• ELECTRIC VEHICLES and

HYBRID ELECTRIC
VEHICLES
Electric Vehicles
• Electric vehicles consists of an electric motor that is powered by a battery pack.
The main advantage of electric vehicles is that they emit zero emissions and are
eco-friendly. They also do not consume any fossil fuels, hence use a sustainable
form of energy for powering the car. The main components of electric vehicles are:
• Traction battery pack
• DC-DC Converter
• Electric motor
• Power Inverter
• Charge Port
• Onboard charger
• Controller
• Auxiliary batteries
• Thermal system(cooling)
• Transmission
Traction battery pack
• Traction battery pack is also known as
Electric vehicle battery (EVB) . It
powers the electric motors of an
electric vehicle. The battery acts as an
electrical storage system. It stores
energy in the form DC current. The
range will be higher with increasing
kW of the battery. The life and
operation of the battery depends on
its design. The lifetime of a traction
battery pack is estimated to be
200,000 miles.
DC-DC convertor and Electric Motor
• The traction battery pack delivers a constant voltage. But
different components of the vehicle has different
requirements. The DC-DC convertor distributes the output
power that is coming from the battery to a required level. It
also provides the voltage required to charge the auxiliary
battery.
• Electric traction motor is the main components of electric
vehicle. The motor converts the electrical energy into
kinetic energy. This energy rotates the wheels. Electric
motor is the main component that differentiates an electric
car from conventional cars. An important feature of an
electric motor is the regenerative braking mechanism. This
mechanism slows down the vehicle by converting its kinetic
energy into another form, and storing it for future use.
There are basically two types of motors DC and AC motors.
Power invertor and charge port

• Power invertor : It coverts DC power

from the batteries to AC power. It also
converts the AC current generated
during regenerative braking into DC
current. This is further used to
recharge the batteries. The inverter
can change the speed of the vehicle.
• The charge port connects the electric
vehicle to an external supply. It
charges the battery pack. The charge
port is sometimes located in the front
or rear part of the vehicle
Onboard charger and Controller
• Onboard charger is used to convert the AC
supply received from the charge port to DC
supply. The on board charger is located and
installed inside the car. It monitors various
battery characteristics and controls the current
flowing inside the battery pack.
• Power electronics controller determines the
working of an electric car. It performs the
regulation of electrical energy from the
batteries to the electric motors. The pedal set
by the driver determines the speed of the car
and frequency of variation of voltage that is
input to the motor. It also controls the torque
produced.
Auxiliary batteries, Cooling System and
Transmission
• Auxiliary batteries are the source of electrical energy for the accessories in electric
vehicles. In the absence of the main battery, the auxiliary batteries will continue to
charge the car. It prevents the voltage drop, produced during engine start from
affecting the electrical system.
• The thermal management system is responsible for maintaining an operating
temperature for the main components of an electric vehicle such as, electric motor,
controller etc. It functions during charging as well to obtain maximum performance. It
uses a combination of thermoelectric cooling, forced air cooling, and liquid cooling.
• It is used to transfer the mechanical power from the electric motor to the wheels,
through a gearbox. The advantage of electric cars is that they do not require multi-
speed transmissions. The transmission efficiency should be high to avoid power loss.
Futuristic Innovations in EVs
• As competition fosters innovation and further research, here are some of the latest technological breakthroughs that
scientists working on. Each has the potential to be the next big thing for the EV industry and give it the big push forward :
• Different (newer) battery technology
• Improving battery range and life
• Wireless charging
• Ultra-fast charging
• Battery swapping
Apart from the above mentioned futuristic innovations, the public is waiting to see rapid growth in the fields of :

• Travel range
• Safety ratings
• Performance
• Aesthetics
• Affordability
• Automation
HEV
• A Hybrid Electric Vehicle is a type of vehicle that uses a combination
of an Internal Combustion (IC) engine and an electric propulsion
system. The electric powertrain may enhance fuel efficiency, increase
performance, or independently propel the vehicle on pure electric
power, depending on the type of hybrid system.
• In simple words, an HEV is a vehicle that comprises a conventional
fuel engine and an electric powertrain, wherein the electric motor
assists the engine to extract more performance, and better fuel
economy, depending on the type of the system.
What is
HEV…?
 A hybrid car is any car that uses both electricity and fuel
combustion in order to
run.
Fully Electric Car Hybrid Electric Car

Conventional

Fue Battery Battery

l Fuel
Motor/
Engin Motor Generato Engin
e r e

Transmission Transmission Transmission

Fig: Hybrid Vehicle Mean Image Source: Google Images

How does an HEV work (working
principle)
Unlike an electric vehicle, the working mechanism of an HEV is relatively simple to understand. The below
points explain how an HEV works-
• Powering a hybrid electric vehicle is done by an IC engine and an electric motor.
• The electric motor utilizes the electrical energy stored in the battery pack.
• The battery pack gets charged via regenerative braking or through a generator/alternator that is run by the
internal combustion engine.
• An HEV does not need to be plugged into a power source to charge the battery. (Plug-in type HEV may need.)
• The electric motor and IC engine work in conjunction to propel the vehicle.
• The additional power from the electric motor assists the engine, and it enhances the performance and
improves the fuel economy. In case of FHEV, car can run on electric power alone under desired conditions
and speeds.
• The battery pack can also power other electrical components such as lights.
• The electric powertrain also saves fuel via the engine start/stop technology, wherein the engine
automatically shuts off when idle and starts automatically when the driver presses the throttle pedal.
Levels of Hybridization
• In an HEV, a battery is used to somewhat greater extent, as comparative to
that in conventional fuel vehicles.

• In conventional fuel vehicles, the use of battery is limited to start the vehicle,
and to operate various electrical/electronic components. But in HEVs, the
battery can also participate in functioning of the whole vehicle, as well as in
running of the vehicle.

• The hybridization of electric power together with the conventional power can
be of different levels : (1) mild or micro hybridization, (2) Medium
hybridization, (3) Full hybridization
 5
Level of Hybridization

 A small motor/generator usually taking the place of a

conventional alternator.

 They feature idle-stop function (i.e. automatic turning off the

engine when vehicle is not moving).

 Utilize Regenerative braking (using kinetic energy of a

stopping car to charge the car-battery, by converting its electric
motor into a generator or dynamo).

 Are not capable of using electric motor alone to propel the

vehicle.

 Battery is usually 42 volts or less.

Fig: Mild Hybridization
 Cheaper hybrid system as comparative to medium hybrid.

Image Source: Google Images

 6
Level of Hybridization

 A small motor/generator usually taking the

place of a conventional alternator.
 They also feature idle stop feature.
 Utilize Regenerative braking.
 Most are not capable of using electric motor
alone to propel the vehicle.
 motor/generator only delivers drive
under heavy acceleration or to give the
engine a helping hand from a standing
start, to ensure fuel economy.
 Battery is usually 144 to 158 volts.
 Cheaper than fully hybrid.
Fig: Medium Hybridization

Image Source: Google Images

 7
Level of Hybridization

 They feature idle-stop feature.

 Fully active regenerative braking.
 Capable of using the electric motor
alone to propel the vehicle.
 The electric motor also assists the
engine.
 Battery are usually 200-300 volts.
 Costlier than previous two types of
hybrids. Fig: Full Hybridization

Image Source: Google Images

 8
Types of Hybrid

1. Series hybrid
 The fuel tank goes to the engine, but the
engine turns a generator.
 Then the generator can either charge the
batteries or power an electric motor that
drives the transmission.
 The gasoline engine does not directly
power the car.

 This hybrid system works well specially for

fuel economy at low speeds.
Fig: Series Hybrid

Image Source: Google Images

 8
Types of Hybrid

2. Parallel hybrid

 In a parallel hybrid system, both the engine and

the electric motor drive the wheels, and the drive
power from these two sources can be utilized
according to the prevailing conditions. This is
called a parallel hybrid system because the power
flows to the wheels in parallel.

Fig: Series Hybrid

Image Source: Google Images

 9
Types of Hybrid

3. Series/Parallel Hybrid (Mixed or

Compound hybrid)
 Has a fuel tank that supplies gas/fuel to
the engine like a regular car.
 It also has a set of batteries that run an
electric motor.
 Both the engine and electric motor can
turn the transmission at the same time.
 Parallel type also called Power-split
hybrids.
 More beneficial then above hybrid.
 Most of the latest vehicle based on this
Fig: Parallel Hybrid
hybrid.
Image Source: Google Images
Key components of a Hybrid Electric
Vehicle
• Engine (IC Engine)
• Motor
• Battery (Pack)
• Controller
• Generator
• Transmission System
• Fuel tank
Key components of a Hybrid Electric
Vehicle
• Internal combustion engine: The primary power source of an HEV is a conventional engine. Hence, it is the main
component responsible for propelling the vehicle. An HEV cannot run alone on an electric powertrain without an engine.
• Electric motor: The secondary power source of an HEV is the electric motor. It assists the engine during initial acceleration
to improve performance and fuel economy. It runs on electrical energy stored in the battery pack. It can also charge the
battery when the vehicle is braking or coasting via the regenerative braking system.
• Battery pack: A battery pack powers the electric motor. Basically, it acts as a fuel tank for the battery, wherein it stores the
electrical energy via regenerative braking and the generator driven by the IC engine. The battery pack can also power
auxiliary electrical components such as lights.
• Controller :
• Generator: It is an essential component found in the series hybrid vehicle. We will touch upon what series hybrid is in the
upcoming sections. A generator draws power from the IC engine to power the electric motor and charge the battery pack.
In simple words, a generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
• Transmission: Typically, hybrid vehicles use conventional transmissions similar to petrol or diesel cars. It transmits the
power produced by the IC engine to the drive shaft. The basic working principle of transmission remains the same, even in
an HEV. It is one of the crucial components required to propel the vehicle.
• Fuel tank: Similar to a conventional car, hybrid electric vehicles also have a fuel tank to store the conventional fuel. With
the electric powertrain involved in a hybrid car, the fuel consumption will be comparatively less than a vehicle purely
relying on an IC engine.
 10
Parts of HEV

1. Engine
 It’s much same as other vehicles engine,
but the size of hybrid electric vehicle
engine is small and it’s more fuel efficient.
 There are two types of engine,
mostly
used in HEV
vehicle
a. Petrol (gasoline)
Engine
b. Diesel Engine
Fig: Engine

Image Source: Google Images

 11
Parts of HEV

2. Battery pack
 It stores the energy generated from gasoline
engine or during regenerative braking, from
the electric motor.
 There are 3 types of batteries used in HEV
vehicles
a. Lead Acid (2.2 volt per cell)
b. Nickel Cadmium (1.2 volt per cell)
c. Lithium-ion(3.7 volt per cell)
Fig: Battery

Image Source: Google Images

Capacity of a battery
• Power capacity is how much energy is stored in the battery. This power is often
expressed in Watt-hours (the symbol Wh). A Watt-hour is the voltage (V) that the
battery provides multiplied by how much current (Amps) the battery can provide for
some amount of time (generally in hours).
• Since voltage is pretty much fixed for a battery type due to its internal chemistry
(alkaline, lithium, lead acid, etc), often only the Amps*hour measurement is printed on
the side, expressed in Ah or mAh.
• In other words, The battery capacity represents the maximum amount of energy that
can be extracted from the battery under certain specified conditions. However, the
actual energy storage capabilities of the battery can vary significantly from the
"nominal" rated capacity, as the battery capacity depends strongly on the age and past
history of the battery, the charging or discharging regimes of the battery and the
temperature.
Efficiency of a battery
• Efficiency is an important issue in component selection. The overall battery efficiency is specified by
two efficiencies: the columbic efficiency and the voltage efficiency.
• The columbic efficiency of battery the ratio of the number of charges that enter the battery during
charging compared to the number that can be extracted from the battery during discharging. The
losses that reduce columbic efficiency are primarily due to the loss in charge due to secondary
reaction, such as the electrolysis of water or other redox reactions in the battery. In general, the
columbic efficiency may be high, in excess of 95%.
• The voltage efficiency is determined largely be the voltage difference between the charging voltage
and voltage of the battery during discharging. The dependence of the battery voltage on BSOC will
therefore impact voltage efficiency. Other factors being equal, a battery in which the voltage varies
linearly with BSOC will have a lower efficiency than one in which the voltage is essentially constant
with BSOC.
• Note : BSOC (Battery State of Charge) : The BSOC is defined as the fraction of the total energy or
battery capacity that has been used over the total available from the battery. Battery state of
charge (BSOC or SOC) gives the ratio of the amount of energy presently stored in the battery to the
nominal rated capacity.
 12
Parts of HEV

3. Electrical Motor
 It’s power the vehicle at low speed and assist the
gasoline engine when additional power is
needed.
 Most of the electric machines used in hybrid
vehicles are brushless DC motors (BLDC).

Fig: Electrical Motor

Image Source: Google Images

 13
Parts of HEV

4. Controller
• It is the decision maker in fully functioning HEV,
which decides whether conventional fuel is to be
used, or electric power for running of the vehicle, or
both together. It ensures maximum fuel economy.
• Controller is used to charge t he battery or to supply
the power to electric motor.
a. Converts Battery DC to a required DC as per the
applications and systems (DC to DC convertor).
b. Power capasity is based on low voltage input signal
4-20 mA or 0-5V

Fig: Controller

Image Source: Google Images

 14
Parts of HEV

5. Generator
 It converts mechanical energy from engine
into electrical energy, which can be used
by electric motor stored in the battery. It’s
also used to start the gasoline engine
instantly.

Fig: Generator

Image Source: Google Images

 1
Advantages of 5

HEV
 Savings (fuel economy)

 Low Emissions
 Reduced Noise Pollution
 Safe to Drive
• Greater operating efficiency
• Environmentally friendly
• Less Dependence on Fossil Fuels
• Regenerative Braking System : Each time you apply the brake while driving a hybrid vehicle, it helps you
recharge your battery a little. An internal mechanism kicks in that captures the energy released and uses
it to charge the battery.
• Comparatively smaller and lighter engine
• Automatic Start and Stop : In hybrid cars, the engine is automatically shut off when the vehicle is idle and
starts when the accelerator is pressed.
• Hybrid vehicles can be driven entirely on electricity.
 16
Disadvantages of
HEV
 May have comparatively lesser power then petrol powered
cars.
 Hybrids are more expensive than non-hybrids.

 Parts can be very expensive to repair. So, higher

maintenance costs.
• There is complexity, added weight and higher purchase Costly
More
price. Maintenance
Expensiv
• More batteries are needed to be made, creating a larger
e
problem of disposal and recycling of such batteries.
• Heavy batteries eat up space in the vehicle.
• Accident from High Voltage in Batteries. Low Power

Fig: Disadvantages
Comparison between Electric Vehicles and
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Comparison between Electric Vehicles and
Conventional fuel vehicles
Comparison of EV, HEV and Conventional
Vehicles
 17
Futuristic innovations / scope of HEVs
HEVs may not be a viable option for everyone as they cost more than conventional petrol/diesel
cars. However, the new technology may make them affordable in the future. Hybrid Electric Vehicles
play a vital role in bridging the gap between EVs and conventional vehicles. With better battery
technology, they could be more efficient and provide an engaging driving experience. Also, expect
HEVs to be more environmentally-friendly with advanced electric powertrains and efficient IC
engines.

• All the Major Automobile manufactures are working on Hybrid Electrical Vehicle.
 Heavy vehicle like trucks will use hybrid system in future.
 Efficiency of hybrid electric vehicle will further increase in future.
 Safety features will be add in new generation hybrid car or other vehicle.
 Power of car will increase in future.
 Price of vehicle will reduce due to increase in production rate of hybrid electric vehicles.
Top 5 Hybrid Electric Vehicles in India in
2022
 Examples 18

• Toyota Prius (FHEV)

• Toyota Innova Hycross
• Various Lexus models
• Mitsubushi Outlander (FHEV)
• Maruti Grand Vitara
• Ford Escape Hybrid (FHEV, an SUV), Ford Fusion Hybrid (FHEV)
• BMW i3 (Series HEV), BMW 7 series (MHEV with high output motor)
• Mercedes-Benz S400 Blue Hybrid
• Toyota Camry Hybrid, Honda Civic Hybrid (MHEV)
• Suzuki Swift and Baleno Hybrid models (Mild HEV)
• Ferrari A1(Special Mild HEV, with specialized high-output electric motor)
• Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid (FHEV)
• Chevrolet Silverado (MHEV)
Thank you !