EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

What factors cause the

different Shapes and Structure
of the Earth?
1. Exogenic process

2. Endogenic process
 Exogenic and Endogenic Processes
 Exogenic Process. Are caused by exogenic
factors, or agents supplying energy for
activities that are located at or near the
Earth’s surface.
 Are usually driven by gravitational and /or atmospheric
forces.
1. WEATHERING
2. EROSION

3. MASS WASTING

4. SEDIMENTATION
Endogenic Processes
Exogenic and Endogenic Processes

1. Weathering
 The breaking up of rocks by such agents as
water, ice, chemicals, growing plants and
changing temperature is called weathering
(Cardenas, 2010).
 Two types of weathering

1.Physical weathering/Mechanical
weathering

2. Chemical Weathering
1.Physical or Mechanical weathering

Temperature
changes

Burrowing
animals
Plant roots Frost heaving
and wedging
 Chemical weathering
B. Chemical weathering involves the chemical
decomposition of rocks due to the chemical reaction
of minerals within rocks and the environment.

Water, Oxygen, Living organism, Acids

 Chemical weathering
B. Chemical weathering involves the chemical
decomposition of rocks due to the chemical reaction
of minerals within rocks and the environment.

Water, Oxygen,Living organism,Acids

 Two types of weathering

1.Physical weathering/Mechanical
weathering

2. Chemical Weathering
2. Erosion
3. Mass Wasting
Types of Mass Movement
4. Sedimentation
 Endogenic Processes

1.Faults/Cracks- Fracture along crust

2.Fold-Bent rock layer or series of layers
that are originally horizontal and
subsequently deformed
 Types of Folds
1. Monocline. Formed when there is a slight
bend in otherwise parallel layers of rock.

https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/
19fa5ddb690a4da2a5d56b2d4ed45230

http://www.geologyin.com/2015/02/types-of-folds-with-
photos.html
2. Anticline. Formed when there is a convex up
fold in rock that is similar to an arch-like structure
with the rock bends (or limbs) dipping way from the
center of the structure.

This anticline is in Alberta, Canadia in the Rocky Mountains

Upward folds http://www.geologyin.com/2015/02/types-of-folds-with-photos.html

 Syncline sidling hill

downward folds

http://www.geologyin.com/2015/02/types-of-folds-with-photos.html

3. Syncline. Formed where the rock layers are

warped downward as a result of compressional forces.
The greater the pressure the anticlines and synclines
are more inclined and symmetrical.
https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/19fa5ddb690a4da2a5d56b2d4ed45230
4. Recumbent. This is formed if the center of the
fold moves from being once vertical to a horizontal
position because compression and/or shear forces is
stronger in one direction. Recumbent fold Bahrain

http://www.geologyin.com/2015/02/types-of-folds-with-photos.html
The combination of fault and a fold in a rock is called
an over thrust fault.

A fault is formed in rocks when the stresses overcome

the internal strength of the rock resulting in a fracture.

Fault occur from both tensional and compressional

forces that can caused the displacement of once
connected blocks of rocks along a fault plane.
 Types of Faults
1. Normal fault. Occurs when tensional forces act
in opposite directions causing the foot wall to be
pushed upward and the hanging wall go downward.
2. Reverse fault.
Occurs when
compression forces
causes one block to be
pushed up and over
the other block.

https://inventionsky.com/normal-reverse-and-
strike-slip-faults/
 3. Graben Fault. Occurs when tensional stresses
result in the subsidence of a block of rock just like the
so called Rift valleys.

https://medium.com/@rohitgurjar009/faults-in-geology-8b33296c41b3

4. Horst Fault. Occurs when two reverse faults

causes a block of rock to be pushed up.
5. Strike – slip fault or transform fault.
Occurs when the stresses exerted are exerted parallel to
each other.

http://claremontgeography12.blogspot.com/2011/02/strike-slip.html
Importance of Folds and
Faults

Folds and faults reflect the internal energy of the

earth and both are economically important to us. For
instance, anticlines and horst are sources of oil
reservoir, whereas synclines and grabens have rock
materials that accumulate water forming aquifers
and groundwater basins, which is our source of
water for drinking and other purpose.