraulic cylinder. Vibration-damping is performed
by an electronically controlled mechanically coupled linear generator which also generates
electricity by utilizing opposing induction forces (Lorentz force).
Groundbreaking Suspension technology:
• technology claimed to harvest energy and absorb shocks, producing a smoother ride.
• The wheel which incorporates a selective suspension mechanism only acts when an impact above a
preset threshold is encountered. This threshold is determined according to user requirements and is
easily adjustable.
eROT suspension:
• In this arrangement, electric motors replace telescopic shock absorbers in the form of
electromechanical rotary dampers.
• the principle behind eROT: “Every pothole, every bump, every curve induces kinetic energy in the
car. Today’s dampers absorb this energy, which is lost in the form of heat. With the new
electromechanical damper system in the 48 volt electrical system, we put this energy to use.
• due to low inertia the eROT system responds quickly, and as an actively controlled suspension adapts
perfectly to irregularities in the road surface and the driver’s driving style.
• A damper characteristic that is virtually infinitely adjustable via software increases the functional
scope of the system while eliminating the inter-dependence of the rebound and compression strokes
that limits conventional hydraulic dampers.
• With eROT, vehicle can configure the compression stroke to be comfortably soft without
affecting the ideally higher damping force of the rebound stroke.
• The horizontally arranged electric motors in the rear axle area replace the upright telescopic
shock absorbers, which allows for additional space in the luggage compartment.
• Over and above the active suspension function, eROT can convert the kinetic energy during
compression and rebound into electricity. To do this, a lever arm reacts to the motion of the
wheel carrier, transmitting the movement via a series of gears to an electric motor, which
converts it into electricity.
• The new eROT technology is based on a high-output 48 volt electrical system. As currently
configured, its lithium-ion battery offers an energy capacity of 0.5 kWh and peak output of
13 kilowatts. A DC converter connects the 48 volt electrical subsystem to the 12 volt primary
electrical system, which includes a high-efficiency, enhanced output generator.
MagneRide Suspension
• It is an adaptive suspension with magnetorheological damper system that utilizes magnetically
controlled dampers for a highly adaptive ride.
• The system, now commonly fitted to performance models from OEMs such as Ferrari and GM,
controls ride and handling by varying electric current through a ferrous fluid thereby adjusting their
stiffness in response to driving conditions.
• This system offered as an option on the Camaro improves on prior designs by actively switching the
fluid from firm to compliant, whereas before there was a lag as the particles naturally returned to their
relaxed state, thereby greatly improving the suspension’s response and compliance.
Curve-tilt suspension,
• It uses a lateral-acceleration sensor paired to a forward-looking camera to tilt the body in toward the
apex of a corner. The goal isn't higher performance but rather increased comfort as the passengers
experience lower lateral loads at a given speed.
The power generator electromagnetic suspension system
It is a system that converts vehicle bump generated linear motion & vibration, into electricity to
be used in battery charging. General vehicle shock absorbers are used to simply absorb this
energy without converting it to electricity.
The energy-regenerative suspension system
• It stores the energy in the vibration process as energy supply, which can effectively reduce
the body vibration and improve the power supply efficiency of vehicles.
• A regenerative shock absorber is a type of shock absorber that converts parasitic intermittent
linear motion and vibration into useful energy, such as electricity. In non-electric vehicles
the electricity can be used to power accessories such as air conditioning.
Transmission System in Electric Vehicle:
Single Speed Transmission
Introduction:
In this type of gearboxes only one gear pair used for transmission and the speed of the vehicle is constant.
Commonly, it consists of single reduction gear, reverted gear or a compound gear train. The reduction
gear works on principle of reduction of RPM and increasing torque of high speed motor or engine. In
reverted gear train single speed transmission, the compound gears arranged in reverted order. Single
speed transmissions are used in several cars like Chevrolet Bolt, Tesla Models etc. which are very
popular models.
Advantages-
1) It has direct drive.
2) Its operation is very smooth and also it generates instant torque when coupled with motor.
3) No complex gear system required.
4) It occupies less space.
Limitation-
1) It has a fixed gear ratio.
Multi Speed Transmission (Two Speed Transmission)
This is multi-speed transmission system used in electric vehicles. Mostly two speed transmission
only is used. Due to the two degrees of freedom of the compound planetary gear system, two
different gear ratios can be achieved. The transmission is comprised of a compound planetary gear
system with a double pinion planetary gear set and a single pinion planetary gear set. Fig-2 given
below represents the two-speed transmission used in the electric vehicles. These types of
transmissions are used in Porsche Tycan and other cars.
Advantages
1) Stall torque can be increased.
2) Efficiency can be optimized.
3) Top speed of vehicle can be achieved.
Limitations
1) These transmissions are too heavy and large.
2) It has very high cost.
Torque Vs Speed of Two Speed Transmission in EV
IOT (Internet of Things)
• It means taking all the physical places and things in the world and connecting them to the internet.
• The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines,
objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a
network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
• Benefits includes,
1. Collecting and Sending Information
2. Receiving and Acting on Information
3. Doing Both: The Goal of an IoT System
• Components of IOT includes, Low-power embedded systems, Cloud computing, Availability of big data,
Networking connection.
• An IoT system consists of sensors/devices which “talk” to the cloud through some kind of connectivity.
Once the data gets to the cloud, software processes it and then might decide to perform an action, such as
sending an alert or automatically adjusting the sensors/devices without the need for the user.
• But if user input is needed or if the user simply wants to check in on the system, a user interface allows them to
do so. Any adjustments or actions that the user makes are then sent in the opposite direction through the system:
from the user interface, to the cloud, and back to the sensors/devices to make some kind of change.
Types of IoT
The networking, communication and connectivity protocols depend largely on the specific IoT
application deployed. Just as there are many different IoT devices, there are many types of IoT
applications based on their usage. Here are some of the most common ones:
• Consumer IoT - Primarily for everyday use. Eg: home appliances, voice assistance, and light
fixtures.
• Commercial IoT - Primarily used in the healthcare and transport industries. Eg: smart
pacemakers and monitoring systems.
• Military Things (IoMT) - Primarily used for the application of IoT technologies in the
military field. Eg: surveillance robots and human-wearable biometrics for combat.
• Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) - Primarily used with industrial applications, such as in
the manufacturing and energy sectors. Eg: Digital control systems, smart agriculture and
industrial big data.
• Infrastructure IoT - Primarily used for connectivity in smart cities. Eg: infrastructure sensors
and management systems.
Technologies in IoT
• Access to low-cost, low-power sensor technology. Affordable and reliable sensors are
making IoT technology possible for more manufacturers.
• Connectivity. A host of network protocols for the internet has made it easy to connect
sensors to the cloud and to other “things” for efficient data transfer.
• Cloud computing platforms. The increase in the availability of cloud platforms enables
both businesses and consumers to access the infrastructure they need to scale up without
actually having to manage it all.
• Machine learning and analytics. With advances in machine learning and analytics, along
with access to varied and vast amounts of data stored in the cloud, businesses can gather
insights faster and more easily. The emergence of these allied technologies continues to push
the boundaries of IoT and the data produced by IoT also feeds these technologies.
• Conversational artificial intelligence (AI). Advances in neural networks have brought
natural-language processing (NLP) to IoT devices (such as digital personal assistants Alexa,
Cortana, and Siri) and made them appealing, affordable, and viable for home use.
What is industrial IoT?
Industrial IoT (IIoT) refers to the application of IoT technology in industrial settings, especially
with respect to instrumentation and control of sensors and devices that engage cloud
technologies. Refer to thisTitan use case PDF for a good example of IIoT. Recently, industries
have used machine-to-machine communication (M2M) to achieve wireless automation and
control. But with the emergence of cloud and allied technologies (such as analytics and
machine learning), industries can achieve a new automation layer and with it create new
revenue and business models. IIoT is sometimes called the fourth wave of the industrial
revolution, or Industry 4.0. The following are some common uses for IIoT:
• Smart manufacturing
• Connected assets and preventive and predictive maintenance
• Smart power grids
• Smart cities
• Connected logistics
• Smart digital supply chains
Examples of IoT Devices
• Home Security : The key driver behind smart and secure homes is IoT. A variety of sensors, lights, alarms and
cameras (all of which can be controlled from a smartphone) are connected via IoT to provide 24x7 security.
• Activity Trackers : Smart home security cameras provide alerts and peace of mind. Activity trackers are sensor
devices that can monitor and transmit key health indicators in real-time. You can track and manage your blood
pressure, appetite, physical movement and oxygen levels.
• Industrial Security and Safety: IoT-enabled detection systems, sensors and cameras can be placed in restricted
areas to detect trespassers. They can also identify pressure buildups and small leaks of hazardous chemicals and
fix them before they become serious problems.
• Augmented Reality Glasses : Augmented Reality (AR) glasses are wearable computer-enabled glasses that help
you get extra information such as 3D animations and videos to the user's real-world scenes. The information is
presented within the lenses of the glasses and can help users access Internet applications.
• Motion Detection: Motion sensors can detect vibrations in buildings, bridges, dams and other large-scale
structures. These devices can identify anomalies and disturbances in the structures that could lead to
catastrophic failures. They can also be used in areas susceptible to floods, landslides, and earthquakes.
• Top 5 Most Popular IoT Devices in 2021 are, Google Home Voice Controller, Amazon Echo Plus Voice
Controller,August Doorbell Cam, August Smart Lock, Foobot.
Characteristics of IoT:
• Massively scalable and efficient
• IP-based addressing will no longer be suitable in the upcoming future.
• An abundance of physical objects is present that do not use IP, so IoT is made possible.
• Devices typically consume less power. When not in use, they should be automatically programmed to sleep.
• A device that is connected to another device right now may not be connected in another instant of time.
• Intermittent connectivity – IoT devices aren’t always connected. In order to save bandwidth and battery
consumption, devices will be powered off periodically when not in use. Otherwise, connections might turn
unreliable and thus prove to be inefficient.
Modern Applications:
• Smart Grids and energy saving
• Smart cities
• Smart homes
• Healthcare
• Earthquake detection
• Radiation detection/hazardous gas detection
• Smartphone detection
• Water flow monitoring
• Traffic monitoring
• Wearables