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11
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
QUARTER 1
Week 5.1

CapSLET
Capsulized Self-Learning Empowerment
ToolKit

Schools Division Office of Zamboanga City

Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
Zamboanga City

“Unido, Junto avanza con el EduKalidad Cree, junto junto puede!”

Written By: Tuesday A. Ramos
Ramon Enriquez High School
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Grade 11
SUBJECT &
Earth and QUARTER 1 WEEK 5 DAY _________________________

GRADE/LEVEL dd/mm/yyyy
Life Science
TOPIC Formation of Folds and Faults
LEARNING 10. Explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds
COMPETENCY and faults (S11/12ES-Id-22)
IMPORTANT: Do not write anything on this material. Write your answers on the Learner’s
Activity and Assessment Sheets provided separately.

UNDERSTAND
Formation of Folds and Faults

Want to go online?
Scan the QR code
below to watch a video
about the Formation of
Folds and Faults

The Earth’s surface is composed of tectonic plates that are constantly moving. As the
plates move relative to one another, they experience different types of forces.

What are the forces or stresses that the Earth could experience?

1. Tensional force - when 2. Compressional force 3. Shearing force - when

two forces act away from - when two forces act two forces act parallel to
each other. Tension result towards each other. each other, though in
in the extension of the Compression result in opposite direction. Shear
surface of the earth and the contraction of the force result in two rock
forms joints and normal earth’s surface and form masses sliding pass each
faults. folds, reversed fault and other.
thrust faults.

What is Deformation?

Deformation processes alter the earth’s crust by extreme stress or pressure in the
crust and mantle. Most deformation occurs along plate margins from plate tectonic
movements. Folding and faulting are the most common deformation processes.

Written By: Tuesday A. Ramos

Ramon Enriquez High School
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Folding occurs when rocks are compressed such that the layers buckle and fold.
Ductile deformation.
- a type of earth movement resulting from the horizontal compression of rock
layers by internal forces of the earth along plate boundaries.

Figure 10.1 shows how compression leads Figure 10.2 Parts of folds
to folds.
What happens when plate comes together?

We see some dramatic manifestations of plate tectonics. At convergent margins,

continents grow as plates are consumed.

Island arcs and oceanic trenches occur when

both of the plates are made of oceanic crust.
Zones of active seafloor spreading can also occur
behind the island arc, known as back-arc basins.
These are often associated with submarine
volcanoes.

Subduction zones occur when one or both of the tectonic plates are
composed of oceanic crust. The denser plate is subducted underneath
the less dense plate. The plate being forced under is eventually melted
and destroyed.

SAQ-1: What is the effect of deformation?

SAQ-2: Explain the movements of the plates that lead to the formation of folds
Foldingof faults.
SAQ-3: Explain the movements of the plates that lead to the formation
The denser - Anticlines and synclines can
oceanic plate is take on slightly different
subducted, often geometries depending on the
forming a compressional forces that
mountain range form them.
on the continent. - Very intense compressional
The Andes is an forces form tight isoclinal
example of this folds, less intense
type of collision. compressional forces
produce open folds.
- Folds can be asymmetric,
upright, overturned, or
curved. A fold pushed all the
way over onto its side is
called recumbent.

Written By: Tuesday A. Ramos

Ramon Enriquez High School
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Both continental
crusts are too light
to subduct so a
continent-
continent collision
occurs, creating
especially large
mountain ranges.
The most
spectacular
example of this is
the Himalayas.

Figure 10. 3 Different types of

folds

Orogenesis is the thickening of

the continental crust and the
building of mountains over
millions of years.
Orogeny encompasses all
aspects of mountain formation
including plate tectonics,
terrane accretion, regional
metamorphism, thrusting,
folding, faulting, and igneous
intrusions.

Examples of Different types of Folds

SAQ-2: Explain the movements of the plates that lead to the formation of folds

Faulting occurs when rocks fracture under the accumulation of extreme stress created by
compression and extensional forces. Brittle [Link] movement may be vertical,
horizontal or both
What happens when plate move apart? Atlantic ocean, along a global system of
mountain ridges, Earth’s plates are growing
and spreading apart. Each year these oceanic
spreading ridges erupt more than three times
as much molten rock as do all the volcanoes
on land. Magma rises from Earth’s mantle at
spreading ridges and cools on and beneath the
ocean floor, adding to the plates on either side.
The growing plates inch away from the
ridges—widening ocean basins and rafting
apart entire continents.

Written By: Tuesday A. Ramos

Ramon Enriquez High School
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What happens when plates pass by each other?

The state straddles two plates that are moving

past each other like trains on opposite tracks. The
plate boundary is marked by a zone of active
faults—breaks in the rock and ground surface
caused by plate movements. The most famous of
these is the 1200-km (750-mi) long San Andreas
Fault. The San Andreas fault is a transform fault, a
kind common on the sea floor but rarely found on
land.

What are the different types of faults?

Where the crust is being pulled

apart, normal faulting occurs, in which the
overlying (hanging-wall) block moves down
with respect to the lower (foot wall) block.

Where the crust is being

compressed, reverse faulting occurs, in
which the hanging-wall block moves up and
over the footwall block – reverse slip on a
gently inclined plane is referred to as thrust
faulting.

Crustal blocks may also move sideways

past each other, usually along nearly-
vertical faults. This ‘strike-slip’ movement
is described as sinistral when the far side
moves to the left, and dextral, when the far
side moves to the right.

An oblique slip involves various

combinations of these basic movements,
as in the 1855 Wairarapa Fault rupture,
which included both reverse and dextral
movement.
Features form by faulting
1. Rift valleys or grabens- This is an elongated trough formed by the subsidence of
a segment of the Earth’s crust between normal, faults. A rift valley forms where the
Earth’s crust, or outermost layer, is spreading or splitting apart
2. Block mountain or horst is the raised fault block bounded by normal faults or rift
valley.

Written By: Tuesday A. Ramos

Ramon Enriquez High School
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San Andreas Fault

- Tear /
Transform
Fault
- 1300 km
long
- North
American &
Pacific
San Andreas Plates
Fault - California

SAQ-3: Explain the movements of the plates that lead to the formation of faults.

Let’s Practice! (Write your answer on the separate sheets provided.)

A. Analyze the pictures below then explain the possible movements happened on the
plates.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Written By: Tuesday A. Ramos

Ramon Enriquez High School
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5.

B. Show What You KNOW!

FOLDS FAULTS
Draw an example of fold. Use
Draw Draw an example of fault. Use
arrow to indicate the movement arrow to indicate the movement
of plates. of plates.

Deformation

Explain the movements

Explain the
of the plates that lead to
the formation of folds.
movements of the
plates that lead to the
formation of faults.

REMEMBER
Key Points
 Forces or stresses that the Earth could experience
1. Tensional force - when two forces act away from each other.
2. Compressional force - when two forces act towards each other.
3. Shearing force - when two forces act parallel to each other, though in opposite
direction.
 Deformation processes alter the earth’s crust by extreme stress or pressure in the
crust and mantle.
 Folding and faulting occur when pressure deep within the lithosphere cause the earth's
surface to buckle, bend and even split apart
 Folding occurs when rocks are compressed such that the layers buckle and fold.
 occurs when rocks fracture under the accumulation of extreme stress created by
compression and extensional forces.
 Formation of mountain is a direct result of plate tectonic activity. Geologic structures
such as faults, folds, and layering found in mountains can be used to infer the type
and direction of plate tectonic stresses in both ancient and presently active
mountains.
 Normal faulting occurs, in which the overlying (hanging-wall) block moves down with
respect to the lower (foot wall) block.
 Reverse faulting occurs, in which the hanging-wall block moves up and over the
footwall block – reverse slip on a gently inclined plane is referred to as thrust faulting.
 Strike-slip’ movement is described as sinistral when the far side moves to the left,
and dextral, when the far side moves to the right.
 The movement of the Earth's plates results in the folding and faulting of the Earth's
surface due to processes such as compression, tension and shearing

Written By: Tuesday A. Ramos

Ramon Enriquez High School
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TRY
Let’s see how much have you learned today!
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
(Answer on the Learner’s Activity and Assessment sheets.)
1. How can you tell that the fracture below 4. Which of the following is the best
is a fault? description of the process that
causes rock to fold?
a. Quick and powerful forces,
such as an earthquake, cause
the rock to fold
a. Faults are fractures where the rocks b. A rock experiences
on either side have moved compressional stress pushing
b. Faults are fractures where the rocks inward from both sides
compressed each other c. Direct downward force, such as
c. Faults are fractures where the rocks a person standing on a rock,
formed syncline causes it to fold
d. Faults are fractures where the rocks d. Arcs are formed in the rock and
come together fold over one another

5. How does a reverse fault form?

a. The hanging wall moves
upward relative to the footwall.
b. Blocks slide past each other.
c. Compression thrusts the fault
into reverse.
For questions 2 and 3. Refer to the figure d. The hanging wall moves
above. downward relative to the
footwall.
2. What is happening where plate A and B
meet, if both are continental? II. Essay
a. collision fault 1. Explain the movements of the plates
b. transform fault that lead to the formation of folds.
c. subduction fault
d. graben

3. What will form as a result?

a. rift valley 2. Explain the movements of the plates
b. spreading fault that lead to the formation of faults.
c. fold mountains
d. volcanic mountains

Folding and Faulting. (n.d.). Retrieved June 21, 2020, from

[Link]
aulting_gd_9.pdf
Bend it or Break it. (n.d.). Retrieved June 21, 2020, from
[Link]

REFERENCE/S Different Types of Faults (n.d.). Retrieved June 21, 2020, from
[Link]
Topics/Earthquakes/Earthquakes-and-Faults/Different-types-of-Faults

Folding and Faulting. (n.d.) Retrieved July 18, 2020, from

[Link]
Fault%[Link]

Written By: Tuesday A. Ramos

Ramon Enriquez High School
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Written By: Tuesday A. Ramos

Ramon Enriquez High School