Science

Quarter 1 – Module 10

THE FOLDING AND FAULTING

OF ROCKS

SYNCLINAL FOLDS IN BEDROCK, NEAR SAINT-GODARD-DE-LEJEUNE, CANADA. (SOURCE: NATURAL

RESOURCES CANADA - TERRAIN SCIENCES DIVISION - CANADIAN L ANDSCAPES).

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Science– Grade 11

Quarter 1 – The Folding and Faulting of Rocks

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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Janine Pauline Sale Sierda

Editor: Emily B. Esmabe

Reviewer: Benjie L. Cadag

Illustrator: Frances C. Morales

Layout Artist: Christy R. Dawal, Antonio L. Morada

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Explain how the movement of plates leads
to the formation of folds and faults.
(S11/12ES-Id-22)

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 Dear Learners, I hope you are doing good and ready to learn another lesson on
geologic processes.

Earth's surface has been deformed. This deformation is the result of tectonic plate
movement and subduction, volcanic activity, and intrusive igneous activity. Deformation
of rock involves changes in the shape of these materials. Changes in shape and volume
occur when stress and strain causes rock to fasten and break or wrinkle into folds.

In this module you will learn how the movement of plates leads to the formation of
folds and faults.

After studying this module, you are expected to:

1. define stress, strain, folds and fault;
2. explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds and faults;
3. appreciate the importance of knowing the faults and folds near your community.

Before we start the lesson, let us first get acquainted with some of the
words you will encounter as you study the contents of the module.

AXIAL PLANE is the plane or surface that divides the fold as symmetrically as
possible. The axial plane may be vertical, horizontal, or inclined at any intermediate
angle.

CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY is an area on Earth where two or more

lithospheric plates collide. One plate eventually slides beneath the other causing a
process known as subduction

DEFORM is a distortion in the shape or form of a material or object.

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DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY is a linear feature that exists between two tectonic
plates that are moving away from each other. Divergent boundaries within continents
initially produce rifts, which eventually become rift valleys

FOOT WALL is the block of rock that lies on the underside of an inclined fault or of a
mineral deposit.

GEOLOGIST is an expert in the field of geology.

GEOLOGY is the science that deals with the earth's physical structure and substance,
its history, and the processes that act on it.

HANGING-WALL is the block of rock that lies above an inclined fault or an ore body.

HINGE LINE is an imaginary line on the Earth’s surface separating a stable region and
one undergoing upward or downward movement.

SEDIMENTS are the particulate matter that are carried by water or wind and deposited
on the surface of the land or the bottom of a body of water, and may in time become
consolidated into rock.

TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARY is a fault along a plate boundary where the motion
is predominantly horizontal. It ends abruptly where it connects to another plate
boundary, either another transform, a spreading ridge, or a subduction zone.

Direction: Identify what is being asked in each number and write the answer in your
notebook.

______1. It is the force per unit area that is placed on a rock.

______2. It is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults allow
the blocks to move relative to each other.

For numbers 3-5, identify the major type of fault represented by each picture.

3. 4. 5.

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Before we continue, let us have a review of the important ideas you have learned from
the previous lesson.

Igneous rocks are rocks that formed

from melted or molten rocks called
magma. They are mostly crystalline
(made up of interlocking crystals) and
usually very hard to break.

Directions: Write TRUE if the statement FIGURE 1HTTPS://WWW.SANDATLAS.ORG/IGNEOUS-ROCKS/

is correct and FALSE if it is
incorrect. Write your answers on your notebook.

______1. The two main categories of igneous rocks are extrusive and intrusive.
______2. Igneous rocks can have many different compositions, depending on the
cooled magma where they are formed.
______3. When lava comes out of a volcano and solidifies into extrusive igneous rock,
or volcanic rock, the rock cools very quickly.
______4. Intrusive rocks, also called plutonic rocks, cool slowly without even reaching
the surface.
______5. Igneous rocks form when magma (molten rock) cools and crystallizes, either
at volcanoes on the surface of the Earth or while the melted rock is still inside the
crust.

Let us explore and discover how folds and faults are formed!

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 ACTIVITY 1

YOUR FAULTS AND FOLDS

Now that you have learned about the folds and faults and the type of forces that causes
it, compare Faults from Folds, and Stress from Strains by filling up the Venn diagram
below.
Fault Fold
s

Stress Strain

YOU ARE AN AMAZING LEARNER!

ACTIVITY 2

I WAS FORMED BY YOU

Direction: Look on each picture given below. Briefly explain how these geological
processes in Earth occurs. Write the answer in your notebook.

GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES HOW DOES IT OCCURS?

1.

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 https://slideplayer.com/slide/13801605/

2.
https://slideplayer.com/slide/13801605/

3.
https://slideplayer.com/slide/13801605/

4.

HTTP://WWW.GEOLOGYPAGE.COM/2017/10/ THREE-MAIN-TYPES-FAULTS.HTML

5.

HTTP://WWW.GEOLOGYPAGE.COM/2017/10/ THREE-MAIN-TYPES-FAULTS.HTML

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 ACTIVITY 3
The FAULT
Directions: Complete the table below. Write your answer in your notebook.
HTTP://WWW.GEOLOGYPAGE.COM/2017/10/ THREE-MAIN-TYPES-FAULTS.HTML

Describe
each
picture
according
to the
required
criteria

Type of
Stress

Type of
Fault

Type of
Boundary

What is
happening
?

FOLDS AND FAULTS

What do you think will happen if the rocks were exposed to stress or strain?

Stress is defined as the force applied to an object. In geology, it is the force per unit
area that is placed on a rock. There are four types of stresses act on materials:

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 FIGURE 2HTTPS://WWW.GEOL.UMD.EDU/~JMERCK/GEOL100/LECTURES/21.HTML

• Confining stress. The force acts equally in all directions. When a deeply buried
rock is pushed down by the weight of all the material above it. Since the rock
cannot move, it cannot deform.
• Compression is force acting perpendicular to and towards a surface. It happens
when rocks squeezes together, causing rocks to fold or fracture or break.
Compression is the most common stress at convergent plate boundaries.
• Tension is a force acting perpendicular to and away from a surface. When
rocks that are pulled apart, they are under tension. Rocks under tension
lengthen or break apart. Tension is the major type of stress at divergent plate
boundaries.
• Shear is a force acting parallel to a surface happens. When forces are parallel
but moving in opposite directions. Shear stress is the most common stress at
transform plate boundaries.

When stress causes a material to change shape, it has undergone strain or

deformation. Deformed rocks are common in geologically active areas.

Strain is the change in a solid's shape caused by the application of a stress. Depending
on the solid, a given stress might cause a great or small strain. Rocks only strain when
placed under stress.

Kinds of Deformation
▪ Elastic deformation the rock returns to its original shape when the stress is
removed.
▪ Plastic deformation takes place when the rock does not return to its original
shape when the stress is removed.
▪ Fracture happens when the rock breaks

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 WHAT ARE FOLDS AND FAULTS?

• FOLD
A fold is defined as a bend in rock that is the response to compressional forces.
Folds are most visible in rocks that contain layering. Rocks deforming
plastically under compressive stresses crumple into folds depending on the rock
materials. They do not return to their original shape. Deformation happened
slowly. If the rocks experience more stress, they may undergo more folding or
even breakage.

FIGURE 3TYPES OF FOLDS. IMAGE CREDITS: HTTPS://SLIDEPLAYER.COM/SLIDE/13801605/

Types of Folds

1. Mononcline is a simple bend in the rock layers so that they are no longer horizontal
2. Anticline is a fold that arches upward. The rocks dip away from the center of the
fold. The oldest rocks are at the center of an anticline and the youngest are draped
over them
3. Syncline is a fold that bends downward.

• FAULT

Fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults allow the
blocks to move relative to each other. This movement may occur quickly, in the form
of an earthquake – or may occur slowly, in the form of creep.

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Types of Faults

1. Normal Faulting occurs when the crust is being pulled apart in which the overlying
(hanging-wall) block moves down with respect to the lower (foot wall) block.
2. Reverse Faulting occurs when the crust is being compressed in which the hanging-
wall block moves up and over the footwall block – reverse slip on a gently inclined
plane is referred to as thrust faulting.
3. Strike-Slip Fault is a dip-slip fault in which the dip of the fault plane is vertical. Strike-
slip faults result from shear stresses

FIGURE 4 MAJOR TYPES OF FAULTS IMAGE CREDITS: HTTP://WWW.GEOLOGYPAGE.COM/2017/10/THREE-MAIN-TYPES-

FAULTS.HTML

A. Read the comic strip. Then, answer the given questions

that follow

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Created using: https://www.storyboardthat.com/storyboard-creator

Guide Questions:

1. How do you think fault mountain, fold mountain and volcanoes were formed? Write
your answer on the table given below.

FAULT MOUNTAIN FOLD MOUNTAIN VOLCANO

2. Due to the need of space for the industrialization of our community, as a Senior
High School student, how can you help in protecting the mountains and
volcanoes near your place?

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B. GEOLOGICALLY YOURS
Direction: Answer the crossword puzzle below. Write your answer in your
notebook.

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THE FAULT FINDER

The image below shows a fault. Follow these steps to interpret the forces that
caused it, label each item.

• Look for at least one rock layer that appears on both sides of the image.
• Identify the line or zone where that layer is cut. This is the fault.
• Examine the orientation of the fault. Decide which rocks are below and
above the fault. The side below the fault is the footwall. The side above
the fault is the hanging wall.
• Examine how the layer you identified has been offset. If the hanging wall
moved down relative to the footwall, the movement was caused by
tension. If the hanging wall moved up relative to the footwall, the
movement was caused by compression.
• Tension (stretching) causes normal faults. Compression (pushing
together) causes reverse faults

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FIGURE 5
HTTPS://WWW.CLASSZONE.COM/BOOKS/EARTH_SCIENCE/ TERC/CONTENT/INVESTIGATIONS/ES1106/ES1106PA
GE02.CFM?CHAPTER_NO=INVESTIGATION

• Stress is the force applied to an object. But in geology, it is the force per unit
area that is placed on a rock. There are four types of stresses acting on materials
– confining, tension, shear and compression.
• Strain is the change in a solid's shape caused by the application of a stress.
Depending on the solid, a given stress might cause great or small strain. There
are three types of deformation –elastic deformation, plastic deformation and
fracture.
• Fold can be defined as a bend in rock as a response to compressional forces.
Folds are most visible in rocks that contain layering. Types of folds – Monocline,
Anticline and Syncline.
• Fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. The three
main types of fault are normal fault, Reverse fault and strike-slip fault

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 NOW LET’S CHECK WHAT YOU’VE LEARNED!

Directions: Identify what is being asked in each number. Write your answer in your
notebook.

1. It is the change in a solid's shape caused by the application of a stress.

a. Stress b. Strain c. Fault d. Folds

2. It is defined as a bend in rock that is the response to compressional forces.

a. Stress b. Strain c. Fault d. Folds
3. It occurs when the crust is being compressed in which the hanging-wall block moves
up and over the footwall block – reverse slip on a gently inclined plane is referred to as
thrust faulting.
a. Normal Fault b. Reverse Fault c. Strike-slip Fault d. Shear

4. What type of stress is shown?

WWW.GEOL.UMD.EDU/~JMERCK/GEOL100/LECTURES/21.HTML

a. Tension b. Shear c. Confining d. Compression

5. What type of fault is shown?

WWW.GEOLOGYPAGE.COM/2017/10/THREE-MAIN-TYPES-FAULTS.HTML

a. Normal Fault b. Reverse Fault c. Strike-slip Fault d. Shear

DID YOU GET IT ALL RIGHT? THEN, YOU ARE SUCH A MARVELOUS
LEARNER. LETS’ TRY ANOTHER ACTIVITY.

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Visit The PHIVOLCS Fault Finder website.
(https://faultfinder.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/). Search for the active fault in your area.
You may have a screenshot/photo of your answer in this activity. Briefly answer
the questions that follow. Write your answer in your notebook.

1. What is a Geologic map?

2. Why is it important to have an awareness of the fault and folds that are
near in your community?

Want to Learn More?

Visit these websites:
• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-geology/chapter/outcome-stress-and-
strain/- STRESS AND STRAIN
• https://blogs.egu.eu/divisions/ts/2019/12/27/features-from-the-field-bedding-
stratification/ - BEDDING/STRATIFICATION
• http://www.geologypage.com/2015/12/geological-folds.html- GEOLOGICAL FOLDS

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SOURCES:

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-geophysical/chapter/geologic-structures/

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-geology/chapter/outcome-geologic-structures-from-
deformation/

https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/dating-rocks-and-fossils-using-geologic-methods-
107924044/https://slideplayer.com/slide/4196018/

https://slideplayer.com/slide/4196018/

https://theconstructor.org/building/building-material/classification-rocks-examples/34644/

http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10l.html

https://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Learning/Science-Topics/Earthquakes/Earthquakes-and-Faults/Different-
types-of-Faults

http://www.geologypage.com/2017/10/three-main-types-faults.html

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-geology/chapter/outcome-stress-and-strain/

https://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol100/lectures/21.html

https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/side_0_0/radiodating_01#:~:text=Sedimentary%20rocks%2
0can%20be%20dated,above%20and%20below%20the%20fossil.

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 LEARN MORE

Sample:

1. Geologic maps represent the distribution of different types of rock and

surficial deposits, as well as locations of geologic structures such as faults
and folds. Geologic maps are the primary source of information for various
aspects of land-use planning, including the siting of buildings and
transportation systems.
2. Awareness of the faults and fold present in one’s community will serve as a
preventive measure of the geological hazards that might happen. The
community may plan ahead of the disaster that might took place. Planning
of the evacuation center and labeling the high risk area will save people’s
lives and community resources.

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