METRO MANILA COLLEGE

U-Site Brgy. Kaligayahan, Novaliches, Quezon City

BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Senior High School (Grade 12)
1st SEMESTER S.Y. 2020 – 2021
Earth and Life Science

Learning Competencies

• Describe the physical and chemical changes in rocks due to changes in pressure
and temperature (metamorphism) [S11/12ES-Ic-17]

Prepared by:

Mr. Earl William Ortiz

Introduction/Overview

The formation of magma and igneous rocks have been the central point of our
discussion from the previous week. This time, we are going to study the results of rocks
that move all the time, and how, with the assistance of magmatism can metamorphic
rocks form. Our study will focus on gaining evidences of the changes that happen in rocks
as a result of the metamorphism, and how these small details in the rocks shed light to
the bigger activities that resulted in the formation of landmasses on Earth.

The Secret Lives of Rocks 3: Deformations and Metamorphism

Learning Competencies

• Describe the physical and chemical changes in rocks due to changes in pressure
and temperature (metamorphism) [S11/12ES-Ic-17]

Read Aloud

At the end of this module, I shall be able to:

1. Identify key elements that plays a significant role in the formation of

metamorphic rocks;
2. Differentiate contact and regional metamorphism;
3. Raise awareness to understanding the significance of metamorphism to our
daily lives by creating an illustration for the concepts.
 I. SPARK YOUR INTEREST

Recall concepts you have learned in science by identifying the following

examples whether they are physical change or chemical change. Draw a star (⭐) on the
corresponding answer.

Physical Chemical
Situation
Change Change
1. A piece of paper is folded to create an origami

2. A human figure sculpted from a large piece of marble

3. Potatoes turn mushy after boiling

4. Dough cooked to make bread

5. Dough flattened and shaped

6. Melting of ice cube to water

7. Wood changing color due to burning

8. Condensation of water vapor into clouds

9. Sugar heated to make caramel

10. Combining vinegar and baking soda

Chemical change happens when objects form into a new compound such as
situations 3, 4, 7, 9 and 10. All these processes resulted in a new compound that cannot
be returned to its original state. Physical change, on the other hand are any change that
occur in an object that does not alter its composition which is described by the situations
1, 2, 5, 6, and 8.
It is important to recall the concepts of physical and chemical change because
these two play an important role in the transformation of rocks. These transformations
result in metamorphism of rocks.
As we have observed from the rock cycle, metamorphic rocks form from a parent
rock which could be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic. By understanding how
metamorphic rocks form, we gain insights on larger processes that occur in our planet.
 II. YOUR TIME TO EXPLORE

Experiment!

Part A.
Materials Needed:
• Matchsticks or toothpicks
• Two notebooks
• A flat surface

Procedure:
1. Lay the matchsticks/toothpicks on your flat surface in a random order.
2. Using the two notebooks, compress your matchsticks/toothpicks together and
observe what happens.

Guide Questions:

1. What happened when you pressed the matchsticks/toothpicks together?

___________________________________________________________

Draw what happened to them after you pressed them together on the space below
 WARNING: THIS EXPERIMENT WOULD
REQUIRE YOU TO WORK WITH HOT
WATER. PLEASE OBSERVE PROPER
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.

Part B.
Materials Needed:

• Stove • Water
• 2 eggs • Timer
• Pot

Procedure:
1. Place the eggs in the pot and add enough water to cover them.
2. Put the pot in the stove and turn it on. Wait for the water to boil.
3. Once the water starts to boil (you can observe it when bubbles and steam start
to come up the water surface) use the timer so you can get one egg six minutes
after boiling. Let this cool and label this egg 1.
4. Leave the other egg on the boiling water for another 6 minutes before turning
the stove off.
5. Let the other egg cool down in the pot of boiling water and label this egg 2.
Once the eggs were sufficiently cooled for handling, peel the shells and slice the eggs in
half and draw your observations below:
Guide Questions:

1. Describe the characteristics of Egg 1

a. Consistency of the whites _____________________________________
b. Consistency of the yolks ______________________________________
2. Describe the characteristics of Egg 2
a. Consistency of the whites _____________________________________
b. Consistency of the yolks ______________________________________
3. What could have caused the difference between the eggs?
________________________________________________________________

III. DEEPEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Rocks beneath the surface of the earth experiences forces all around they such as
pulling, pushing, and squeezing. These forces are called stress – and they play key rolesin
the deformation of rocks. There are two types of stress in rocks which may cause changes
in their appearance. The first one is called lithostatic stress. Lithostatic stress is present
in equal pressure and at all directions of rocks.

Figure 1.
The second type of stress that occurs in rocks is called differential stress. It is
identified by an unequal force that is applied on rocks that may cause major deformations.
Tensional Stress is a type of differential stress where rocks is pulled apart. This results in
a stretching deformation in rocks.

Figure 2.
 Compressional stress is another kind of differential stress where the forces appear
to squeeze rocks and lastly, shear stress occurs when there are two opposite forces that
occurs in the rock. These deformations that occur due to stress is called strain. Strains
may be elastic, brittle, or ductile.

Figure 3.

Elastic deformation, as the name implies, means that the rock may return to its
original shape. These stresses occur beneath the earth’s surface, and as what we have
established with the conditions that rocks melt in magmatism, the rocks are in constant
process of solidifying and melting. Brittle deformation occurs when the rock fragments
(also called fracture) because the stress overcame the yield strength of the rock. When
the rock formation does not move away from the fracture, it is called a joint. When they
have moved apart, it is called a fault.

Figure 4
Faults are interesting in the manner of which they move, because they have
different names depending on the type of stress that have caused them to have
displacement. They can be normal fault, reverse fault, and strike-slip fault. When studying
faults, to avoid confusion, the point of reference would always be the footwall block, or
the block that looks like a shoe. The other block is called hanging block.

Normal Fault – resulting from a

tensional stress, the stretching of the
rock resulted into the hanging block
falling lower than the footwall block. If
the direction of the river on the image is
left to right, then this fault would also
form a waterfall. This is also called dip-
slip fault.

Figure 5

Reverse Fault – resulting from

compressional stress, the squeezing of
the rocks resulted to the upward
movement of the hanging block which is
he reason it is also called thrust fault. If
the motion of the river on the illustration
is from right to left, then this fault would
also form a waterfall.

Figure 6

Strike-slip Fault – the sliding motion of

the blocks resulted from shear stress.
Because of the discontinuity, the river on
the illustration may seep to the lower
bedrock.

Figure 7

When rocks are pulled out but did not break because of their plasticity, they result
in ductile deformation. Ductile deformation is the reason why we see a variety of
landmasses. We can see that a syncline is formed by a “sinking” of a portion of the
compressed rock due to gravity. This is what forms valleys. Anticline, as the name
suggests, is the opposite of synclines and is what forms mountains. Lastly, monoclines
are responsible for slopes. These ductile deformations are collectively called folds and are
caused by compressional stress.

Figure 8

As we have established from the previous modules, the metamorphism of rocks

depends on heat and pressure. We know where the heat came from because we have
learned magmatism (formation of magma) from the previous lesson. The pressure, then,
comes from the movement beneath the crust, particularly tectonic activities, cause
changes in the underlying rock as we have illustrated above.

Changes in rocks resulting from the strain is called Regional Metamorphism.

Like the way your matchsticks aligned themselves parallel to the notebooks (and
perpendicular to the direction of force) so are minerals in rocks that are being compressed
the action made easier because of the presence of heat – causing drastic changes to the
rock both physically and chemically.

A key feature of metamorphic rocks formed from regional metamorphism is called

foliation. Foliation is the appearance of layers of minerals or cleavages along the rock’s
surface. Figure 9 is a schist that shows the minerals that formed along the surface while
Figure 10 is a phyllite that shows cleavages along its surface.
 Figure 9.

Figure 10.

Another way a rock can undergo metamorphism is closely related to how intrusive
or plutonic igneous rocks are formed. When magma intrudes the surface of a rock, the
rock itself melts and forms plutonic igneous rocks when cooled. The surrounding rock is
also exposed to high temperatures but is not enough to melt it but causes mineralization,
or the formation of minerals. This type of metamorphism is called contact
metamorphism and can be observed similarly to your experiment on eggs. Foliation
does not occur on contact metamorphic rocks.
 Figure 11.
The image above is a metamorphic rock named quartzite, and while it does not
show foliation like the first two figures, we can see that minerals present on the rock
formed crystals.
You may be wondering by now how metamorphic rocks can be identified from
their protoliths (parent rock) because they may share characteristics that are present
from igneous (presence of crystals) and sedimentary rocks (presence of layers or clasts).
The process of identifying a metamorphic rock is based on the presence of key minerals
that are only produced within given limits of pressure and temperature. These minerals
are called index minerals and were used by geologists to identify the metamorphic grade
or the degree of metamorphism of a rock.

Figure 12.

The range indicated in each index mineral is the temperatures at which they form.
Determining the presence of an index mineral in a metamorphic rock sample, we can
identify the range of the temperature to which the rock has been subjected to. A great
example that would illustrate metamorphic grade of rock is the metamorphism of the
sedimentary rock shale.

Figure 13.

A higher metamorphic grade of rocks mean that more changes has occurred on it
from its original form. By understanding how metamorphism works and its products, we
gain insight to the processes that shape the earth. These deformations on the earth
caused by the movement of tectonic plates allowed the formation of the variety of
landmasses that we see today – volcanoes, islands, plateaus, among others. The little
evidence that is embedded in the rocks though very trivial shed light on the biggest
processes that happen in the earth.
 IV. APPLYING THE CONCEPTS
Marble is an example of a contact metamorphic rock that is abundant in the island
of Romblon. This gives us insight what type of metamorphic activity may have happened
there a long time ago. By gathering facts of what you know, select a specific location
(preferably in the Philippines) that has an abundance of metamorphic rocks and develop
an infographics or concept map that would show insights in the development of the
landmasses in our archipelago.
Grading Rubrics:

Figure 14.
 V. TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Checklist! Draw a laughing face 😄 on the column that corresponds to what is being
described:

Part I. Deformations

Elastic Brittle Ductile

Characteristics
Deformation Deformation Deformation
1. May be a result of tensional stress
2. May be a result of compressional
stress
3. May be a result of shear stress

4. May have fractures

5. May return to its original shape

Part II. Metamorphism

Regional Contact
Characteristics
Metamorphism Metamorphism
6. May contain foliation

7. May have originally been a metamorphic rock

8. May have no foliation

9. May surround plutonic igneous rocks

10. Forms as a result of increasing pressures

11. Forms as a result of melting of nearby rocks

12. May have originally been an igneous rock

13. May form crystals from minerals

14. May have a layered appearance of minerals
or cleaves
15. May have originally been a sedimentary rock
Cover page: Grant Dixon/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images URL:
https://www.reference.com/science/can-metamorphic-rocks-found-3dd4f3f23f019b44

Chick clipart: Emoji One / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)

URL: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Emojione_1F423.svg

Figure 1 Lithostatic Stress http://www.columbia.edu/~vjd1/stress-strain_basic.htm

Figure 2 Differential Stress http://www.columbia.edu/~vjd1/stress-strain_basic.htm

Figure 3 Strain http://www.columbia.edu/~vjd1/stress-strain_basic.htm

Figure 4 Brittle Deformation https://eschooltoday.com/landforms/landforms-from-

crustal-deformation.html

Figure 5 Normal fault https://earthhow.com/types-of-faults/

Figure 6 Reverse fault https://earthhow.com/types-of-faults/

Figure 7 Strike-slip fault https://earthhow.com/types-of-faults/

Figure 8 Ductile deformations https://eschooltoday.com/landforms/landforms-from-

crustal-deformation.html

Figure 9 Schist https://geologyscience.com/rocks/metamorphic-rocks/schist/#jp-

carousel-1710

Figure 10 Phyllite https://geologyscience.com/rocks/phyllite/#jp-carousel-3235

Figure 11 Quartzite
http://www.geologyfortoday.com/uploads/1/8/1/6/18166011/7120230_orig.jpg

Figure 12 Metamorphic index minerals and approximate temperature ranges. Source:

Steven Earle (2015) CC BY 4.0 URL: https://opentextbc.ca/geology/wp-
content/uploads/sites/110/2015/07/image027.png

Figure 13 Metamorphism of shale. URL http://www.geologyin.com/2017/12/regional-

metamorphism.html

Figure 14 Rubrics adapted from: https://www.createwebquest.com/my-topic-about-

action-words

Assessment adapted from: McConnell, D. (2016) The good earth: Introduction to earth
science, third edition. Page 178. McGraw-Hill Education. Printed in the Philippines
Online References:

http://www.rsc.org/education/teachers/resources/jesei/meta/students.htm

http://rwg-tag.bravehost.com/Conferences/ESIC_Posters.pdf

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/iar.12160

References:

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McConnell, D. (2016) The good earth: Introduction to earth science, third edition.
McGraw-Hill Education. Printed in the Philippines

Reyes, J. & Reyes, M. (2017). Earth science: Our universe, our planet, our future for
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Reynolds, S. & Johnson, J. (2016). Earth science. McGraw-Hill Education. Printed in the
Philippines