Contents

Components of EV Power Train

Architectures of EV

3
EV
Useful Terms
EV PowerTrain
Electric Machines
Power Train Component---Power Electronics
EMS
ESS
HEV
Based on this general definition, there are many types of HEVs, such as:
• the gasoline ICE and battery
• diesel ICE and battery
• battery and FC
• battery and capacitor
• battery and flywheel
• battery and battery hybrids.
How to save energy?
• Engines are sized to provide very high levels of peak power for the
acceleration capability expected by consumers, about 10 times the
power required to cruise at 100Km/h.
• The Figure 1 shows the translation of fuel energy into work at the
wheels for a typical midsize vehicle in urban and highway driving.
From Figure 1 it can be observed that:
In ICE vehicles
• At best, only 20% of the fuel energy reaches the wheels and is available
to overcome the tractive forces, and this is on the highway when idling
losses are at a minimum, braking loss is infrequent, and shifting is far less
frequent.
• Braking and idling losses are extremely high in urban driving and even
higher in more congested driving, e.g., within urban cores during rush
hour. Braking loss represents 46% of all tractive losses in urban driving.
• Idling losses represent about one sixth of the fuel energy on this cycle.
• Losses to aerodynamic drag, a fifth or less of tractive losses in urban
driving, are more than half of the tractive losses during highway driving.
 Energy Savings Potential of Hybrid Drivetrains
Regenerative braking.
• A hybrid can capture some of the energy normally lost as heat to the mechanical brakes by using its electric
drive motor(s) in generator mode to brake the vehicle
More efficient operation of the ICE, including reduction of idle.
• A hybrid can avoid some of the energy losses associated with engine operation at speed and load
combinations where the engine is inefficient by using the energy storage device to either absorb part of the
ICE’s output or augment it or even substitute for it. This allows the ICE to operate only at speeds and loads
where it is most efficient.
• When an HEV is stopped, rather than running the engine at idle, where it is extremely inefficient, the control
system may either shut off the engine, with the storage device providing auxiliary power (for heating or
cooling the vehicle interior, powering headlights, etc.), or run the engine at a higher-than-idle (more efficient)
power setting and use the excess power (over auxiliary loads) to recharge the storage device. This depends,
of course, on the storage mechanism chosen, the vehicle performance requirements, and so forth.
Electrical losses.
Although individual electric drivetrain components tend to be quite efficient for one-way energy flows, in many
hybrid configurations, electricity flows back and forth through components in a way that leads to cascading
losses. Without careful component selection and a control strategy that minimizes electric losses, much of the
Degrees of hybridization

• Currently, there are several HEVs and EVs commercially available.

While the EVs are fully-powered by the battery, HEVs have more or
less intensive usage of the battery depending on the model.
Considering on the penetration of electrical energy in the HEV
architecture, i.e. the power ratio between the ICE and the electric
machines, it is possible to distinguish the following degrees of
hybridization
Micro HEV

• Micro HEV: the electric machine has a reduced power rating (1.5 to 3
kW ), and it is only used during start-up operation as an alternator,
while the engine is used for propulsion. The efficiency gain resides in
stopping the engine every time the vehicle is halted, usually known as
start-stop system. Some examples of micro HEV vehicles are Ford
Fiesta and Honda Civic.
Mild HEV

• Mild HEV: the electric machine has a low power rating (10 to 20 kW).
Apart from the start-stop functionality, the electric machine can
provide extra power during acceleration or braking. The battery is
only recharged by regenerative braking. Peugeot 308 e-HDi and BMW
Active Hybrid 7 are two mild HEV commercially available.
Full Hybrid

• Full Hybrid: the electric machine has an intermediate to high power

rating (40 to 80 kW), allowing the vehicle to run solely on electricity
depending on its speed and the state of charge of the battery –the
limits vary in every model. Moreover, the engine and the electrical
machine can operate simultaneously to provide the maximum
performance. The battery recharge is produced by regenerative
braking.
Plug-in Hybrid

• Plug-in Hybrid: it has the features of a full hybrid, but it can also be
recharged by plugging it in the grid. For high power ratings of the
electrical machine, the engine actuates as a range extender, operating
at its most efficient point and recharging the battery during
propulsion.