Earth Science Quarter 1

SHS Earth Science
42
Earth Science
Earth Materials and Resources:
Physical and Chemical
Properties of Minerals
44
Week
2
What I Need to Know
Most Essential Learning Competency:

Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
This module contains significant activities in which you will be able to identify
the different common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical
properties.
After accomplishing this module, you are expected to:
1. identify the characteristics of minerals;

2. explain the different physical properties of minerals;
3. characterize the different chemical properties of minerals:
4. discuss the Dana Classification System of minerals; and
5. give examples of the different minerals.
What I Know
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following mineral characteristics refer to the tendency to break

along very smooth surfaces?
a. Hardness
b. Cleavage
c. Fracture
d. Luster
2. Silicates are one of the most abundant minerals on Earth. Which of the following
example is a silicate?
a. Apatite
b. Feldspar
c. Amber
d. Magnetite
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3. Quarts are composed of silicon and oxygen. Which common group of minerals do
quarts belong?
a. Oxide
b. Silicate
c. Sulfate
d. Sulfide
4. Gypsum, also known as desert rose, has chemical name of Calcium sulfate
dehydrate. To which group of rock-forming mineral does it belong?
a. Oxides Sulfates
b. Silicates
c. Sulfates
d. Sulfides
5. Which group of minerals do common table salts belong?

a. Carbonates Halides
b. Fluorites
c. Halides
d. Sulfides
6. The following are physical properties of minerals except _____.

a. Habit
b. Luster
c. Oxidizing potential
d. Streak
7. Which of the following is the most abundant element found in rocks?

a. Carbon
b. Hydrogen
c. Oxygen
d. Silicon
8. Which of the following is the correct pairing?

a. Magnetite: Silicate
b. Gypsum: Sulfate
c. Feldspar: Oxide
d. Pyrite: Sulfide
9. Which is the hardest mineral?

a. Calcite
b. Diamond
c. Quartz
d. Talc
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10. What physical property of minerals is considered the least reliable in identifying
minerals?
a. Color
b. Hardness
c. Streak
d. Specific gravity
11. What property of minerals determines its TRUE color?

a. Streak
b. Specific gravity
c. Color
d. Hardness
12. Anton hammers a piece of unidentified mineral. The mineral breaks into two
parts with uneven surfaces. What property of mineral does it show?
a. Cleavage
b. Crystal lattice
c. Diaphaneity
d. Fracture
13. Which statement is incorrect about minerals?

a. It is organic.
b. It has crystal lattice.
c. It is naturally occurring.
d. It has definite composition.
14. What class of mineral is considered as the largest and most abundant
group?
a. Silicate class
b. Oxide class
c. Sulphide class
d. Sulphate class
15. Dan scratched a piece of unknown mineral in a glass plate. He observed that it
produced a powdery substance. What property of mineral did he test?
a. Color
b. Hardness
c. Streak
d. Specific gravity
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Lesson
Physical and Chemical
3 Properties of Minerals
Minerals are important component of the Earth’s lithosphere. It is a naturally
occurring material that plays a significant role in human civilization. This module
will give you clear understanding of the physical and chemical properties of minerals.
What’s In
In the previous module, you learned that the Earth consists of four
subsystems. Specifically, they are the "lithosphere" (land), "hydrosphere" (water),
"biosphere" (living things), and "atmosphere" (air). These subsystems interact with
each other and work together to influence the climate and Earth’s environment that
trigger geological processes which affect life on it.
In this lesson, you will learn common rock-forming minerals found in the
lithosphere as one of the subsystems of earth as well as their physical and chemical
properties.
Notes to the Teacher

This Self-Learning Module encourages learners to answer
independently. However, you must orient the learners to answer
ALL ACTIVITIES included in this module.
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What’s New
Minerals are naturally occurring substances that are harnessed and used by
humans in everyday life. The poem below will give you an idea on the different
characteristics of minerals.
Directions. Read the poem silently and underline the characteristics of
minerals.
MINERALS
By: Razel M. Ferrer
Most minerals are derived and extracted from nature

They are crystalline solids with definite shape and structure
Minerals are found at home and present everywhere
Like in jewelries, toothpaste, make-up and mirror.
Minerals are made of chemical elements and compounds

Chemical compositions had also been found
T are naturally occurring, this we must understand
Inorganic in nature, let us add!
There are eight classes of minerals
Silicates, oxides, sulphides and halides
Sulfates, carbonates, phosphates and mineraloids
All minerals on earth fit on these kinds.
Minerals are distinguished through their properties
But geologists prefer their physical instead
Habit, luster, cleavage and hardness
Color and streak let’s add on these.
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What is It
Minerals are present everywhere and some examples can be found at home.
These are: Hematite (hinges, handles, make-up color), Chromite (chrome plating,
dyes), Copper (electric wiring), Quartz (clocks, mirrors), Gold (jewelries), Feldspar
(porcelain, ceramics), Fluorite (toothpaste). Because of its importance, we need to
determine its physical and chemical properties.
This part of module will give you details on the different physical and chemical
properties of minerals.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
Minerals can be distinguished using their physical and chemical properties.
A. Physical properties include habit, luster, cleavage and fracture, hardness, color
and streak.
1. Crystal Habit – refers to the overall shape or growth pattern of the mineral. It can
be described as equant, elongate and platy.
Equant – three dimensions of the mineral have about the same length, like that
of a cube or sphere. (ei. garnet)
Elongate – forms prismatic or prism-like crystals that are thicker than the needle
as in a pencil. (ei. Indicolite)
Platy – looks like a flattened and thin crystal (like plate). (ei. Wulfenite)
2. Luster - describes the appearance of a mineral when light is reflected from its
surface. It can be described as opaque, transparent, dull, or shiny.
Metallic luster is opaque and very reflective like gold and silver.
Nonmetallic luster is dull, silky, greasy and pearly like silicates.
3. Cleavage and Fracture – refers to the tendency of minerals to break along very
smooth, flat and shiny surfaces. A mineral fracture, if it breaks along random,
irregular surfaces. Some minerals break only by fracturing, while others both
cleave and fracture.
4. Hardness – is a measure of the mineral’s resistance to scratching. Harder minerals

will scratch softer minerals. Friedrich Mohs in 1812 ranked minerals according to
hardness as shown in Table 1.
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Table 1. Moh’s Scale of Hardness
Scale Mineral
1 Talc
2 Gypsum
2.5 Fingernail
3 Calcite
3.5 Copper penny
4 Fluorite
5 Apatite
5.5 Steel knife blade/glass plate
6 Orthoclase feldspar
7 Quartz
8 Topaz
9 Corundum (ruby)
10 Diamond
5. Color - is one of the most obvious properties of a mineral but not reliable alone.
Some minerals come in just one color, while others come in many colors and
varieties.
Quartz varies widely in color, due to minor (parts per billion) impurities and
even defects in its crystalline structure.
6. Streak - refers to the color of the mineral in its powdered form, which may or may
not be the same color as the mineral. Streak is obtained by scratching the mineral
on an unpolished piece of white porcelain called a streak plate. When the excess
powder is blown away, what remains is the color of the streak. Streak is more
reliable property than color as streak shows the true color of minerals. It does not
vary even if color does.
Additional Properties
Magnetism - Some minerals are attracted to a hand magnet. To test a mineral
for magnetism, just put the magnet and mineral together and see if they are
attracted. Magnetite is the only common mineral that is always strongly magnetic.
Reaction with Acid - Some minerals, especially carbonate minerals, react

visibly with acid. (Usually, a dilute hydrochloric acid [HCl] is used.) When a drop of
dilute hydrochloric acid is placed on calcite, it readily bubbles or effervesces,
releasing carbon dioxide.
Striations -presence of very thin, parallel grooves. The grooves are present in
only one of the two sets of cleavages and are best seen with a hand lens. They may
not be visible on all parts of a cleavage surface. Before you decide there are no
striations, look at all parts of all visible cleavage surfaces, moving the sample
around as you look so that light is reflected from these surfaces at different
angles.
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Specific Gravity - is the weight of that mineral divided by the weight of an
equal volume of water. The specific gravity of water equals 1.0, by definition. Most
silicate, or rock-forming, minerals have specific gravities of 2.6 to 3.4; the ore
minerals are usually heavier, with specific gravities of 5 to 8. For most minerals,
specific gravity is not a particularly noteworthy feature, but for some, high specific
gravity is distinctive (examples are barite and galena).
Taste, Odor, Feel - Some minerals have a distinctive taste (halite is salt, and
tastes like it). Some a distinctive odor (the powder of some sulfide minerals, such as
sphalerite, a zinc sulfide, smells like rotten eggs), and some have a distinctive feel
(talc feels slippery).
B. Chemical Properties
Chemical properties of minerals show the presence and arrangement of atoms
in minerals. Using their chemical properties, minerals are identified by how they
react to certain substances.
The Dana system divides minerals into eight basic classes. The classes are:
native elements, silicates, oxides, sulfides, sulfates, halides, carbonates,
phosphates, and mineraloids. This classification shows the chemical composition
of minerals.
CLASSIFICATION
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
OF MINERALS
These minerals are

naturally occurring in
nature in an uncombined
Native Elements form with a distinct
mineral structure. It can
be classified as metal,
semimetals and non-
silver metals.
This is the largest group of

minerals. It contains
Silicates silicon and oxygen, with
some aluminum,
magnesium, iron and
calcium.
(feldspar)
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It is form from the
combination of a metal
Oxides with oxygen. This group
ranges from dull ores like
bauxite to gems like rubies
and sapphires.
(magnetite)
These are made of

compounds of sulfur
Sulfides usually with a metal. They
tend to be heavy and
brittle.
(pyrite)
These are made of

compounds of sulfur
Sulfates combined with metals and
oxygen. It is a large group
of minerals that tend to be
soft, and translucent.
(gypsum)
They form from halogen

elements like chlorine,
bromine, fluorine, and
Halides iodine combined with
metallic elements. They
are very soft and easily
dissolved in water.
(halite/ table salt)
These are a group of

minerals made of carbon,
Carbonates oxygen, and a metallic
element.
(dolomite)
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They are often formed
when other minerals are
Phosphates
broken down by
weathering. They are often
brightly colored.
(apatite)
It is the term used for

those substances that do
Mineraloid not fit neatly into one of
these eight classes.
(amber)
What’s More
After reading the details on the different physical and chemical properties of
minerals, let’s see if you understand it by answering the following activities.
A. Directions. Identify the physical properties of minerals given in

the statement by arranging the jumbled letters that follow. Write your
answer on the space provided.
1. The color of the mineral in its powdered form. KTRSEA
2. The overall shape or growth pattern of the mineral. B I H A T
3. The most obvious properties of a mineral C L O O R
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4. The measure of the mineral’s resistance to scratching S D R H A N E S
5. The tendency of minerals to break along very smooth, flat and shiny surfaces G
ECLAVAE
B. Identify the classification of minerals that corresponds to the

description below. Select from the choices inside the box. Write the
letter of the correct answer.
A. Silicate C. Halide E. Mineraloid G. Oxide
B. Sulfate D. Carbonate F. Sulfide H. Phosphate
_____1. Formed when other minerals are broken down by weathering
_____2. Contains silicon and oxygen, with some metals
_____3. Combination of sulfur with metals and oxygen
_____4. Substances that do not fit neatly into one of these eight classes
_____5. Combination of halogen elements like chlorine, bromine, fluorine,
and iodine with metallic elements
_____6. Combination of a metal with oxygen
_____7. Made of carbon, oxygen, and a metallic element
_____8. Combination of compounds of sulfur with a metal.
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What I Have Learned
Directions: Complete the following sentences by identifying the physical

and chemical properties of minerals.
1. Equant, elongate and platy are descriptions of minerals’ _____________.
2. The weight of the mineral divided by the weight of an equal volume of
water is called __________________________.
3. The most obvious property of a mineral is ______________.
4. Substances that do not fit neatly into one of the eight classes are called
_____________________.
5. The largest group of minerals is __________________.
6. The overall shape or growth pattern of the mineral determines its ______________.
7. Minerals that are made of carbon, oxygen, and a metallic element are __________.
8. A mineral exhibits ________________ if it breaks along random, irregular surfaces.
9. The measure of the mineral’s resistance to scratching is called _________________.
10. Minerals that are formed when other minerals are broken down by
weathering are _____________________.
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What I Can Do
Directions: Read the situation and answer the question below.

Situation: A jeweler offers you an expensive ring with diamonds as a gift for
your Mom. You doubt the authenticity of the diamonds. What measures will you do
to determine its authenticity if he allows you to test it? Explain your answer.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.
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Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a
1. Given the list of minerals below, what is the correct arrangement from hardest to
softest according to Moh’s Scale?
1. Quartz 2. Calcite 3. Flourite 4. Gypsum
a. 1, 3, 2, 4
b. 1, 3, 4, 2
c. 4, 2, 3, 1
d. 4, 2, 1, 3
2. Angela tests a mineral sample by scratching it to white and black porcelain plate
to determine its true color? What property of minerals did she test?
a. Specific gravity
b. Hardness
c. Streak
d. Color
3. James Dana developed a classification scheme for minerals. Which of the

following is the basis of his classification?
a. Chemical composition of the minerals
b. Hardness of the mineral
c. Location of mineral occurrence
d. Color of mineral
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4. Which group of minerals is most common in the earth's crust?
a. Oxides
b. Silicates
c. Ore minerals
d. Sulfates
5. One of the most abundant minerals on Earth is quartz. Which physical property
of quartz could not be used to verify its authenticity?
a. Color
b. Hardness
c. Habit
d. Cleavage
6. Which of the following is not a reliable physical property of minerals?
a. Specific gravity
b. Cleavage
c. Color
d. Hardness
7. Diamonds are used in jewelry because of its ability to reflect light that cause its
brilliance or shining effect. What physical property of mineral is exhibited in the
aforementioned statement?
a. Streak
b. Luster
c. Hardness
d. Cleavage
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8. Which of the following mineral properties relates why talc is used as a component
for baby powder?
a. Streak
b. Fracture
c. Hardness
d. Cleavage
9. An unknown mineral sample was tested by putting a drop of HCl solution on

the surface. After few minutes there was a bubble formation on the surface.
What physical property of mineral was tested in the unknown mineral sample?
a. Odor
b. Reaction to acid
c. Specific Gravity
d. Striations
10. Scientists use a scale of 1-10 to show the hardness of a mineral. What number
would be given to the hardest?
a. 1
b. 5
c. 6
d. 10
11. Which of the following is the least useful property in identifying minerals?
a. Streak
b. Luster
c. Cleavage
d. Color
12. What property of mineral is shown if a rock breaks into an irregular pattern?
a. Fracture
b. Cleavage
c. Luster
d. Hardness
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13. Which of the following statement is TRUE about silicates?
a. made of carbon, oxygen, and a metallic element
b. largest group of minerals
c. brightly colored minerals
d. very soft and easily dissolved in water
14. Which of the following is not included in the group?
a. copper
b. gold
c. gypsum
d. silver
15. Salt is used in cooking to enhance food taste. Which group of minerals does it
belong?
a. Carbonates
b. Fluorites
c. Halides
d. Sulfides
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Additional Activities
Search at least three (3) other examples of minerals based on Dana

Classification System. Present your answer in tabular form.
Classification of Minerals Examples
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SHS Earth Science
69
Earth Science
Classification of Rocks
71
Week
The following are some reminders in using this module:

2
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
What I Need to Know
Most Essential Learning Competencies:

Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the concept on the classification of rocks as major earth materials. The
scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations.
The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary levels of students. The lessons
are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which
you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module contains lesson on classification of rocks into igneous,

sedimentary and metamorphic.
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the characteristics of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks;
2. classify igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks;
3. explain the process of the formation of igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks; and
4. give examples of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.
74
What I Know
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the letter on a
Note: If your answer to this pre-assessment is one hundred percent correct, you may
skip and proceed to the next module.
1. Which of the following is the least description of a rock?
a. Solid c. Naturally occurring
b. Heavy d. Aggregate of minerals
2. Which of the following is not a classification of sedimentary rock?
a. clastic rock c. chemical rock
b. organic rock d. non-foliated rock
3. A rock sample was recovered from Taal Volcano Island by a local. The
resident volcanologist was on site and identified that the rock was formed
from the material ejected by the volcano during its eruption. What type of
rock did the local recover?
a. Igneous rock c. Ore body rock
b. Metamorphic rock d. Sedimentary rock
4. While walking at the beach, Angela found a rock sample with shells and
pebbles embedded. What type of rock did she find?
a. Igneous rock c. Ore body rock
b. Metamorphic rock d. Sedimentary rock
5. Which of the following statements is TRUE about metamorphic rocks?
a. It formed from existing rocks.
b. It is subjected to cold and high pressure.
c. It is composed of plants and animals’ materials.
d. It is formed from deposition and cementation of minerals and organic
particles.
6. When magma solidifies below the surface of the Earth, what possible igneous
rock may form?
a. Andesite b. Basalt c. Granite d. Scoria
7. Rinzen found an igneous rock from the school ground. Out of curiosity, she
strongly hit the rock sample by a hammer and found out that it contained
large crystals. What is the correct inference on the formation of the rock
sample?
a. It formed overtime through slow process of crystallization at the
surface of the Earth.
b. It formed overtime through fast process of crystallization at the surface
of the Earth.
c. It formed overtime through slow process of crystallization beneath the
d. It formed overtime through fast process of crystallization beneath the
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8. Which type of rock may contain plants’ and animals’ remains?
a. Igneous rock
b. Metamorphic rock
c. Ore body rock
d. Sedimentary rock
9. Which of the following is excluded from the group?
a. Coal b. Granite c. Rock salt d. Shale
10. Ava collected samples of sedimentary rocks from the riverbank of Pansit. She
grouped the rocks according to their characteristics. On the first group, she
observed attached weathered rock on the samples. While on the second
group, she observed shells attached on it. What type of sedimentary rocks
had been collected by Ava from the riverbank?
a. The first group is clastic sedimentary rocks while the second is
chemical sedimentary rock.
b. The first group is clastic sedimentary rocks while the second is organic
sedimentary rock.
c. The first group is chemical sedimentary rocks while the second is
clastic sedimentary rock.
d. The first group is organic sedimentary rocks while the second is clastic
sedimentary rock.
11. Foliation occurs when a certain rock was subject to intense heat and
pressure. Which of the following rock most likely to have foliation?
a. Hornfels b. Marble c. Quartzite d. Slate
12. Scoria is rock formed through fast solidification on air when a volcano
erupts. What type of rock is scoria?
a. Extensive igneous rock c. Intensive igneous rock
b. Extrusive igneous rock d. Intrusive igneous rock
13. Which of the following statement is true about sedimentary rocks?
a. It is formed from plant and animal debris.
b. It is formed when subjected to high heat and pressure.
c. Schist, phyllite and gneiss are examples of sedimentary rocks.
d. Foliated and non-foliated are classification of sedimentary rocks.
14. Which of the following rock contains large crystals?
a. andesite b. basalt c. diorite d. scoria
15. Which group of rocks was formed through compressing and heating?
a. Clastic rock c. Metamorphic rock
b. Igneous rock d. Sedimentary rock
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Lesson
4 The Classification of Rocks
This lesson will explore the different types of rocks existing in our
environment. The learner is expected to identify and classify rocks into igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
What’s In
In the previous module, you have learned the common naturally occurring
minerals such as feldspar, quarts, mica and alike. Those minerals are called rock-
forming minerals because they are the building blocks of rocks. For example, when
quarts, feldspar and mica come together, they form a certain type of rock. Different
combinations of minerals form different types of rock. In this lesson, you will learn
how rocks are grouped or classified with their distinguishing characteristics.

Hello dear teachers, this module may be used by learners with
minimal supervision. The activities included are suitable for their
level and capacity. As pre-requisite to this module, make sure
that the learners had finished the previous module on minerals.
Thank you.
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What’s New
Directions: Collect ten rock samples from your garden or yard. Using magnifying
glass, observe the rocks. Create a grouping of the rocks based on your observation.
Label your rock samples as sample 1 to 10.
Guide Questions:
1. How many groups did you form for your collected samples of rocks?
2. What basis of grouping or classification did you use?
3. Can you describe the common features of each group?
What is It
How can we classify rocks? Would it be by color, hardness, texture,

density or other physical properties? Is it by chemical composition? You may
have a little knowledge that rocks can be Igneous, Sedimentary or Metamorphic.
But how did geologists come into these three classifications? What do you think
was their basis for classification?
Rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals sometime with

nonmineral solid particles
Classification of Rocks
Igneous rocks or magmatic rocks are formed through the cooling and solidification
of magma or lava. Igneous rock can be classified into:
Intrusive igneous rocks. This type of

igneous rock is formed from solidification
of magma below the surface They have
large crystals of minerals that formed
overtime through slow process of
crystallization in a magma. Granite,
diorite, gabbro, pegmatite, and peridotite
are example of this type of rock.
Granite rock
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Extrusive igneous rocks. This type of
igneous rock is formed through faster rate of
solidification of lava on the surface of Earth.
They can become glassy in appearance due to
less crystallization or vesicular like Scoria,
due to the air that was trapped inside when
they solidified and formed on the surface of
the earth. Other examples of this type of rock
are andesite, basalt, dacite, obsidian, pumice,
rhyolite and tuff.
Scoria
Sedimentary rock is formed by the deposition and cementation of mineral or

organic particles on the floor of oceans and other bodies of water at the Earth
surface. Sedimentary rocks can be classified into clastic, chemical and organic.
Clastic sedimentary rock. It is formed from

the mechanical weathering debris of rocks.
Examples are breccia, conglomerate,
sandstone, siltstone, and shale.
Chemical sedimentary rock. It is formed
when dissolved materials precipitate from
solution. Examples of these are rock salt,
iron ore, chert, flint, some dolomites.
Organic sedimentary rock. Formed from
the build-up of plant or animal debris.
Sandstone Examples of this type are coal and
fossiliferous limestone.
Metamorphic rock forms from existing rock types called “parent rock” in the
process called metamorphism, which means change in form. The original rock
which can be an igneous, sedimentary or another metamorphic rock is subjected to
heat and pressure, causing a profound chemical or physical change. Metamorphic
rocks can be further classified into:
Foliated metamorphic rocks. Formed

through pressure due to compression of
rocks that create bands called foliation.
Examples are gneiss, phyllite, schist, and
slate.
Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks. It has no
foliation or bands. Examples of this type are
hornfels, marble, quartzite, and novaculite.
Marble
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What’s More
A. Directions: Observe the pictures and answer the questions that

follow.
Picture 1.
Questions:
1. What type of rock do you think will

be formed through this geologic
activity?
2. How was the rock formed in this
geologic activity?
3. How will you describe the types of
rock formed?
Picture 2.
Questions:
1. What type of rock is formed in this

event?
2. What are the required factors to
form a rock on this event?
3. What are the possible types of rock
that will be formed in this event?
Picture 3.
Questions:
1. What type of rock will be formed in
this scenario?
2. What are the important factors
needed to form a rock in this
scenario?
3. What are the characteristics of rock
formed in this scenario?
B. Direction: Complete the table below.
Classification
Rock Sample Subclassification
(Igneous/Sedimentary/Metamorphic)
1. Quartzite
2. Chemical
3. Intrusive
4. Gneiss
5. Clastic
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What have I Learned
1. _______________ is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals and

sometime with nonmineral solid particles.
2. Rocks can be classified based on _______________.
3. _______________are formed through solidification or crystallization of molten
materials such as magma and lava.
4. _______________ are formed through compaction and cementation of
sediments and other materials usually under the ocean or other bodies of
water.
5. _______________ are formed either by heat such those near a magma chamber
or by pressure such those in the area with compression of rock layers.
6. Granite is an example of _______________ with visible large crystals because it
solidified underneath the Earth surface.
7. Sandstone is an example of _______________ rock from compaction and
cementation of sand under the ocean.
8. Marble is an example of _______________that has been formed due to heat and
appears physically different from its parent-rock called _______________.
9. Igneous rock can be classified into ______________ and ____________________.
10. __________________ metamorphic rock contains bands and ________________
metamorphic rocks do not have bands.
11. Sedimentary rocks can be grouped according to _______________,
___________________ and ____________________.
12. ___________________ formed from the mechanical weathering debris of rocks.
13. Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed when
______________________________.
14. ___________________ are formed from the debris of plants and animals.
15. ____________________ are metamorphic rocks that has no foliation.
What I can Do
Directions: Answer the question below.

While mountain trekking, Mayumi found several rocks that contained
remains of aquatic plants and animals. What kind of rock did she find? What can
you infer on the formation of the rock?
81
Assessment
1. Ava collected samples of sedimentary rocks from the riverbank of Pansipit.
She grouped the rocks according to their characteristics. On the first group,
she observed attached shells on the samples. While on the second group,
she observed pebbles attached on it. What type of sedimentary rocks did Ava
collect from the riverbank?
a. The first group is clastic sedimentary rocks while the second is
chemical sedimentary rock.
b. The first group is clastic sedimentary rocks while the second is
organic sedimentary rock.
c. The first group is chemical sedimentary rocks while the second is
d. The first group is organic sedimentary rocks while the second is
2. Which of the following describes a rock?
1. Solid 2. Heavy 3. Naturally occurring 4. Aggregate of minerals
a. 1, 2 and 3 c. 1, 2 and 4
b. 1, 3, and 4 d. 2, 3 and 4
3. Which of the following is a classification of sedimentary rock?
a. intrusive rock c. chemical rock
b. foliated rock d. non foliated rock
4. A rock sample was recovered from Taal Volcano Island by a local. The
resident volcanologist was on site and identified the rock was formed from
the material ejected by the volcano during its eruption. He further observed
that the rock sample had glassy appearance. What type of rock did the local
recover?
a. Extrusive rock c. Metamorphic rock
b. Intrusive rock d. Sedimentary rock
5. Which of the following statement is not true about metamorphic rocks?
a. It is formed from plant and animal debris.
b. It is formed when subjected to high heat and pressure.
c. Schist, phyllite and gneiss are examples of sedimentary rocks.
d. Foliated and non-foliated are classification of sedimentary rocks.
6. While walking at the beach, Angela found a rock sample with a crystal white
appearance which according to her friend was halite – a rock salt. What type
of rock did she find?
a. Clastic rock c. Metamorphic rock
b. Chemical rock d. Organic rock
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7. When magma solidifies on the surface of Earth, what possible igneous rock
may be formed?
a. gabbro b. granite c. peridotite d. scoria
8. Obsidian is rock formed through fast solidification on air when a volcano
erupts. What type of rock is obsidian?
a. Extrusive igneous rock c. Intrusive igneous rock
b. Extensive igneous rock d. Intensive igneous rock
9. Rinzen found an igneous rock from the school ground. Out of curiosity, she
strongly hit the rock sample by a hammer and found out that it had a glassy
appearance. What is the correct inference on the formation of the rock
sample?
a. It formed overtime through slow process of crystallization beneath the
b. It formed overtime through fast process of crystallization beneath the
c. It formed overtime through slow process of crystallization at the
d. It formed overtime through fast process of crystallization at the
10. Which type of rock contains plants’ and animals’ remains?
a. Chemical rock c. Foliated rock
b. Clastic rock d. Organic rock
11. Which of the following statements is not true about igneous rocks?
a. It formed crystals.
b. It is formed from magma.
c. It can become glassy in appearance.
d. It can be formed from an existing rock.
12. Which of the following is excluded from the group?
a. gabbro b. granite c. pegmatite d. Shale
13.In spite of intense heat and pressure, nonfoliated rocks did not
formed bands. Which of the following rocks are nonfoliate?
a. Gneiss b. marble c. phyllite d. slate
14. Which of the following rock contains less crystals?
a. diorite b. granite c. pegmatite d. rhyolite
15. Which group of rocks formed from precipitate of dissolved materials?
a. Clastic rock c. Foliated rock
b. Chemical rock d. Organic rock
There are more examples of rocks other than what you recognized in this
lesson. This time, I want you to widen your knowledge about rocks by identifying
more examples of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks in your area. Make
a log and collect pictures of your samples and form a gallery. You may search in
the internet or ask an expert to assist you in identifying the samples you have
collected.
83
SHS Earth Science
87
Earth Science
Important Minerals to Society
89
Week

3
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
not alone.
and will gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
What I Need to Know

Identify the minerals important to society
This module was designed and written to help you master the concept on the
important minerals to society. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But, the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

1. identify the minerals important to society; and
2. explain the uses of the minerals that are important to society.
92
What I Know
1. Which of the following minerals is usually used in a household to enhance
the food taste?
a. Coal b. Salt c. Talc d. Uranium
2. Which of the following minerals is used as additive for different cosmetic
materials like face powder?
a. Coal b. Salt c. Talc d. Uranium
3. Titanium is a light, durable and non-allergenic metal. In which industry is it
most suitable for use?
a. Agriculture c. Medical industry
b. Energy production d. Plastic making industry
4. What mineral is important in making toothpaste to fight tooth decay?
a. Calcium b. Carbide c. Fluorite d. Sulfates
5. Glassware is commonly used in the kitchen. What are the mineral
components of glasses that are used to produce kitchen wares?
a. Quartz and nickel c. Silica and nickel
b. Quartz and silica d. Silica and chromium
6. Iron is a corrosive metal and forms rust once exposed to air. Manufacturers
use stainless steel in making safe kitchen wares. What are the primary
minerals combined with iron to form stainless steel?
a. Chromium and carbon c. Nickel and carbon
b. Chromium and silicon d. Nickel and silicon
7. Which of the following semi metallic minerals are used as electrical
components for gadgets and computers?
a. copper b. gold c. silicon d. silver
8. Nuclear energy is one of the cleanest and efficient energy sources. Which of
the following minerals are used as a source of this type of energy?
a. Carbon b. Chromium c. Silver d. Uranium
9. Which of the following metals are mainly used for aircraft components
because they are light weight and durable?
a. Aluminum b. Chromiumc. Nickel d. Steel
10. Tooth extraction leaves an empty gum that affects an individual’s speaking
and eating ability. To address this problem, dentists used light metallic
mineral to implant tooth on the affected gum. What metallic mineral is used
by the dentists?
a. Calcium b. Gold c. Silver d. Titanium
93
11. Calaca Power Plant is one of the Power Plants that is powered by organic
mineral mined at Semirara island. What organic mineral is used in the
power plant?
a. charcoal b. chromium c. coal d. uranium
12. Nutrients are essential substances needed by plant to grow. However, due to
improper farming, essential nutrients are depleted in soil. That is why,
farmers use fertilizer to supplement the mineral lost. What are the
components of fertilizers?
a. aluminum, iron and copper
b. potassium, nitrogen, and carbon
c. calcium, magnesium and potassium
d. potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen
13. In the era of climate change awareness due to air pollution caused by fossil
fuel operated vehicles, inventors developed electric powered car. This car
uses batteries as energy storage. What are the mineral components of these
batteries?
a. Nickel, copper and zinc c. Nickel, zinc and lithium
b. Nickel, copper and lithium d. Nickel, zinc and silver
14. Silver is more conductive than copper. In spite of this, why do you think
copper is commonly used as electrical wirings?
a. Copper is cheaper than silver
b. Copper is harder than silver.
c. Copper is more malleable than silver.
d. Copper is more abundant than silver.
15. Inappropriate farming method might increase the acidity of the soil. Which
of the following mineral can reduce soil’s acidity?
a. Coal b. Gypsum c. Lime d. Quartz
Lesson
Minerals Important to
5 Society
This lesson contains significant activities in which you will be able to identify
the different minerals important to society. At the end of this lesson, you can
identify these common minerals and their uses.
What’s In
In the previous module, you learned the different types of rocks such as
igneous rock, sedimentary rock and metamorphic rock. Found within the rocks,
deep under the Earth, are minerals that people extract for everyday use. These
minerals are very vital for our everyday living and for our nation building.
94
In this lesson, you will recognize some common minerals that are vital to
society.

Hello dear teachers, this module may be used by learners with
minimal supervision. The activities included are suitable for their
level and capacity. As pre-requisite to this module, make sure
that the learners had finished the previous two modules on
minerals and rocks. Thank you.
What’s New
Directions: Based on the picture, can you identify the minerals present in the
kitchen? List down as many minerals as you can.
Kitchen Object Mineral/s Present

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
95
Guide Questions:
1. What minerals do you think are common in this kitchen?
2. Can you possibly think of alternative materials other than minerals to make
up all the equipment and wares in this kitchen?
3. Do you think minerals are really important to society? Why?
What is It
Minerals are important to society. In small scale, let’s think of some ways
that will help you to realize that you are actually using them every day.
In households, we use toothpaste that contains fluoride from fluorite
mineral. Face powder contains talc – the softest mineral. In the kitchen, salts are
commonly used to enhance the flavor of our food. Kitchen utensils like casserole
are made of aluminum – a light and durable metal, and stainless wares that
contains mostly of iron, chromium and carbon. Moreover, minerals such as
silicon, silver and gold are used as components of gadgets like cellphones and
computers. Copper is the mostly used electrical wiring because it is less expensive.
In construction, skyscrapers that tower
up to 50 stories high, use durable minerals like
iron steel – a combination of iron and carbon
and concrete that contains limestone, lime
and chalk that make them strong and stand
still against strong wind and earthquake. They
also use glass made mainly of quartz and
silica. Floors are made up of granite and
marbles. Aluminum are used in window and
door panels.
In taking care of our dental health,

Dentists use many tools appropriate for a
.
purpose. Titanium is a strong but very light
metal that is used for teeth transplant. There
are also lots of other minerals that they use for
cleaning and surgery. Examples are gypsum
in plaster cast, and alloys like stainless steel
that primarily composed of iron, chromium
and carbon in their tools.
96
Power plants use minerals to provide
us electricity and energy.
In nuclear power plant, radioactive
minerals like Uranium is used as source of
heat energy to run a nuclear reactor.
Likewise, coal power plants also use
mineral coal to generate electricity. On the
hand batteries for electric cars need
minerals like nickel, copper, and lithium.
In agriculture, NPK Fertilizers

contain vital minerals for the plant to grow
healthy. These minerals include Nitrogen,
phosphorous and potassium.
Moreover, minerals like lime are
also used to lower the acidity of the soil.
For our health, the pharmaceutical

industry manufactures supplements that
contain many essential minerals that keep
us strong and healthy like Calcium,
Magnesium and Zinc.
On the other hand, minerals can also cause harm among humans. Talc
might contain asbestos that can cause certain cancer which is why some cosmetic
companies discontinue using it. Nuclear power plant that uses radioactive minerals
produces radioactive waste. Burning of coals releases high amount of carbon
dioxide and other gases that contributes to the global warming. Over using of
synthetic fertilizer causes eutrophication of bodies of water.
97
What’s More
Directions: Find 10 minerals hidden in the puzzle that are used in the
following objects shown in the pictures. Write your answer on your answer
sheet.
Picture 1.
Picture 2.
98
What have I Learned
A. Direction: Complete the table below.

GIVE
Sector
ME
1 Mineral used in Energy 1.
1.
2 Mineral used in Medicine
2.
1.
3 Mineral used in Agriculture 2.
3.
1.
2.
4 Mineral used in Construction
3.
4.
1.
2.
5 Mineral used in Household 3.
4.
5.
B. Direction: Give the uses of the following minerals in the society.

Mineral Uses/Importance
Halite (Salt)
Granite
Quartz
Gold
Aluminum
What I can Do
A book like in the picture below contains writings and pictures made by
black or colored ink. The paper itself and the ink are made from different minerals.
Can you name some minerals that are used to complete this book? Write the
answers on your answer sheet.
Black ink:
Colored ink:
Glossy paper:
99
Assessment
Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Nutrients are essential substances needed by plant to grow. However, due to
improper farming essential nutrient are depleted in soil. That is why,
farmers use fertilizer to supplement the minerals lost. What are the
components of fertilizers?
a. aluminum, iron and copper
b. potassium, nitrogen, and carbon
c. calcium, magnesium and potassium
d. potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen
2. Which of the following minerals is used as additive for different cosmetic
materials like face powder?
a. Charcoal b. Coal c. Rock Salt d. Talc
3. Titanium is a light, durable and non-allergenic metal. In which industry is it
not suitable for use?
1. Agriculture
2. Energy production
3. Medical industry
4. Plastic making industry
a. 1, 2 and 3 b. 1, 2 and 4 c. 1, 3 and 4 d. 2, 3 and 4
4. In the era of climate change awareness due to air pollution caused by fossil
fuel operated vehicles, inventors developed electric powered car. This car
uses batteries as energy storage. What are the mineral components of these
batteries?
a. Nickel, copper and lithium c. Nickel, lithium and zinc
b. Nickel, copper and zinc d. Nickel, silver and zinc
5. Which of the following minerals is usually used in households to enhance
food taste?
a. Charcoal b. Coal c. Rock d. Salt Talc
6. Iron is a corrosive metal and forms rust once exposed to air. Manufacturers
use stainless steel in making safe kitchen wares. Which primary mineral is
combined with iron and carbon to form stainless steel?
a. Chromium b. Nickel c. Silicon d. Titanium
7. Which of the following semi metallic minerals is mostly used as electrical
components for gadgets and computers?
a. antimony b. boron c. germanium d. silicon
8. Nuclear energy is one of the cleanest and efficient energy sources. Which of
the following minerals is used as a source of this type of energy?
a. Calcium b. Chromium c. Titanium d. Uranium
100
9. Which of the following metals are mainly used as aircraft components
because of their lightness and durability?
a. Aluminum b. Chromium c. Titanium d. Uranium
10. Tooth extraction leaves an empty gum that affects an individual’s speaking
and eating ability. To address this problem, dentists use light metallic
mineral to implant tooth on the affected gum. What metallic mineral is used
by the dentists?
a. Aluminum b. Calcium c. Titanium d. Uranium
11. What mineral is important in making toothpaste to fight tooth decay?
a. Calcium b. Chlorite c. Fluorite d. Fluoride
12. What are the minerals that composed glasses which are also used to
produce kitchen wares?
a. Quartz and nickel c. Silica and chromium
b. Quartz and silica d. Silica and nickel
13. What organic mineral are used as a source of energy by some power plants
in the Philippines?
a. charcoal b. chromium c. coal d. uranium
14. Silver is more conductive than copper. In spite of this, why do you think
silver is not commonly used in electrical wiring?
a. Silver is harder than copper.
b. Silver is more malleable than copper.
c. Silver is more abundant than copper.
d. Silver is more expensive than copper.
15. Which of the following mineral can reduce soil’s acidity?
a. Coal b. Gypsum c. Lime d. Quartz
Directions: Do the following.

Have a research on the different minerals mined in the Philippines. Locate the
areas where the minerals are mined and identify their uses.
101
SHS Earth Science
105
Earth Science
Ore Minerals: How they are
Found, Mined, and Processed for
Human Use
107
Week

3
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
What I Need to Know

Describe how ore minerals are found, mined, and processed for human use
This module was designed and written based on the prescribed learning competency.
The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations.
The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The activities
included in this module will assist you to achieve the set learning standard.
The module is composed of lesson on how ore minerals are found, mined, and
processed for human use.
After completing this module, you are expected to:

1. describe how ore minerals are found;
2. identify the different mining method; and
3. explain the different steps in mineral processing.
110
What I Know
Directions: Read and analyze the following questions/statements. Choose and

write the letter that best describe the following statements.
1. Which of the following is not a mineral ore?
a. a rock with fossilized insect c. a sediment that has gold traces
b. a rock combined with copper d. a rock that contains valuable mineral
2. How do modern miners determine the prospective mineral ore body?
I. using geophysical techniques
II. determining the elevation of the area
III. measuring the magnetic reading of the area
IV. determining the sonic responses of the location
a. I, II and III b. I, II and IV c. II, III and IV d. III, IV and I
3. Nickel is an important ingredient in the production of stainless steel. In the
Philippines, CARAGA region has the most numbered nickel mining site where
miners remove a thin parallel strip of soil to extract the ore deposits. Which mining
method did the miners use?
a. Dredging c. Strip mining
b. Open-pit mining d. Underground mining
4. Which of the following mining methods are used in mining gravel?
5. Sand is composed of mineral grains that are widely used as a construction
material. Which of the following method is the most applicable way to mine sand?
1. Open-pit mining 2. Strip Mining 3. Dredging
a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2 and 3
6. Which of the following is the correct step by step process in mineral processing?
a. comminution, dewatering, crushing, grinding, and analysis
b. sampling, analysis, comminution, filtration, and dewatering
c. sampling analysis, comminution, concentration, and dewatering
d. dewatering, comminution, analysis, sampling, and surface mining
8. What method of mining involves digging of tunnels to extract the ore deposits?
a. deep mining c. underground mining
b. pit mining d. surface mining
9. Which mineral mining process involves filtration and sedimentation of the mining
water and drying of the solid minerals harvested from the suspension?
a. comminution b. concentration c. dewatering d. sampling
111
10. Randie examined the ore sample from the undeveloped mining site in Batangas.
He tested the chemical, mineral and particle size of the mineral sample from a
site. What mineral processing did he perform?
a. analysis b. comminution c. dewatering d. sampling
11. Which of the following statement/s is/are correct?
1. Surface and underground mining use explosives.
2. Underground mining is cheaper than surface mining
3. Open pit mining is the most common type of surface mining
a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 1 and 2 d. 1 and 3
12. Which of the following is the final step in mineral processing?
a. Analysis b. Comminution c. Dewatering d. Sampling
13. Which is not true about surface mining?
a. It is the most dangerous method of mining.
b. It is used to extract ore minerals near the surface of the earth.
c. Surface mining can be done through open pit, dredging and strip
mining.
d. In surface mining, the soil and rock that covered the ores are
removed through blasting.
14. Engr. Atienza took a sample of mineral from the prospective mineral deposit.
What mineral processing did he do?
a. analysis b. sampling c. comminution d. dewatering
15. Which of the following processes involved crushing and grinding of mineral ore?
a. analysis b. sampling c. comminution d. dewatering
Lesson Ore Minerals: How They

Are Found, Mined, and
6 Processed for Human Use
What’s In
Directions: Look at the illustration below. List down at least 5

importance of minerals shown in the illustration. Write your answer on
the space provided below.
1. _________________________________
2. _________________________________
3._________________________________
4._________________________________
5._________________________________
112
What’s New
Directions: Read the situation below and answer the guide

questions.
Minerals have been extracted from the earth since prehistoric times and the
history of civilization and industrial advancement has been linked with man’s ability
to harness and use the minerals available. Once a mineral deposit has been found it
has to be extracted from the ground to access the valuable minerals it contains. Use
the idea of this bowl as layers of rocks. In these layers of rocks are mineral deposits.
Guide questions:
1. Since we cannot see what underlies beneath, what can you suggest on how
minerals can be found?
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. What do you think are the mineral deposit present in these layers of rocks?
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. How will you separate each mineral component?
__________________________________________________________________________________
What is It
Mining is the process of mineral extraction from a rock seam or ore –a natural
rock or sediment containing one or more valuable mineral. The minerals can range
from precious metals and iron to gemstones and quartz. Modern mining technology
uses geophysical techniques that involve measuring the magnetic, gravity and sonic
responses of rocks above and around a prospective mineral ore body.
113
There are two methods of mining:
a. Surface Mining – is used to extract ore minerals near the surface of the
earth. The soil and rocks that covered the ores are removed through blasting.
Blasting is a controlled use of explosives and gas exposure to break rocks. Some
examples of surface mining are:
1. Open-pit mining - This is the most common type of surface mining. Open
pit means a big hole (or pit) in the ground. The pit in mine is created by blasting with
explosives and drilling. It is used to mine gravel and sand and even rock.
Open-pit Mining
2. Strip mining – This mining type involves the removal of a thin strip of
overburden (earth or soil) above a desired deposit, dumping the removed overburden
behind the deposit, extracting the desired deposit, creating a second, parallel strip
in the same manner, and depositing the waste materials from that second (new) strip
onto the first strip. This mining method is used for coal, phosphates, clays, and tar
mining.
Strip Mining
114
3. Dredging – This is the process of mining materials from the bottom of a
body of water, including rivers, lakes, and oceans.
Dredging
b. Underground mining – is used to extract the rocks, minerals and other
precious stories that can be found beneath the earth’s surface. In underground
mining, miners need to create a tunnel so they can reach the ore minerals. This kind
of mining is more expensive and dangerous as compared to surface mining because
miners need to use explosive devices to remove the minerals from the rocks that
cover them.
Underground Mining
Mineral processing is the process of extracting minerals from the ore, refining
them, and preparing these minerals for use. The primary steps involved in processing
minerals include:
1. Sampling – is the removal of a portion which represents a whole needed for the
analysis of this material.
2. Analysis – is important to evaluate the valuable component in an ore. This
includes chemical, mineral and particle size analysis.
3. Comminution – is the process where the valuable components of the ore are
separated through crushing and grinding. This process begins by crushing the
ores to a particular size and finishes it by grinding the ores into a powder form.
115
4. Concentration – involves the separation of the valuable minerals from the
raw materials
5. Dewatering – uses the concentration to convert it to usable minerals. This
involve filtration and sedimentation of the suspension and drying of the
solid materials harvested from this suspension.
What’s More
A. Directions: Write T if the statement is true or F if the statement is

false.
__________1. Underground mining is more expensive and dangerous than surface
mining.
__________2. Dredging is an example of underground mining.
__________3. In surface mining, miners need to create a tunnel so they can reach
the ore minerals.
__________4. Modern mining technology uses geophysical techniques to locate
prospective mineral ore deposit.
__________5. Both surface and underground mining uses explosives.
B. Directions: Match each statement in Column A with the correct

mining process in Column B. In Column C, arrange column B in
chronological order using numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
Column A Column B Column C
______6. It involves the separation of the
valuable minerals from the raw A. dewatering 11. ________
materials
______7. This is the removal of a portion
which represents a whole needed B. sampling 12. ________
for the analysis of this material.
______8. This process begins by crushing the
ores to a particular size and
C. comminution 13. ________
finishes it by grinding the ores into
a powder form.
______9. It uses the concentration to convert
D. analysis 14. ________
it to usable minerals.
______10. It is important to evaluate the

E. concentration 15. ________
valuable component in an ore.
116
What I Have Learned
Direction: Using the concept learned, make a mind map starting from the word
inside the circle below.
Mining
What I Can Do
Directions: Answer the question below.

What is your idea about sustainable mining? Can you list down your idea on
how mining can be sustainable in the Philippines?
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
117
Assessment
Directions: Read and analyze the following questions. Write the letter
that best answers each question.
1. Which of the following is a mineral ore?

1. a rock with fossilized insect 3. a sediment that has gold traces
2. a rock combined with copper 4. a rock that contains valuable mineral
a. 1, 2 and 3 b.1, 3 and 4 c. 2, 3 and 4 d.4, 2 and 1
2. Which of the following mining methods is applicable in mining gravel?

3. Chromite miners in the Philippines use drill or explosive to bore hole in the ground
to extract the mineral deposits. Which mining method did the miners use?
4. The following are the processes done by modern miners to determine the
prospective mineral ore body except
a. using geophysical techniques
b. determining the elevation of the area
c. measuring the magnetic reading of the area
d. determining the sonic responses of the location
5. Black sand is mined at sea and coastline in some areas in the Philippines. Which
method is applicable to mine black sand?
a. Dredging c. Strip Mining

7. A geologist examined the ore sample from unidentified mining site. He tested the
chemical, mineral and particle size of the mineral sample. What mineral
processing did he perform?
a. Analysis c. Dewatering
b. Comminution d. Sampling
8. What method of mining involves digging of tunnels to extract the ore deposits?
a. Deep mining c. Surface mining
b. Open - pit mining d. Underground mining
9. Which mineral process involves filtration and sedimentation of the mining water
and drying of the solid minerals harvested from this suspension?
a. Comminution c. Dewatering
b. Concentration d. Sampling
118
10. Which of the arrangement of mineral processing is correct?
a. comminution, dewatering, crushing, grinding, and analysis
b. sampling, analysis, comminution, filtration, and dewatering
c. sampling analysis, comminution, concentration, and dewatering
d. dewatering, comminution, analysis, sampling, and surface mining
11. Which is true about surface mining?

a. It is the most dangerous method of mining.
b. Surface mining is expensive type of mining.
c. Surface mining can be done through creating a tunnel.
d. It is used to extract ore minerals near the surface of the earth.
12. Which of the following is the first step in mineral processing?

13. Which of the following processes involved crushing and grinding of mineral ore?
14. What mineral processing did a geologist performed if he took a sample of

mineral from the prospective mineral deposit?
15. Which of the following statement/s is/are incorrect?

1. Surface and underground mining use explosives.
2. Underground mining is cheaper than surface mining
3. Open pit mining is the most common type of surface mining
a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 1 and 2 d. 1 and 3
Explain the quotation given by Gina Lopez on the proposal to lift and review
the open-pit mining ban in the Philippines.
“Mining is not a right. It’s a privilege. It’s a privilege granted on certain
conditions. But the Filipino right to our water, our air, our river, our streams is not
only constitutional, it’s God-given. And it’s the duty of government to protect the
rights of the Filipino”.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
119
SHS Earth Science
123
Earth Science
Formation of Fossil Fuels
125
Week

4
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
not alone.
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
What I Need to Know

Describe how fossil fuels are formed
This module presents how fossil fuels are formed. This aims to provide an overview
of the importance of fossil fuels to the advancement of society and how to ensure
self-sufficiency for the current and future generations.
Read the directions carefully before doing all the exercises and activities to ensure
the appropriateness of the answers.
At the end of this module, the learner will be able to:
1. identify the components of a fossil fuel;
2. discuss how fossil fuels are formed; and
3. differentiate the three major types of fossil fuels formation
128
What I Know
Directions: Read and analyze the following questions. Choose the letter of the best
answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Why is coal considered as a non-renewable energy source?

a. because it is sustainable
b. because it is expensive to mine
c. because it takes millions of years to form
d. because it can be regenerated or replaced
2. Fossil fuels formed million years ago from different materials. Which of the
following are its component?
1. remains of bacteria 3. remains of all vegetation
2. remains of animals 4. remains of volcanic ashes
a. 1, 2 and 3 b. 1, 2 and 4 c. 1, 3 and 4 d. 2, 3 and 4
3. Which of the following contribute to the formation of fossil fuels?

a. water and air c. carbon and oxygen
b. heat and pressure d. oxygen and carbon dioxide
4. Coal is one of the major types of fossil fuels. In which types of organic matter
does coal come from?
a. mostly algae c. dissolve minerals from rocks
b. marine organisms d. forest trees, plants and marshes
5. Which of the following statement is correct?

a. Natural gas is not a fossil fuel.
b. Coal, natural gas, and oil are fossil fuels.
c. Fossil fuels are man-made energy source.
d. Coal is the most expensive energy source in the world.
6. Which of the following is an example of non-renewable energy?

a. coal b. solar c. water d. wind
7. Which energy resource is derived from natural organic materials?

a. fossil fuels b. geothermal c. solar d. water
8. Which of the following statements is/are correct?

I. Philippines has the largest coal production in the world.
II. Oil, coal, and natural gas are examples of renewable energy.
III. Non-renewable energy is finite; they can’t be used for a second time.
a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II
129
9. Malampaya is one of the fossil fuel reservoirs of the Philippines situated at the
island of Palawan. What type of fossil fuel is harnessed in it?
a. Coal b. Coal and Oil c. Natural Gas d. Oil
10. Based from the Department of Energy 2017 power statistics, coal is the main
source of energy in the Philippines. What do you think might happen if coal
reserves run out?
a. It will result to decreasing number of air pollutants.
b. It will decrease the energy resources present in the Philippines.
c. It will not affect Philippines economy because it is an infinite resource.
d. Both A & B
11. Which among the following fossil fuels is the cleanest, odorless and colorless?
a. coal b. coal and oil c. natural gas d. oil
12. Which of the following is the correct increasing order of the types of coal based
on the quality?
a. anthracite, bituminous, subbituminous and lignite
b. anthracite, lignite, bituminous and subbituminous
c. lignite, anthracite, subbituminous and bituminous
d. lignite, subbituminous, bituminous and anthracite
13. Which of the following is the chronological order of fossil fuel formation?
I. They are then able to turn it into products we can use, such as petrol
and diesel.
II. Millions of years ago the remains of prehistoric plants and animals are
buried at the bottom of the Earth.
III. The plant and animal remain were altered chemically by this process,
and slowly changed into crude oil and natural gas.
IV. The mud sediment was buried by more sediments and it started to change
into rock as the temperature and pressure increase.
a. I, II, III, IV b. I, III, II, IV c. II, IV, III, I d. II, III, IV, I
14. What are the essential factors involved in the formation of fossil fuel?
a. Pressure and temperature
b. Pressure and low oxygen environment
c. Pressure, temperature and low oxygen environment
d. Pressure, temperature and high oxygen environment
15. Which of the following fossil fuel is formed from organic materials which are
mostly algae?
a. Carbon b. Natural gas c. Oil d. Oil and coal
130
Lesson
How fossil fuels are
7 formed?
What’s In
Direction: Let’s have a memory work review. There are three important terms below
associated with the previous lesson. Choose and underline the
description on the column at the right which correctly describe the word.
- It is naturally occurring solid matter that has a metal inside

1. Ore it.
- It is a man-made material that contains valuable minerals
- It is a process by which oil industries use to produce cheaper
2. Mining fuel.
- It is a process of extracting valuable materials such as gold
- It is solid and have crystal structure. It is naturally occurring
3. Minerals material.
- It is a consolidate aggregate of rocks.
- It is the most common type of mining that involves making a
4. Open-pit big hole (or pit) in the ground.
Mining - It involves the removal of a thin strip of overburden (earth or
soil) above a desired deposit.
- It is used to extract the rocks, minerals and other precious
5. Underground stories that can be found beneath the earth’s surface.
Mining - It is used to extract ore minerals near the surface of the
earth.
What’s New
Directions: List down 5 major mode of transportation in the Philippines and their
energy sources.
Mode of Transportation Source of Energy

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
131
Guide Questions:
1. Among the 5 modes of transportation, which is the most common?
2. What is the common source of energy of the different mode of
transportation?
3. What do you think is the effect on the mode of transportation if the source of
energy is not available?
4. What do you think will be its impact on our economy?
What is It
Fossil Fuels Formation

What are fossil fuels?
Fossil fuels are basically remains of plants and animals that died millions of
years ago. They are the world’s primary energy source that provide most of the
energy support in transportation, electricity, and industries. They are natural and
finite resources that are very abundant and has a cheaper cost production compare
to other resources present on Earth. They are considered as non-renewable energy
source as they take millions of years to form.
What are the major types of fossil fuels and Where are they usually
found?
There are three types of fossil fuels formation: coal, oil, and natural gas
1. Coal- It is an important and primary fossil fuel present on Earth. Coal
resources are found predominantly where forest trees, plants and marshes existed
before being buried and compressed millions of years ago. Philippines uses
approximately 50% coal resource to produce energy and electricity. There are four
major ranks of coal. First is anthracite, which is the highest rank of coal. It is a
hard, brittle, and black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a
high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. Second is
the bituminous coal. It usually has a high heating value and is the most common
type of coal used in electricity generation. It appears shiny and smooth at first
glance, but when you look closely, you will see that it has layers. The third one is
subbituminous coal, which is black in color and dull, and has a higher heating
value than lignite. The last in rank is lignite, which is also known as brown coal. It
is the lowest grade coal with the least concentration of carbon.
2. Oil- Most of the oil that we are using today started forming millions of years
ago. Oil is an organic material, mostly algae, which was buried in mud at the
bottom of the sea and lakes. It is used mainly for the production of transportation
fuels and petroleum-based products. Philippines imports crude oil and petroleum
132
from Saudi Arabia and Russia. The majority of the market are Petron Corporation,
Pilipinas Shell, and Chevron Philippines.
3. Natural gas- It is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas with the mixture
of methane. It is the Earth’s cleanest fossil fuel and is odorless and colorless in its
natural state. Natural gas is produced from sedimentary rock formation by forcing
chemicals, water, and sand down a well under high pressure. The Philippines’ main
domestic source of energy is the Malampaya natural gas field which is located at
Palawan Island.
How are fossil fuels formed?
Millions of years ago the remains
of prehistoric plants and animals are
buried beneath the Earth’s surface.
These remains were covered by mud. The
mud sediment was buried by more
sediments and It started to change into
rock as the temperature and pressure
increase. In that case fossil fuels are
formed in a low oxygen environment. The
plant and animal remain were altered
chemically by this process, and slowly changed into crude oil and natural gas.
Through the spaces of permeable rock, the oils move upwards and will be
trapped if it reached impermeable rock. Oil companies can drill down through the
impermeable rocks to get it out. They are then able to turn it into products we can
use, such as petrol and diesel. On the other hand, coal can be extracted from the
Earth through underground mining. Once it has been extracted, it can be used to
fuel power plants for electricity.
What’s More
Direction: Write True if the statement about fossil fuels is correct and False if
otherwise.
___________1. Coal, oil, and natural gas are fossil fuels.
___________ 2. Fossil fuels are presently the world’s primary energy source.
___________ 3. Mining is the process of extracting coal, oil, and natural gas
from the ground.
___________ 4. Lignite is the highest-grade coal.
___________ 5. Fossil fuels are formed in an oxygen-rich environment.
___________ 6. Only combustion of oil and natural gas are linked to global
warming, while coal and methane are exceptions.
___________ 7. Oil is an organic material mostly made from algae.
___________ 8. Natural gas is produced from sedimentary rock formation by
forcing chemicals, water, and sand down a well under high
133
pressure.
___________ 9. Anthracite coal has the lowest fixed carbon content compared
to other types of coal.
___________10. Low pressures and temperature facilitate the formation of
fossil fuel.
What I Have Learned
Directions: Complete the storyboard showing how fossil fuels are formed. If the
picture is given, write a short description on the process shown. And if
the description is given, draw or illustrate the stated process.
Scene 1 Scene 2 Scene 3
Millions of years ago,

The plant and animal
dead plants and animals
remains eventually forms
fall into seas and
coal far underground.
swamps.
Scene 4 Scene 5 Scene 6
Natural gas and crude oil

formed in the same way
and it is used for heating,
cooking, and electricity
generation.
134
What I Can Do
Philippines depends primarily on fossil fuel as a main source of energy in different

mode of transportation. Since this source is a nonrenewable, it means there will be
a time that it will perish. As a STEM student, what can you do or suggest to solve
this problem?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Assessment
Directions: Read and analyze the following questions. Choose the letter of the best
answer. Write your answer on your separate sheet of paper.
1. Non-renewable energy resources are those that cannot be readily replaced
natural substance. Which of the following are examples of renewable energy?
1. coal 2. water 3. wind 4. solar energy
a. 1, 2 and 3 c. 1, 3 and 4
b. 1, 2 and 4 d. 2, 3 and 4
2. Which energy resources is derived from natural organic materials?

a. fossil fuels b. geothermal c. solar d. wind
3. Which of the following statements is/are incorrect?

I. Philippines has the largest coal production in the world.
II. Oil, coal, and natural gas are examples of renewable energy.
III. Non-renewable energy is finite, they can’t be used for a second time.
a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II
135
4. Malampaya is one of the fossil fuel reservoirs of the Philippines situated at the
island of Palawan. What type of fossil fuel is harnessed in it?
a. Coal b. Coal and Oil c. Natural Gas d. Oil
5. Based from the department of energy 2017 power statistics, coal is the main
source of energy in the Philippines. What do you think might happen if coal
reserves run out?
a. It will result to decreasing number of air pollutants.
b. It will decrease the energy resources present in the Philippines.
c. It will not affect in Philippines economy because it is an infinite resource.
d. Both A & B
6. Which among the fossil fuel is the cleanest, odorless and colorless?
a. coal b. coal and oil c. natural gas d. oil
7. Which of the following is the correct decreasing order of the types of coal based
on the quality?
a. anthracite, bituminous, subbituminous and lignite
b. anthracite, lignite, bituminous and subbituminous
c. lignite, anthracite, subbituminous and bituminous
d. lignite, subbituminous, bituminous and anthracite
8. What are the essential factors involved in the formation of fossil fuel?
a. Pressure and temperature
b. Pressure and low oxygen environment
c. Pressure, temperature and low oxygen environment
d. Pressure, temperature and high oxygen environment
9. Which of the following fossil fuel is formed from organic materials which are
mostly algae?
a. Carbon b. Natural gas c. Oil d. Oil and coal
10. Why is coal considered as non-renewable energy source?

a. Because it is sustainable
b. Because it is expensive to mine
c. Because it takes millions of years to form
d. Because it can be regenerated or replaced
136
11. Fossil fuels are formed million years ago from different materials. Which of the
following is not its component?
a. remains of animals c. remains of all vegetation
b. remains of bacteria d. remains of volcanic ashes
12. Which of the following factors contribute to the formation of fossil fuels?
a. water and air c. heat and pressure
b. carbon and oxygen d. oxygen and carbon dioxide
13. Coal is one of the major types of fossil fuels. In which types of organic matter
does coal come from?
a. mostly algae c. dissolve minerals from rocks
b. marine organisms d. forest trees, plants and marshes
14. Which of the following statement is incorrect?
I. Natural gas is not a fossil fuel.
II. Coal, natural gas, and oil are fossil fuels.
III. Fossil fuels are man-made energy source.
IV. Coal is the most expensive energy source in the world.
a. I, II and III b. I, III and IV c. I, II and IV d. II, III and IV
15. Which of the following is the first event in fossil fuel formation?
a. They are then able to turn it into products we can use, such as petrol and
diesel.
b. Millions of years ago, the remains of prehistoric plants and animals were
buried at the bottom of the Earth.
c. The plants and animals remain were altered chemically by this process
and slowly changed into crude oil and natural gas.
d. The mud sediment was buried by more sediments and It started to change
into rock as the temperature and pressure increased
137
Have a research on fossil fuel deposits that can be found in the Philippines.
Determine its location, abundance and type
138
SHS Earth Science
142
Earth Science
Energy Resources
144
Week
4
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the concepts on energy resources. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module is divided into two lessons, namely:
 Lesson 8.1 – Geothermal Energy Resource

 Lesson 8.2 – Hydroelectric Power Resource
1. Relate geologic processes and features to potentiality of a country to have

geothermal and hydropower plant.
2. Explain the processes of obtaining energy from underground heat and
flowing water.
3. Determine the possible effects of power plants to the environment.
4. Propose an action plan in IPO form to conserve energy.
148
What I Know
Directions: Read each item carefully. Analyze each statement and discriminate
whether the statement express correct expression or not based on the underlined
word/group of words. Write:
A – if the statement expresses correct idea
B – if the statement expresses incorrect idea
C – if the statement may be either correct or incorrect based on the situation
1. Heat can be created and converted into other forms.

2. Increase in heat and pressure is experienced as one goes deeper.
3. Most power plants that harness renewable energy resources use turbines
and generators.
4. When hot spring is present in the area, then, a geothermal power plant can
be built using the heat from it.
5. Philippines has low capability of producing electricity sourced from
renewable resources.
6. Geothermal heat pump requires temperature range of 300 – 700 oF to make
a building warm during winter.
7. In a power plant, the turbine directly generates the electricity sent to the
transmission lines.
8. The country (Philippines) is largely dependent on non-renewable energy
resources like fossil fuels.
9. The strength of water current (flow) is dependent on steepness of the path
from the source.
10. Climate change affects hydropower generation.
11. Hydrologic cycle is the key to make electricity production possible using
hydropower plants.
12. Among the types of hydropower plants, pumped storage facilities possess
the most efficient process of generating electricity.
13. Between hydropower and geothermal power plant, the first one produces
more harmful effects to the environment.
14. Large volume of water flowing from a source at great height produces large
amount of electrical energy.
15. Hydroelectric plants convert electrical energy to mechanical energy.
149
Lesson
8.1 Energy Beneath the Earth
The Earth through its endogenic and exogenic processes exhibits different forms of
energy that when harnessed can be transformed into sustainable energy resources.
As the population rises year by year, the demand for energy supply is expected. Thus,
scientists and technologists collaborate to find new ways on how existing energy on
Earth can be converted into usable form applying the basic laws of nature.
What’s In
From the previous lessons, you learned that energy can be transformed and
conserved. There are different forms of energy around you that are simultaneously
converted from one form to another. These energy transformations lead to different
studies on how to make it usable by humans in making daily tasks easier with the
use of modern technologies. At present, most technologies are possible due to
electrical energy from different sources. From your knowledge about energy
resources, as it is existing into two general forms such as renewable and non-
renewable, the lessons below will expand your understanding about using energy
under the principle of sustainability. As science progresses, the exploration on the
possible source of energy is prioritized due to global demand of production of different
goods and services. Thus, the current generation should use the available resources
but not to the extent of sacrificing the need of the future generations.

For better connection to the lessons, you may provide a video on
discussing renewable and non-renewable energy resources
through either downloading the material from a site (for students
having no internet connection at home) or giving the link of the
video (for students having available internet connection at
home).Through the activity, the students may be able to have
strong connection to the concepts to be tackled by this module.
150
What’s New
Hot and Cold

Heat is one of the types of energy that is dynamic, transferable and can be converted
into useful forms. It is the product of random motion of particles that are
continuously colliding and vibrating. Heat results to certain level of temperature
(hotness or coldness) of a given body. Observing the earth, as you go down,
tremendous heat will be experienced. This is a result of radioactivity at its interior.
The heat generated beneath the ground is called geothermal energy, that when
harnessed can generate electrical energy for community use. This is possible when
a geothermal power plant is established equipped with technology that runs the
process of energy conversion.
Activity 1
Exploration for Geothermal Sites
The first step of harnessing geothermal energy into usable electrical energy is to
look for the possible sites where the power plant can be situated. Study the figure
1.1-1.4 to figure out the area possible for the construction of the plant. Write your
observation in the box provided after each picture
Figure 1.1. The Hot Spring
For your information….

This is part of Mt. Hengill in
Iceland with a total area of
100 sq. kilometer. It is
extremely popular site for
hiker and hot spring
enthusiasts.
Source:https://guidetoiceland.is/na
ture-info/geothermal-areas-in-
iceland
What I observe in the picture…
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
151
Figure1.2. The Fumarole
For your information…

It can be found around
Mutnovsky Volcano in Russia.
The site normally emits carbon
dioxide, sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen chloride, and
hydrogen sulfide.
Source:https://commons.wikimedia.or
g/wiki/File:Fumarole_in_the_Mutnovs
ky_Volcano_-
_Kam%C4%8Datka,_Russian_Federati
on_-_Summer_1993_01.jpg
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Figure1.3. The Volcano
For your information…

This landform is the
famous Taal which is
one of most active
caldera volcanoes in the
country and in the
world. It recently erupted
last January 12, 2020.
Source:
https://www.volcanodiscovery
.com/taal.html
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
152
Figure1.4. The Geyser
For your
information…
This is a famous
geyser call the Great
Geysir in Iceland.
The word geyser
originates from
Icelandic verb
gjo’sa, meaning, ‘to
gush’.
Source:https://smartwat
ermagazine.com/blogs/
magical-water-
destinations/iceland-a-
country-geysers
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Based on your description, choose the words that are strongly connected and
common among the given pictures.
Heat rocks water forest steam mountain
energy eruption hole smoke hillside fossil
gases magma temperature
153
What is It
After giving your observation in each picture, let us find out the common in them.
Answering the questions below will lead you to understanding about the site
requirement for construction of a geothermal power plant.
How would you describe the areas (site) in the picture? What feature is common in
them?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Using your knowledge about earth’s endogenic processes and plate tectonic theory,
where can we usually find the areas (sites) in the pictures?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
What type of energy is present in the areas?

____________________________________________________________________________
What are the possible uses of this energy?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Based on your observation, why do you think they have the potential to be the site
for geothermal power plant? How do you say so?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Do you think the country has potential to have geothermal power plant? Why or
Why not?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
154
Study the map (Figure 1.5) below. Based on you understanding about the physical
features of the site wherein geothermal power plant can be situated, what provinces
in the country we can put up the plant?
Figure 1.5
Source: phivolcs.dost.gov.ph
Luzon Visayas Mindanao
Why do you think the Philippines has a lot of volcanoes making most areas to be
potential for the use of geothermal energy for the generation of electricity?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
155
Activity 2
Harnessing Geothermal Energy
Getting down beneath the ground, you will experience increase in both temperature
and pressure. Thus, in putting up a geothermal power plant, it is required to drill 1
to 2 miles deep to pump steam or hot water into the surface. At this depth, the power
plant that uses hydrothermal resources (having both water and heat) can attain the
required temperature that is about 300 oFto 700 oF.Figure 1.6 shows how a type of
geothermal power plant works.
Figure 1.6 Geothermal Power Plant
Source: https://archive.epa.gov/climatechange/kids/solutions/technologies/geothermal.html
What are the basic parts of a geothermal power plant to produce electricity?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Following the numbers in the figure, how does a geothermal power plant work?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Geothermal energy is not only used by a power plant for electricity generation.
Another way of using the energy is through heat pumps that can be installed at
home. Heat pump works depending on the season using water or a refrigerant and
obtaining the Earth’s constant temperature (50 – 60 oF) below the ground.
For instance, it makes the house warm during winter and cold during summer as
shown in the Figure 1.7.
156
Figure 1.7 Geothermal Heat Pump
Source: https://archive.epa.gov/climatechange/kids/solutions/technologies/geothermal.html
How does a heat pump make a house warm during winter and cold during summer?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
What is It
Based on the activity, what are the ways to harness geothermal energy into usable
form?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Figure 1.8 shows the different types of geothermal power plant with information in
tabular form. What type of power plant is shown in figure 1? How do you say so?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
157
Figure 1.8. Types of Geothermal Power plant
Type Description
Dry Steam Plants It sips directly hot steam beneath the ground
through pipes to mobilize generator turbines.
Flash Steam Plants It pipes high pressure hot water from geothermal
reservoir and convert it into steam that turn
generator turbines to produce electricity.
Binary Cycle Plants It has a system that transfers heat from hot water
sipped miles deep to other liquid. Exceedingly high
temperature from geothermal water changes the
other liquid into steam to drive the generator
turbines.
Thousand years ago, ancient people like Romans, Chinese and Native Americans
have used geothermal energy for daily activities such as cooking and bathing. At
present, among the different countries around the world, geothermal energy is
commonly used by people who are living in Iceland in heating water and building
Lesson
8.2 Energy from Water Current
The quest for sustainable energy is at top priority of most country. As the demand
for energy continues to increase, different alternatives that focus on renewable
energy resources are best options around the globe. Natural resources such as solar,
wind and water are some of the alternatives that most scientists and technology
developers are eying for. Based on researches, these means not only secure the
supply of energy of a country, but also preserve the environment for future
generations.
158
What’s In
Water is life. Different life processes within and outside the body requires water to
perform biological and ecological tasks. Aside from these essentialities, its nature
and mechanism in the environment can be harnessed to add up to the supply of
energy needed by the community. The key to this energy conversion is water cycle.
Through the unending process of evaporation, condensation and precipitation, the
water in streams, lakes, rivers, and falls are replenished. Due to its ability to flow,
current is occurred based on the slope (gravitational) and other external forces
(wind).

Before the formal discussion of the target concepts in this lesson, the
teacher may devise a simple activity on water cycle the students may
perform at home. The activity should have proper steps and precautionary
measures. Videos or link of videos on how different bodies of water are
formed may be provided to students. This task may effectively give them
important concepts that are strongly connected to the topic to be tackled.
What’s New
Energy in Current
One requirement for water to become energy resource is the presence of current.
Current in streams and rivers is largely affected by gravity based on the steepness of
slope of the runways and the obstacles that may hinder the flow. Since the water is
flowing down the sea level, it possesses certain amount of potential energy which is
directly proportional to the density and height where the source is located. To convert
this energy into usable form (electrical energy), a hydroelectric power plant must be
established.
159
Activity 1
Tracing the Running Water
The process of converting mechanical energy from running water to electrical energy
is called hydroelectricity. Since 71% of the earth is water, this energy resource is
considered renewable and is dependent on hydrologic cycle that involves the heat
from the sun to change liquid water into vapor. Looking back to the history, the use
of running water is for milling process (grinding grains). To understand the
conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy, figure 2.1, and 2.2 will give you
clue on what part of the river the power plant may perfectly situated. Study the
figures and describe the strength of the current based on the given features. Write
your description in the box.
Figure 2.1
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Figure 2.2
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
160
What is It
Answer the following questions based on Figure 2.1.

Which part of the river possesses the strongest water current? How do you say so?
__________________________________________________________________________________
Which part has the weakest current? Why?
__________________________________________________________________________________
Where do you think the power plant can be possibly situated? Why?
__________________________________________________________________________________
Give your answer based on Figure 2.2

How do you describe the strength of the water current from the river head to the river
mouth?
__________________________________________________________________________________
At what course the water possesses the strongest water current? Why?
__________________________________________________________________________________
What factor affects the strength of water current? How do you say so?
__________________________________________________________________________________
Based on the figure, what part of the river a power plant can be most possibly
situated? Why?
__________________________________________________________________________________
Can we put up a power plant at the middle course or lower course? How?
__________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 2.3
A C
B D
161
The figure shows different forms of falls. If these fall have the same height, which of
them has the best potential to be site of hydroelectric power plant? How do you say
so?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 2.4
Our country is composed of different bodies of water. Based on your understanding

about the geologic requirements and looking at the map, what provinces or places in
the Philippines a hydroelectric power plant may be situated?
Luzon Visayas Mindanao
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Activity 2
Running Water to Electricity
The strength of the current is a good reference on where the power plant may be
constructed. Understanding riverscape, it can be concluded that the current
(mechanical energy) is affected by the volume of water flow and the steepness of the
landscape. Rivers with high volume of water flowing at great height possess the
best potential to be sources of hydropower. Hydropower constitutes the highest
energy percentage (about 6.7%) among renewable energy resources. Study Figures
2.5 and 2.6 showing different types of a hydropower plant (hydroelectric power
plant) and partially explain how they work.
Figure 2.5 Impoundment Facilities
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Figure 2.6 Pumped Storage Facilities
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
163
Figure 2.7 Run-of-river Facilities
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
What is It
Which of the figures has greatest advantage in terms of efficiency in generating

electricity? Explain your answer.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
What about the one having the least advantage in efficiency? How do you say so?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
In building the dams for hydropower, what do you think is/are the advantage/s aside
from power generation? Disadvantage/s?
Advantages Disadvantages
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What’s More
Word Matters! Understanding Matters!

The key to understanding scientific concepts is to be familiar with its terminologies.
This activity will test your vocabulary power.
Directions: Identify the term/word based on the given definition in each item. Supply
the set of boxes with letters to form the mystery word.
1. Power plants that use heat from deep inside the Earth to generate steam to
make electricity
E E
2. Tap into heat close to the Earth's surface to heat water or provide heat for
buildings.
H U
3. Found in this area are best locations for geothermal energy
N I
4. Renewable energy source because heat is continuously produced inside the
earth.
O M
5. Naturally occurring areas of hydrothermal resources.
T R R R S
6. Holes in the earth where volcanic gases are released
C N F O S
7. Along these boundaries are found the most active geothermal resources
E O A E
8. Conversionof energy fromflowing water into electricity

R E I
9. The most common technology which uses a dam to create a large reservoir of
water
U E F L
10. Energy that heats water on the surface of rivers, lakes, and oceans, which
causes the water to evaporate
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What I Have Learned
1. The country’s potentiality to harness non-renewable energy resources is

dependent on its geologic processes and features. For instance, the presence of
geologic features such as volcanoes and fumaroles, hot springs, and geysers are
indicators that there are available passages for geothermal energy to reach the
surface of the earth. For hydropower, the process of hydrologic cycle is important
for the replenishment of water in rivers and dams. The volume (density) and the
steepness of the slope (gravity) affects the efficiency of the power plant to generate
electricity.
2. Geothermal energy is the heat from the earth’s core due to the slow decay of
radioactive substances. Different layers of the earth possess different
temperatures as the core found to be the hottest. This energy comes out to the
surface through the tectonic plate boundaries and edges where most formation
of volcanoes occurs. When molten materials (magma) come out through the
spaces in between the plates, they heat up the ground water suspended in the
porous rocks. The process produces steam (hydrothermal) that builds pressure
needed to be emitted to the surface through volcanoes. In this case, Philippines,
being one of the countries within the Ring of Fire that encircles the Pacific Ocean,
is rich in renewable geothermal energy and has high potential to harness it into
electricity.
3. To test the capability of the area, geologists apply several methods to determine
whether an area has potentiality for geothermal reservoir. For instance, drilling
a well and measuring the temperature (300 – 700 oF) is the most reliable method
before putting up a power plant. If the obtained temperature is 50 – 60 oF, then,
it can be used for household purposes only like warming a house and building
during winter.
4. Applications of geothermal energy can be attained through either getting the

surface heat for heating purposes or drilling miles beneath the ground for
electricity generation. There are three main types of geothermal energy systems:
1) direct use and district heating, 2) geothermal power plants and 3) geothermal
heat pumps.
5. Direct use and district heating systems use hot water from springs or reservoirs
located near the surface of the earth. Ancient Roman, Chinese, and Native
American cultures used hot mineral springs for bathing, cooking, and heating.
166
Today, many hot springs are still used for bathing, and many people believe the
hot, mineral-rich waters have health benefits. Geothermal energy is also used to
directly heat individual buildings and to heat multiple buildings with district
heating systems. Hot water near the earth's surface is piped into buildings for
heat. A district heating system provides heat for most of the buildings in
Reykjavik, Iceland. Industrial applications of geothermal energy include food
dehydration (drying), gold mining, and milk pasteurizing.
6. Geothermal power plants are generally constructed where geothermal reservoirs

are located, within a mile or two from the earth's surface. Geothermal power
plants apply hydrothermal resources that have both water (hydro) and heat
(thermal). People utilize these resources by drilling wells into the earth and then
piping steam or hot water to the surface. The hot water or steam powers a turbine
that generates electricity. Some geothermal wells are as much as two miles deep
depending on the availability of sufficient geothermal source. There are three
basic types of geothermal power plants: 1) dry steam plants, 2)flash steam plants
and 3) binary cycle power plants.
7. Geothermal heat pumps apply the constant temperatures near the surface of the
earth to increase and decrease the temperature of buildings or houses.
Geothermal heat pumps transfer heat from the ground (or water) into buildings
during the winter and reverse the process in the summer with the use of
refrigerant.
8. The environmental effects of geothermal energy depend on how geothermal

energy is consumed or how it is transformed into useful energy. Direct use
applications and geothermal heat pumps have almost no negative effects on the
environment. In fact, they reduce the use of energy sources that may have
harmful effects the environment due to emission of greenhouse gases.
Geothermal power plants do not burn fuel to generate electricity, so the levels of
air pollutants they exhaust are low. Geothermal power plants emit 97% less acid
rain-causing sulfur compounds and about 99% less carbon dioxide than fossil
fuel power plants of similar size. Geothermal power plants use scrubbers to
remove the hydrogen sulfide naturally found in geothermal reservoirs. Most
geothermal power plants inject the geothermal steam and water that they use
back into the earth. This recycling helps to renew the geothermal resource.
9. Hydropower or hydroelectricity is the conversion of flowing water (mechanical

energy) into electrical energy. Using this renewable (can be replaced within
human life span) energy resource, water (hydrologic) cycle that requires solar
energy dictates precipitation that can be collected by streams and rivers when
falls in the form of rain or snow. The amount of water in the area determines the
efficiency in generating electrical energy. Thus, irregularities in seasons and
climate change that may result to droughts directly affects the hydropower
production. In terms of actual production, the volume of water and the height of
the source determines the rate of power generation.
167
10. There are three main types of hydro plants. 1) Impoundment facilities are the
most common technology which uses a dam to create a large reservoir of
water. Electricity is made when water passes through turbines in the dam. 2)
Pumped storage facilities are similar but have a second reservoir below the dam.
Water can be pumped from the lower reservoir to the upper
reservoir, storing energy for use later. 3) Run-of-river facilities rely more on
natural water flow rates, diverting just a portion of river water through turbines,
sometimes without the use of a dam or reservoirs. Since run-of-river hydro is
subject to natural water variability, it is more intermittent than dammed hydro.
11. However, there are many concerns with hydropower, particularly large dam
facilities. Damming a river has a significant impact on the regional ecosystem,
by flooding upstream landscapes, disrupting habitats for wildlife, blocking fish
passages, and often displacing local communities. In addition, dam failures can
be catastrophic, further disrupting landscapes and claiming the lives of those
living downstream. Finally, hydro plants are not completely free of greenhouse
gas emissions. As with most forms of energy, carbon dioxide emissions occur
during construction, particularly because of the large quantities of cement used,
and loss of vegetation in flooded areas creates methane, another greenhouse gas,
as its matter decays underwater.
What I Can Do
Becoming a Power Filipino!

The power generation of the country can be measured
through gross power generation and installed capacity.
Gross power generation is the total generation of
electricity by an electric power plant while installed
capacity is the maximum amount of electricity that the
power plant can produce. According to DOE, the
country is still largely dependent on coal as primary
energy source with 52.05% share in gross power
generation (GWh) as of December 2018. This is
followed by renewable energy sources such as
geothermal, hydro, solar, and wind with a 22.27%
share. In terms of installed capacity, coal still
constitutes the highest share (with 39.2%) followed by
renewable energy (29.3%). (Data Source:
https://www.doe.gov.ph)
168
Based on the given data, do you think the government may still explore more non-
renewable energy resources like geothermal and hydropower? Why?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Since the country still primarily dependent on non-renewable energy resource (coal),
what actions as citizen you can do to support sustainable use of energy? Below is an
IPO model that represents how you will become a “Power Filipino”.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

What personal What are the different What are the success
project/ program you strategies and indicators (expected
can create for activities you can do outcomes) that can be
sustainable use of to attain your achieved when the
energy? The project objectives. strategies and
may be done in (e.g. Set a meeting activities are
school, at home and with barangay accomplished?
in the community. officials for the (e.g. Reduced
Cite the objectives of seminar workshop on Electricity
your initiative. OplanTipidKuryente) Consumption or
(e.g. Electric Bill)
OplanTipidKuryente)
Rubrics:
169
Assessment
Multiple Choice
Directions: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Geothermal energy and hydropower are examples of renewable resources

because:
a. they are sourced from nature.
b. they can be replenished within human life span.
c. they can sustain electricity to the community.
d. they never harm the environment.
2. The Philippines is one of the world's top producers of geothermal power.
This is because the country:
a. is abundant in natural gas.
b. is located along the Pacific Ring of Fire.
c. has many rocky and high mountains.
d. has numerous streams and rivers
3. Analogy: Heat pump: 50 – 60 oF; __________ : 300 – 700 oF
a. Dry Steam Plants
b. Flash Steam Plants
c. Binary Cycle Plants
d. All of the above
4. At a geothermal power plant, wells are drilled 1 or 2 miles deep into the
Earth. How does it work?
I. The cooled water is pumped back into the Earth to begin the process
again. (5)
II. When the water reaches the surface, the pressure is dropped, which
causes the water to turn into steam. (2)
III. Hot water is pumped from deep underground through a well under high
pressure. (1)
IV.The steam cools off in a cooling tower and condenses back to water. (4)
V. The steam spins a turbine, which is connected to a generator that
produces electricity. (3)
a. III – II – V – IV – I
b. III – V – II – IV – I
c. III – II – IV – V – I
d. III – IV – II – V – I
170
5. Which of the following is NOT a geologic indicator for building geothermal
power plant?
I. volcano
II. geyser
III. hot spring
IV.rocky mountain
V. trench
a. I, II, and IV only
b. I, II, and III only
c. I and II only
d. IV and V only
6. Geothermal energy comes from deep inside the earth due to:
a. slow decay of radioactive particles in the earth's core.
b. friction between tectonic plates.
c. rotation of the earth in its axis.
d. absorption of solar energy
7. The following are uses of geothermal energy EXCEPT:
a. bathing
b. heating
c. milling
d. power generating
8. Which of the following is NOT true about the impact of geothermal energy
resource to the environment?
a. Geothermal power plants do not burn fuel to generate electricity, so
the levels of air pollutants they emit are low.
b. Geothermal features in national parks, such as geysers and
fumaroles, making the site promotes sustainability.
c. Most geothermal power plants inject the geothermal steam and
water that they use back into the earth for recycling purposes.
d. The construction of geothermal power plants destroy natural
habitat disrupting ecological niche.
9. People have a long history of using the force of water flowing in streams and
rivers to produce mechanical energy for
a. milling
b. cutting
c. sewing
d. molding
10. Which of the following are factors in generating hydropower?
I. Amount of precipitation
II. Height of the source
III. Density of substance
IV. Steepness of slope
a. I, II and III only
b. II, III, and IV only
c. I and II only
d. I, II, III and IV
171
11. Which of the following types of hydropower relies more on the natural water
flow rates, diverting just a portion of river water through turbines,
sometimes without the use of a dam or reservoirs?
a. Impoundment facilities
b. Pumped storage system
c. Run-of-river facilities
d. All of the above
12. Hydroplants are completely free of greenhouse gas emission. The statement
is:
a. True, because hydropower is a renewable energy resource.
b. True, because power generation is dependent on water cycle only.
c. False, because carbon gas emission occurs during construction.
d. False, because the energy conversion depletes the oxygen content
of the water.
13. Hydropower is largely dependent on
a. Carbon Cycle
b. Nitrogen Cycle
c. Water Cycle
d. Nutrient Cycle
14. Assessing the impact of plants, which of the following is true about
geothermal and hydropower in terms of environmental concerns?
a. Geothermal is more environment friendly than hydropower plant.
b. Hydropower is more environment friendly than geothermal plant.
c. Both geothermal and hydropower plants are environment friendly.
d. The impact of the power plants to the environment depends on the
situation.
15. Both geothermal and hydropower plants require
a. Turbine
b. Generator
c. Transformer
d. All of the above
Video Mode
If internet is available, you may watch the following videos using the link below:
Video on Hydropower:
https://www.studentenergy.org/topics/hydro-power
Video on Geothermal:
https://www.studentenergy.org/topics/geothermal
172
SHS Earth Science
176
Earth Science
Various Water Resources
on Earth
178
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written to introduce to you a better understanding
of how water resources are useful to humans. It is important because it is needed
for life to exist. Specifically, this module describes the different water resources in
the Philippines.
1. learn and understand the role water plays in our lives

2. identify the various water resources on Earth
3. describe the role of a senior high school student to take care of the water
resources
182
What I Know
Read and analyze the following questions. Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Why Earth was known as the blue planet?

a. It appears bright blue from space because it is covered with water
b. It is the color of the planet that is displayed after absorbing sunlight
c. It is the color of the planet that is displayed by reflecting heat from the
sun
d. It appears to have a blue tint when seen from space due to the color of
the sky
2. Most of the water on Earth is ______.

a. freshwater
b. saltwater
c. wet water
d. lake water
3. How much water is there on Earth?

a. 75%
b. 73%
c. 71%
d. 70
4. Earth’s freshwater comes from?

a. seas
b. in storage tanks
c. in icecaps and glaciers
d. ocean tides and waves
5. The following are kinds of water that are needed for agricultural purpose
EXCEPT ONE.
a. rainwater
b. saline water
c. ground water
d. surface water
6. Water from a river, lake or freshwater wetland is called?

a. saltwater
b. freshwater
c. groundwater
d. surface water
183
7. Which of the following statement is true or false?
I. Fresh water includes water in ice caps, glaciers, ponds, lakes, rivers,
streams, and underground water.
II. Freshwater is more plentiful than groundwater.
III. Groundwater is more abundant than freshwater.
a. statements I and II are true
b. statements I and III are true
c. only statement I is true
d. only statement II is false
8. Water sources found present on the surface of the earth in the form of oceans,
rivers, lakes, ponds and streams is called?
a. rain water
b. fresh water
c. surface water
d. underground water
9. The following are reasons for water reduction EXCEPT ONE.

a. overuse
b. too much rain
c. drying up of wells
d. pollution on water resources
10. Water that is collected on Earth in the form of surface water and
underground water is called?
a. rain water
b. lake water
c. water vapor
d. ground water
11. Which of the following IS NOT a type of groundwater?

a. springs
b. streams
c. infiltration
d. open wells
12. In what form does surface water is mostly found on Earth?

a. rivers
b. lakes
c. streams
d. water vapor
184
13. Which of the following is not surface water?
a. lakes
b. spring
c. rivers
d. ponds
14. Which IS NOT an activity that demonstrates conservation of fresh water?

a. Take shorter showers
b. Check your toilet leaks
c. Install water-saving shower heads
d. Leave the water running while brushing your teeth.
15. Which of the following statements is true or false?

I. Water nourishes cell and remove waste it generates.
II. Human body is 70% water
III. Water is essential to home and factories.
a. Statement I and II are true
b. Statement II is false
c. Statement III are true
d. All statements are true
185
Lesson
Various Water Resources
9 on Earth
What’s In
The picture of the Earth taken from space via satellite. Study and answer the
questions that follows. This would help us discover the components of the earth
where we lived in.
Figure1. What does Earth look like from space?

Questions:
 How was this image taken?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
 What do you see on earth from space?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
 Do you think there is more land or water on Earth? Why?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
186
Have the students be guided on their basic needs in What’s in.
Practically, basic necessities like materials needed in school, at
home or personal protective equipment during such situations.
What’s New
Read and analyse the Article in the magazine “Cronicas de los Tiempos”, in April
2002. Answer the questions that follow.
Letter Written in the Year 2070

By: Miguel Fernandez F. and Iris Guzman O.
This is the Year 2070, I have just turned 50, but my appearance is of
somebody of 85.
I suffer from serious kidney problems, because I do not drink enough water.
I’m afraid I do not have much time left to live. I am one of the oldest people in this
society. I remember when I was a child of 5. Everything was very different then.
There were lots of trees in the parks, houses with beautiful gardens, and
could enjoy having a shower for half an hour. Nowadays we use towels with mineral
oil to clean our skin.
Before, women had beautiful hair. Now, we have to shave our heads to keep
them clean without the use of water. Then, my father washed his car with water
coming out of a hosepipe. Now, my son does not believe that water could be wasted
that way. I remember there were SAVE WATER warnings on outside poster, radio
and TV, but nobody paid attention. We thought that water was to last forever. Now
all the rivers, lakes, dams and underground water beds are either dry or
contaminated.
187
Industry came virtually to a standstill and unemployment reached dramatic
proportions. Desalination plants are the main source of employment and workers
receive part of their salary in drinkable water. Assaults at gun point on the streets
for a jerry can of water are very common. Food is 80% synthetic. Before, the
recommended quantity of water to drink for an adult was 8 glasses a day.
Nowadays, I am only allowed half of a glass. We now have to wear disposable
clothing, and this increases the amount of litter. We are using now septic tanks,
because the sewerage system does not work for lack of water.
The outside appearance of the population is horrible: wrinkled, emaciated

bodies, due to dehydration, full of sores caused by ultraviolet radiation, now
stronger without the protective shield of the ozone layer. Skin cancer,
gastrointestinal infections and of the urinary tracts are the main cause of death.
Due to the excessive drying of the skin, young people of 20 look like 40. Scientists
investigate, but there’s no solution to the problem. Water cannot be produced,
oxygen is also degraded due to the lack of trees and vegetation, and the intellectual
capacity of the new generations is severely impaired. The morphology of
spermatozoa in many men has changed. As a consequence, babies are born with
deficiencies, mutation and physical deformities. Government makes us pay for the
air we breathe, 137 cubic meters per day per adult person.
People who cannot pay are expelled from the “ventilated zones”, with huge
mechanical lungs driven by solar power. The air is not good quality, but at least
people can breathe. The average life expectancy is 35 years. In some countries,
where there are still some green zones crossed by rivers, these are guarded by
heavy armed soldiers. Water became a very coveted treasure, more precious than
gold and diamonds. Where I live, there are no trees, because it seldom rains. When
it happens to register some precipitation, it is of acid rain. The seasons have been
severely affected by the atomic tests and by contamination from the 20 th century
polluting industries. We were warned to look after the environment, but nobody
cared.
When my son asks me to talk about my youth, I tell him about the green
fields, the beauty of the flowers, the rain, how pleasant was to swim and fish in the
rivers and dams, to drink all the water we could, and how healthy people was. He
asks, “Daddy! Why there is no water?” Then, I feel a lump in my throat! I cannot
help feeling guilty, because I belong to the generation who contributed to the
destruction of the environment or simply did not take into account all the warning
signs. Now our children pay a very high price! I sincerely believe that within a short
time life on earth will not be possible, as the destruction of nature reached now an
irreversible stage. How I would like to go back and make mankind understand that
we still had time to save our Planet Earth.
188
QUESTIONS:
1. How old is the man who wrote the letter and why he doesn’t look his age?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. What was the difference in his life in 2070 and when he was 5 years old?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. What happened to the rivers, lakes and other water sources in this letter?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
4. What happens if we do not take care of water resources?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the significance of nature’s gifts and what is our role in preserving
it?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
What is It
Water Resources
Nearly three-fourths of the earth's surface is covered with water. Most of which is
found in the ocean. Great amount of the freshwater is found below the earth's
surface called ground water and the rest of the freshwater is found in lakes, rivers,
streams. Water is also present in air in the form of water vapour.
Water resources are natural resources of water that are potentially useful. Uses of
water include agricultural, households, recreational and environmental activities.
Moreover, about 70 percent of the human body is water and bodies of all plants
and animals also contain water. All living things require water to grow and
reproduce.
Sources of Water. Rainwater, oceans, rivers, lakes, streams, ponds and springs
are natural sources of water. Dams, wells, tube wells, hand-pumps, canals, etc, are
man-made sources of water.
189
Figure 2. Hand-pumps: A man-made water source
at Balayan, Batangas. May 22, 2020.
Rain Water. Rain water is collected on Earth in the form of surface water and
underground water.
Two Main Sources of Water
Surface Water. Water present on the surface of the earth in the form of oceans,
rivers, lakes, reservoir, ponds and streams is called surface water. The water in
rivers and lakes comes from rain and melting of snow on mountains. Rivers flow
into the sea.
Figure 3.The Caliraya River photo taken at nightfall. February 15, 2018.
190
Underground Water. Some of the rainwater seeps through the soil on to the non-
porous rocks below. This is underground water. Sometimes due to high pressure,
this water sprouts out in the form of springs. It can be obtained by digging wells or
sinking tube wells, etc. Groundwater lies under the surface of the land, where it
travels through and fills openings in the rocks. The rocks that store and transmit
groundwater are called aquifers.
Water Distribution on Earth

Figure 4 is a pie chart showing where all water on, in, and above the Earth exists.
The first pie chart shows how almost all of Earth's water is saline and is found in
the oceans. Of the small amount that is actually freshwater, only a relatively small
portion is available to sustain human, plant, and animal life.It is observed that only
3% of Earth's water is freshwater which is the water needed for life to survive.
The middle pie chart shows the breakdown of freshwater. Almost all of it is
confined in ice and in the ground. Only 0.3% of all freshwater is surface water,
which serves most of life's needs.
The last pie chart shows the breakdown of surface water. Most of this water is
found in lakes. Rivers make up 2% of surface freshwater and 11% swamps.
Although rivers account for only a small amount of freshwater, this is where
humans get a large portion of their water.
Figure 4. Water Resources Distribution
191
Sources of Drinking Water
Water is very important in each of our lives. Not only is it essential to our health,
but also we use it for numerous household tasks. Every day we use water for
cooking, bathing, cleaning, and drinking.
The World Health Organization and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Report (2017) define
improved drinking water sources as those that have potential to deliver safe water
by nature of their design and construction. These include piped water tube wells or
boreholes; protected dug wells, protected springs; rainwater. Families that use
bottled water or refilling stations for drinking are classified as using an improved
source only if the water they use for cooking and hand washing comes from an
improved source.
According to the results of the 2017 APIS, 94 percent of the 24 million Filipino
families have improved source of drinking water. In the urban and rural areas, 97
and 91 percent, respectively, have improved source of drinking water. Residents in
rural areas are more likely to have an unimproved source of drinking water than
those in urban areas (9.1% vs. 2.6%). Almost four in every five families (77%) do
not practice any method or treatment in ensuring that their drinking water is safe
to drink.
Figure 5.Water Resources
192
1. Based on pie graph A in Figure 4, what water resource is the most
abundant?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Based on pie graph C in Figure 4, what is the most abundant type of surface
water?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Where the water that you use does came from?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Is water a finite or infinite resource? How do you know?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. How can you help in preservation of your water supply?

___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
What’s More
The following are bodies of water in the Philippines. Characterize and classify the
various sources of water by listing them on the right column.
Candaba Swamp Boracay Beach Meniloc Island Small Lagoon
Celebes Sea Rio Grande de Mindanao Puerto Princesa Underground River
El Nido Palawan Laguna De Bay Blue Lagoon
Caramoan Lamesa Dam Maquinit Hotspring
Siargao Basak Lake Cavinti Underground River
193
Saline Water Underground Water Surface Water
What I Have Learned
Answer the following questions.

1. How is water distributed on Earth?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2. How is groundwater related to surface water?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. As a grade 11 student, what help should you do to take care of our water
resources?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
194
What I Can Do
Directions: Make a slogan with the theme “Water as a universal need.”
Assessment
Read and analyze the following questions. Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following statement is NOT true?

a. Fresh water is a non-renewable resource.
b. Surface water is water in a river, lake or freshwater wetland.
c. 97% of the water on Earth is salt water and only 3% is fresh water
d. Groundwater is fresh water located in the subsurface pore space
of soil and rocks.
195
2. Most of the water on Earth is __________.
a. saltwater
b. dam water
c. freshwater
d. lake water
3. It consists about 68% of freshwater on Earth.

a. rivers
b. swamps
c. groundwater
d. icecaps and glaciers
4. Why is surface water the most important water resource?

a. because it is rich in minerals.
b. because it is often readily accessible.
c. because it is clearer than the ground water.
d. because it is a small channel of water that eventually runs into a
river.
5. The entire body of saltwater that covers about 71% of Earth is _____.
a. lake
b. ocean
c. stream
d. wetland
6. These are water found in rivers, glaciers, ice sheets and underground that
contains little to zero salt.
a. ocean
b. Glaciers
c. salt water
d. fresh water
7. What percent of Earth’s water is freshwater?

a. 3%
b. 79%
c. 70%
d. 97%
8. Water that is collected on Earth in the form of surface and ground water
is called _____.
a. rain water
b. water vapor
c. fresh water
d. ground water
196
9. Which of the following is a source of water from the ground?
a. Lake
b. Rainfall
c. Aquifer
d. Reservoir
10. Sources of water that are in the form of rivers, lakes and swamps.
a. Rain water
b. Fresh water
c. Surface water
d. Underground water
11. It is a manmade source of water that is manually operated pumps widely

used for a variety of industrial, marine, irrigation and leisure activities.
a. Dams
b. Canal
c. Tube wells
d. Hand pumps
12. Which of the following is a way to conserve water?

a. Use hose to wash car.
b. Check faucet and pipes for leak.
c. Leave the tap running while brushing your teeth.
d. Leave the shower flowing while you shampoo your hair.
13. Why do we need to conserve water?

a. It is a limited resource.
b. It is a renewable source.
c. It is a non-renewable source.
d. There is no need to conserve water.
14. Which of the following is a type of water pollution?

a. Oil spill
b. Fish waste
c. Sand from beaches
d. People swimming from the ocean
15. The following are ways you can protect the water resources EXCEPT ONE.
a. Handle and dispose waste properly.
b. Pour leftover water onto the garden.
c. Practice water conservation at home and school.
d. Don’t mind water leaks in school’s comfort room anyway you’re
not paying the bill?
197
Congratulations! You have successfully finished Module 9. You may now proceed
to Module 10. Please do an advance reading on human activities which commonly
affect the distribution, quantity and chemical quality of water resources or recall
your elementary and junior high discussions on this topic. Good luck! You may
advance to the next level.
198
SHS Earth Science
202
Earth Science
Activities that Affect the Quality
and Availability of Water
for Human Use
204
What I Need to Know
In this lesson, the learner will explain the activities that affect the quality and
availability of water for human use. To achieve this learning competency, the
learner should identify human activities that commonly affect the distribution,
quantity and chemical quality of water resources.
After going through this lesson, you are expected to:
1. explain how different activities affect the quality and availability of water;
2. describe the quality of water available in your community;
3. suggest ways of conserving water resources;
4. employ promotion on the conservation of water through slogan.
208
What I Know
Directions: Read and analyze the following questions. Choose and write the letter
that best describes the following statements.
1. Which of the following can have serious detrimental impact on water

resources?
a. Human activities
b. Employment
c. Inflation
d. Virus
2. Which human activities threatened the quality of water?

a. Cleaning the seashore
b. Planting Trees
c. Agriculture
d. Mining
3. What is produced in large amount as a result of land-use like farming?

a. Sediments
b. Water
c. Sand
d. Soil
4. All are threats to water resources, EXCEPT:

a. Farming
b. Growth of cities
c. Clearance of forest
d. Closing of illegal mining
5. Building of infrastructures affects the quality of water. The degradation of

ecosystems helps the conservation of clean water.
a. Both statements are false
b. Both statements are correct.
c. The first statement is correct, the second is false
d. The second statement is correct, the first is false
209
6. Which of these practices show conservation of water?
a. Repair leaking faucets.
b. Wash clothes everyday
c. Take long shower when bathing
d. Use running water when brushing teeth
7. Which of the following affects the quality of water?

a. Wastes
b. Climate
c. Precipitation
d. Hydropower plant
8. What is the massive driver of pollution?

a. Population
b. Urbanization
c. Development
d. Climate change
9. What human activity uses the most water?

a. Mining
b. Industrial
c. Agriculture
d. Construction
10. The Republic Act that aims to protect the country’s water bodies from
pollution.
a. R.A. 9003
b. R.A. 8749
c. R.A.1995
d. R.A. 9275
11. The following are the Philippines’ main sources of water EXCEPT
a. Rivers
b. Ponds
c. Lakes
d. Groundwater reservoirs
12. Which of the following has the lowest distribution of water on Earth?
a. River
b. Ocean
c. Glaciers
d. Ground water
210
13. What is the result of frequent pumping of water from the ground?
a. Restoration
b. Abundance
c. Depletion
d. Wealth
14. Which is the best solution to restore water?

a. Dispose trash anywhere
b. Avoid the use of chemical
c. Enjoy water supply to the fullest
d. Pumping should be free all the time
15. What describes the condition of the water?

a. Quality
b. Suitability
c. Availability
d. Capability
211
Lesson Activities that Affect the
10 Quality and Availability of
Water for Human Use
What’s In
Directions: Conservation is the ethical use and protection of valuable resources.

Based on the pictures, give tips on how to conserve water properly.
212
What’s New
Directions: Read and analyze the lyrics of the song entitled “Waste Not, Want Not”
then answer the questions.
Waste Not, Want Not

Environmental Song Lyrics and Sound Clip
Two of a Kind
Use both sides of the paper, there’ll be twice as many trees
Don’t leave the water running, save our lakes and river, please
Take only what you’ll eat, whether it’s cake or lima beans
Let’s help to save the planet, so that we can live in peace
Water’s fun for swimming, or rowing with an oar,
Or canoeing through the rapids, but even more-
We need to survive, to clean with and to drink
So don’t let it all just run down your sink!
213
1. What is the song all about?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Cite a line that shows conservation of water
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Why do we need to conserve water?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
What is It
Water quality describes the condition of the water, including chemical, physical,
and biological characteristics, usually with respect to its suitability for a particular
purpose such as drinking or swimming.
Water has physical and chemical characteristics. Some of the physical attributes
include temperature, colour, taste, odour and turbidity. The temperature of water
affects some of the important physical properties and characteristics of water:
thermal capacity, density, specific weight, viscosity, surface tension, specific
conductivity, salinity and solubility of dissolved gases and etc.
214
Colour on the other hand, is primarily a concern of water quality for aesthetic
reason. Coloured water give the appearance of being unfit to drink, even though the
water may be perfectly safe for public use. It can indicate the presence of organic
substances, such as algae or humic compounds. More recently, colour has been
used as a quantitative assessment of the presence of potentially hazardous or toxic
organic materials in water.
Taste and odour are human perceptions of water quality. Human perception of
taste includes sour (hydrochloric acid), salty (sodium chloride), sweet (sucrose) and
bitter (caffeine). Relatively simple compounds produce sour and salty tastes.
However sweet and bitter tastes are produced by more complex organic
compounds. Human detect many more tips of odour than tastes. Organic materials
discharged directly to water, such as falling leaves, runoff, etc., are sources of
tastes and odour-producing compounds released during biodegradation.
Furthermore, turbidity is a measure of the light-transmitting properties of water

and is comprised of suspended and colloidal material. It is important for health and
aesthetic reasons.
The chemical characteristics of natural water are a reflection of the soils and rocks
with which the water has been in contact. In addition, agricultural and urban
runoff and municipal and industrial treated wastewater impact the water quality.
Microbial and chemical transformations also affect the chemical characteristics of
water. (https://echo2.epfl.ch/VICAIRE/mod_2/chapt_2/main.htm).
Water with good qualities mentioned above are fit for human consumption. Water
availability is defined as the quantity of water that can be used for human
purposes without significant harm to ecosystems or other users.
However, our water resources face a host of serious threats. Currently about 40%
of the world's population live in water stressed areas
(https://freshwaterwatch.thewaterhub.org/.2020). Water scarcity occurs when the
amount of water withdrawn from lakes, rivers or groundwater is so great that water
supplies are no longer adequate to satisfy all human or ecosystem requirements,
resulting in increased competition between water users and other demands. Water
scarcity can be caused primarily by human activities which promote sedimentation,
pollution, climate change, deforestation, landscape changes, and urban growth.
Human waste disposal contributes pollution of the air, the land, and water
resources. Such pollution can affect the quality of rainwater and of water resources
both above and below ground, thus damaging our natural systems.
Although it is difficult to instantly put an end to such problems, it is man’s duty to

manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally
and economically sound manner.
215
What’s More
Directions: Read the essay and answer the questions that follow.
How aquatic ecosystems are threatened by sediments in water?
One of the most serious threats to water resources is the degradation

of ecosystem. It often takes place through changes of landscapes such as the
clearance of forests, the conversion of natural landscapes to farmland, the growth
of cities, the building of roads, and surface mining. Each type of change to a
landscape will have its own specific impact, usually directly on natural ecosystem
and directly or indirectly on water resources.
Also, sediments can occur in bodies of water naturally, but they are also
produced in large amounts as a result of land-use change and agriculture.
Sediments are Sediments are naturally occurring particles that develop as earth
materials are broken down through weathering and erosion. Sediment can consist
of sand, rocks, and minerals, or may consist of organic particles of plants and
microbes. Activities such as farming, clearing forests, building roads, and mining
can put too much soil and particulate matter as sediment in rivers. This sediment
can harm plants and animals by carrying toxic chemicals into the water,
smothering fish eggs and small organisms used by fish as food, raising water
temperature, and reducing the amount of sunlight penetrating the water.
Sediment can also reduce the capacity of reservoirs and make it difficult for
ships to navigate in waterways. It can also damage equipment used in water supply
installations and hydroelectric plants, thus increasing their maintenance costs.
1. What is the most serious threat to water resources?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
216
2. What are different activities that can put too much sediment in the river?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3-4.How does sediment affect the water supply? Cite two.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. What action will you recommend to minimize the threat to water resources?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
217
What I Have Learned
Directions: Based from your observation of water in your community, answer the
following questions:
1. Do you think the water is potable? Yes No

Why?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the effects of agricultural area in the availability of water in your
barangay?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. Cite other human activities that can affect the availability and quality of
water.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Suggest some ways in using water wisely.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
218
What I Can Do
Directions: Put a check on the activities that support conservation of the

availability and quality of water.
_____ 1. Converting lands into farming
_____ 2. Limiting urban growth
_____ 3. Planting more trees
_____ 4. Surface mining
_____ 5. Minimize sedimentation
Directions: Make a slogan that promotes conservation of water.
Directions: Read and analyze the following questions. Answer each briefly.
1. Among the aforementioned activities, which brings great danger to the

quality and availability of water? Support your answer.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
219
2. Describe the physical characteristics of water in your community in terms of:
a. Color
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
b. Taste
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
c. Odor
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
d. Turbidity
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. What other ways can you suggest to effectively conserve water resources?
Give two.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
220
Assessment
Directions: Read and analyze the following questions. Choose and write the letter
that best describes the following statements.
1. Which human activities promote the quality of water?

a. cleaning of the seashore
b. practice surface mining
c. deforestation
d. urban growth
2. Which is NOT a cause of sedimentation in aquatic areas?

a. agriculture
b. reforestation
c. urban growth
d. practice surface mining
3. This kind of pollution degrades watersheds from which we obtain water.

a. chemicals
b. fertilizers
c. sediment
d. algae
4. What is the purpose of observing the quality water?

a. To advise the community to patronize water refilling stations
b. To know if the water is safe for human use
c. To check clogging on the suction line
d. To become a responsible citizen
221
5. What is the primary purpose of a preventive maintenance program?
a. To access the budget intended for repair
b. To calibrate equipment breakdowns
c. To minimize record of spare parts
d. To avoid future equipment problems
6. What is a measure of the light-transmitting properties of water and is

comprised of suspended and colloidal material?
a. odor
b. color
c. taste
d. turbidity
7. What affects the chemical characteristics of water?

a. temperature
b. organic materials
c. colloidal materials
d. microbial transformations
8. It is the ethical use and protection of valuable resources.

a. Environment act
b. Conservation
c. Consumption
d. Utilization
9. As a student, how will you promote water conservation effectively?

a. through vlogs
b. by posting updates about water resources
c. by conducting a seminar on water conservation
d. by practicing simple but effective tips of water conservation
222
10. It is one of the most serious threats to water resources which often take
place through changes of landscapes.
a. catastrophe
b. degradation
c. reforestation
d. climate change
11. It is the activity that extracts valuable minerals or other geological

materials from the Earth.
a. sedimentation
b. urbanization
c. agriculture
d. mining
12. What is the quantity of water that can be used for human purposes
without significant harm to ecosystems or other users?
a. quality
b. suitability
c. capability
d. availability
13. Why potable water supply is becoming a scarce?

a. because water resources nowadays are polluted
b. because each individual drinks too much water
c. because water is being used for luxury
d. because pumping is not regulated
223
14. Aside from the threats to water resources, what other pressure is
subjected by sedimentation?
a. It lowers water temperature
b. It fosters the fish eggs and small organisms
c. It increases the amount of sunlight that penetrates the water
d. It harms plants and animals by carrying toxic chemicals into the
water
e.
15. What affects the quality of rainwater and of water resources both above
and below ground?
a. pollution
b. deforestation
c. climate change
d. landscape changes
224
Congratulations! You have successfully finished Lesson 10. You may now proceed
to Lesson 11. Please do an advance reading on human activities, such as farming,
construction of structures, and waste disposal that affect the quality and quantity
of the soil or recall your elementary and junior high schools discussions on this
topic. Good luck! You may advance to the next level.
225
SHS Earth Science
229
Earth Science
Human Activity and
the Environment
231
What I Need to Know
In this lesson, the learner will identify human activities, such as farming,
construction of structures, and waste disposal that affect the quality and quantity
of the soil. To achieve this learning competency, the learner should define and
explain how human activities such as farming, construction of structures and
waste disposal affect the quality and quantity of soil.
After going through this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Evaluate why soil is a necessary resource
2. Analyze how people’s use of land affects soil
3. Devise a sustainable plan on soil protection and conservation for
future generation.
235
What I Know
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it in your answer
sheet.
1. Which is NOT part of the environment?

a. Soil
b. Water
c. Living organism
d. None of the above
2. It helps sustain life on Earth including

a. Air
b. Water
c. Soil
d. All of the above
3. Which ONE involves land preparation for crops planting by cutting trees
and other plants followed by plowing the soil?
a. Construction and Development
b. Farming
c. Mining
d. Waste Disposal
4. Which process involves improper disposal of waste products with hazardous

chemicals that cause soil pollution?
b. Farming
c. Mining
d. Waste Disposal
5. Soil is composed of ____________.

a. organic matter produced by organisms
b. fragments of bedrock
c. clay minerals formed by the chemical alteration of bedrock
d. All of these
236
6. What is the first option in the waste management hierarchy?
a. Disposal
b. Treatment
c. Recycling
d. Reduction
7. People often add nutrients to soil in the form of organic or artificial fertilizers
to make their crops grow better.
b. Farming
c. Mining
d. Waste Disposal
8. Which types of waste is produced by stripping land to obtain ores?

a. Production of pest
b. Recycling of water
c. Desertification
d. Eutrophication of bodies of water
9. This are a major input into agriculture to provide stable optimum growing
conditions, meet plant nutrient demand and maintain a balanced nutrient.
a. Lime and mineral fertilizers
b. Growing plants
c. Desertification
d. Herbicides
10. These are a diverse group of chemicals used to control insects and other
harmful organism to cultivate plants and animals.
a. Growing Plants
b. Veterinary Medicines
c. Pesticides
d. Tillage
11. It is generated operation in large amount of rocks and soils are removed to
extract the valuable ores and the waste materials are left outside the site.
b. Farming
c. Mining
d. Waste Disposal
237
12. It is a common form of waste derived from farming and poultry.
b. Agricultural Waste
c. Mining
d. Waste Disposal
13. It is hazardous chemicals that get into the soil can harm plants when they
take up the contamination through their roots.
c. Mining
d. Waste Disposal
14. The main effect on soil organisms and consequently on soil health is
indirect.
a. Irrigation and drainage
c. Mining
d. Waste Disposal
15. People need to dig up the soil which causes it to wash or blow away because
its protective plant cover has been removed to make roads, houses, shopping
malls, and other buildings.
b. Farming
c. Mining
d. Waste Disposal
238
Lesson Human Activities that
11 Affect the Quality and
Quantity of Soil
Philippines is an agricultural country with a land area of 30 million hectares, 47%
of which is agricultural land (https://pinas.dlsu.edu.ph/ 2020). However, urban
development activities contribute to conversion of agricultural land to other
purposes in order to support the rapid growing population of 108.8 M (PSA, 2020).
Urbanization also affects the quality and quantity of available soil for planting
crops.
Why is soil important? How is it affected by human activities?
What’s In
In our past lesson, you learned how various activities affect the quality and
availability of water for human consumption. You also learned that it is not too late
for us to promote and contribute to advocacies on conserving and protecting or
water resources.
Like water, soil is an important abiotic factor that enables life on earth. Let us try
to find out how human activities affect the quality and quantity of soil by doing our
next activity.
List down all human activities that may affect the quality and quantity of soil.
Round up the activity by filling in the gaps – identifying human activities that have
not been mentioned. Use the guide list below.
Guide List: Write it on your answer sheet.
1. Agricultural Depletion
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. Overgrazing Animals
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Deforestation
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
239
4. Mining
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Development and Expansion
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Recreational activities, like driving vehicles off-road or hiking
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Monitor students’ progress you may use notes and place a check
mark once a lesson is done to give the learners an idea of their
progress and create a sense of accomplishment as they progress
through the lessons. Encourage and engage the learners as they
do the tasks included in the module by allowing them to manage
their own learning.
What’s New
How do human activities affect soil? Let us try to find out what are the human
activities that affect the quality and availability of soil by accomplishing the next
activity.
Activity: Illustration Case Analysis
240
Gather the necessary information about how do human activities affect soil in
different situations? Let us try to find out what are the human activities that affect
the quality and availability of soil by analyzing the different illustration given.
Your analysis should include these general sections, introduction, background

information, evaluation of the case, propose solution and recommendation.
These may differ on your directions or your case study:
I. Introduction
 Identify the key problems about the issue.
 State a thesis statement that has the outcome about the related
analysis that pertains to different situations that can affect soil.
II. Background Information

 Background information, relevant facts and present most important
issues about soil conditions in different situations that can be
pointed out through your analysis.
 Does the situation such as farming, construction of structure and
waste disposal affect the soil quality and availability? Summarize
your outcome in 1-2 sentences.
III. Evaluation of the Case

 Imagine what happens when soil quality has been affected caused
by different situations such as farming, construction of structure,
and waste disposal.
 Find any person connected to the issue and know their experience
and daily cycle can be 1 person per situation.
IV. Propose Solution

 State your proposal, a reliable, significant and workable solution
about the issue.
 Explain your chosen solution and why you can say your proposed
solution can work.
 Give some phases or directions when applying your proposed
solution.
V. Recommendation
 Explain your own experience or strategy when doing the analysis
and add some accomplishing acts that you have known that is
applicable to some related issues.
 If your analysis solution is effective, what should be done and who
should do it?
241
What is It
Based from the previous activity, what are the human activities that affect the
quality and quantity of soil? What is soil? Why is it considered a necessary
resource?
Soil can be defined as the organic and inorganic materials on the surface of the
earth that provide the medium for plant growth. Soil develops slowly over time and
is composed of many different materials through the process of weathering.
Soil is a necessary resource because it helps sustain life on Earth including

humans, animals and plants. Aside from life sustaining roles, soil helps purify, or
clean, water as it drains through the ground and into rivers, lakes, and oceans. In
addition, decomposers in soil also help recycle nutrients by breaking down the
remains of plants and animals, releasing nutrients that living plants use to grow.
Soil also provides a home for a variety of living things, from tiny one-celled
organisms to small mammals.
Despite the mentioned importance in sustaining life on earth, there are serious
issues concerning the soil’s good qualities and availability. In fact, a review of soil
degradation in the Philippines (Asio, V. 2009) revealed that soil degradation, the
physical, chemical and biological decline in soil quality is a major agricultural and
environmental problem in the Philippines due to erosion. Loss of nutrients and
organic nutrients, salinization, acidification, pollution, compaction and subsidence
are other soil degradation processes cause by erosion.
Aside from natural causes of soil erosion, there are some other human activities
that contribute to the loss of good quality soil. We are going to limit our discussion
on the three major human activities that cause soil degradation.
FARMING
Farming is one of the traditional sources of income in our country done by
planting crops or raising livestock. Listed below are some positive and negative
effects of farming.
242
Positive Effect of Farming
Application of herbicide, a pesticide used to kill unwanted plants used in farming
has a positive benefit on soil health. Lime and mineral fertilizers added to soil
provide stable optimum growing conditions for plants. Organic manures and other
organic fertilizers provide a source of food/energy for many soil organisms thus
making the soil healthy and good for planting. Even the growing plants help in
stabilizing the soil structure.
Another important effect of farming on soil health is the provision of water through
irrigation and drainage. Irrigation/drainage water stabilizes the soil moisture thus
making it healthier and suitable for planting.
Negative Effect of Farming

Tillage in farming is the preparation of soil for planting and the cultivation of soil
after planting. It can cause direct damage to soil microorganisms and potentially
expose those to new predators. Though pesticides are found beneficial to soil, it
was found to have long term harmful effects on the overall activity or population
of soil organisms. Some applied veterinary medicines are found to affect the normal
degradation rate of some insects and animals, thus altering the soil’s health.
Construction of Structure
Construction activities, such as grading and filling, reduce soil quality on

construction sites. Land use conversion usually done to support urbanization
activities can cause rapid soil degradation and sedimentation. Soil nutrients are
washed away making it unsuitable for farming.
Waste Disposals
Soil quality is adversely affected by improper waste disposal. Soil pollution happens
when hazardous chemicals from human and industrial sewage are carelessly
disposed of, altering soil’s natural health and quality.
243
At this point, you have learned about the effects of human activities on quality of
soil. It is therefore imperative that we protect and preserve soil. There are methods
of soil conservation and protection that can be observed in order to protect and
conserve our soil at the same time. The goal here is to reduce erosion and to ensure
the soil’s fertility.
Let’s take a look this remarkable ways to protect and conserve the soil.
Forest Protection
Trees as well as other plants and vegetation in the forest are important in the
creation of new soil as leaves and other vegetation rot and decompose. Hence, soil
qualities are ensured when forest are protected and conserved.
Buffer Strips
Buffers are strips or corridors of permanent vegetation used to reduce water and
wind erosion. They provide protection where stream banks exist. They can be
created with grass, trees and shrubs.
No-Till Farming
No-till farming is an approach that allows crops to remain in place for a season.
This keeps the soil from being left bare and unprotected.
244
Fewer Concrete Surfaces
Soil requires an adequate amount of water in order to function properly. Lots of

concrete surfaces, especially in residential areas make it difficult for water to get to
the soil. Using paving stones for patios and gardens work to protect the soil. They
are also a tool to prevent soil erosion in specific areas.
Plant Windbreak Areas
Windbreaks are composed of shrubs, plants and trees. They work in combination
and serve a conservation purpose. These will work together to slow the force of
wind over ground areas. This is a method that can also work to prevent erosion of
the soil.
Terrace Planting
This type of planting is done by maximizing the topography of the land. It benefits
from the way the rain water flows naturally. This is a way to protect the soil from
erosion. It is also a proven method to encourage growth from moist soil areas.
Plant Trees
Simply planting trees is a good conservation method. As the tree grows, its roots
become even more secure in the soil. This soil is protected in numerous ways
because of the trees existence. Erosion is prevented from this planting process.
245
Crop Rotation
Crop rotation is a process that works to conserve soil. It is accomplished by

planting and growing a serious of different crops in the same soil. This process
prevents overgrowth of pathogens and a lack of fertility in the soil, overall.
Water the Soil
This is a simple process that provides a lot of benefits to the soil. Watering your soil
along with plants and vegetables is important. This helps to not only nourish the
soil but to protect it. Moist soil is not in danger of erosion due to wind activity.
Maintain pH
Soil pH or soil reaction is an indication of the acidity or alkalinity of soil and is

measured in pH units. A pH range of approximately 6 to 7 promotes the most ready
availability of plant nutrients. The pH levels in the soil can be affected by a number
pollutants and acid.
Indigenous Crops
Indigenous crops are native crop options that enhance the soil. Planting these is a
way to ensure conservation efforts. They should be planted even when diverse
crops are being planted, as well.
246
Afforestation
Planting trees is a method of conserving the soil. Afforestation is another of tree

planting method wherein the areas under trees are protected. This is usually done
by planting foliage in forest undergrowth areas. It encourages healthy soil and
water absorption.
Monitor Grazing
Animal grazing plays a critical role in conserving soil. Monitoring the areas where
cows and other animals graze is important. This helps to prevent depletion of the
soil. It also addresses the issue of hoof damage, which can occur to the soil.
Dams
Dams are important resources when it comes to soil conservation. These structures
work to prevent soil erosion. This is especially important in areas where rivers
exist. Flooding of rivers has been the cause for many instances of soil erosion.
Dams offer additional protection.
Fertilizers
247
Not all fertilizer products are effective for conservation efforts. The composition of
these fertilizers can be the problem. The use of organic fertilizer improves the
quality of soil because it is composed of readily biodegradable materials make
better nutrient sources.
No Soil Compacting
A simple conservation method that some gardeners and farmers apply is not to
compact the soil. This is a protection method that is helpful. You can do this by
creating dedicated paths in your garden. This helps you to not walk on wet soil
causing it to be compacted.
Control Storm Water
Instead of allowing water to puddle in yards or gardens, it is important to control it.

Storm water can easily cause flooding or problems in these areas. Setting up large
container to hold excess water in problem locations is helpful. This water can be
re-used for watering gardens and yards.
Monitor Growth
When crops or plants grow normally, they have a healthy appearance. It there is a
problem with the growth, often the soil is the issue. Checking the salient
composition and fertility is important. This is done through regular monitoring of
the soil and overall plant growth.
248
What’s More
Activity 1.1 Arrange and Explore

Direction: Using a graphic organizer rearrange the word/s to identify the human
activities that affect the quality and quantity of the soil. Write it on your answer
sheet.
gninmi
tionsnoctru
sideawstals Human Activities cdnadeevpo
op lenmr
rafgnim
Activity 1.2 Situate and engage your self

Directions: Using the checklist below, put a check whether the given activity affects
the soil or not. Write it on your answer sheet.
Does not
Human Activity Affect the soil
Affect the soil
1. People often sweep the ground
2. People dump garbage on their backyard.
3. People clear trees and other plants to plant
crops.
4. People cultivate the soil in the garden.
5. People often add nutrients to soil in the form
of organic or artificial fertilizers to make crops
grow better.
249
What I Have Learned
Activity Challenge? What do you think?

Directions: Answer the following questions: Write your answer on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. Why is soil a necessary resource?
___________________________________________________________________________
2. How do land-use practices in farming, construction and development, and
waste disposal affect soil?
Farming - ________________________________________________________________
Construction and development - ________________________________________
Waste disposal - ________________________________________________________
3. Describe at least five methods of soil conservation.
___________________________________________________________________________
What I Can Do
Activity: My Soil Conservation Advocacy Campaign

Getting involved in advocacy materials on how to conserve and protect the soil it
can be an effective area of advocacy work for local communities who may be
affected by problems such as the farming, construction development and waste
disposal.
Once you have identified the issues on which to advocate and the causes of the
problem, consider the Steps in developing a strong advocacy materials on how to
conserve and protect the soil. Write it on a separate sheet of paper.
I. Problem Identification
II. Gathering Information
III. Planning
IV. Action
V. Evaluation
1. Problem identification: What is the root cause of the situation? Could it be
changed through advocacy work?
2. Gather Information about the causes and effects of the problem and identify
possible solutions.
3. Plan and make an action including the goal, objectives, outputs, and means of
measuring success, and methods.
4. Action that provides ideas about the different ways to take action.
5. Evaluation Monitor progress. What was worked well? What was not worked
well? What could be done differently in future?
250
Assessment
Directions A: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
1. Based on the selection, which of the following is the organic and inorganic
materials on the surface of the earth that provide the medium for plant
growth?
a. food
b. animals
c. soil
d. water
2. What are the main activities that affect soil resources?

a. construction and development
b. farming
c. mining
d. all of the above
3. Which of the following ways to protect and prevent depletion of the soil?
a. Fertilization
b. Control Storm Water
c. Afforestation
d. Monitor Growth
4. What will happen if soil is exposed to any human activity?

a. Soil will become fertile.
b. Soil amount will decrease.
c. Soil amount will increase.
d. Soil loss may occur.
5. This are remarkable ways to protect and conserve the soil?

a. Indigenous crop
b. Crop rotation
c. Maintaining PH
d. All of the above
251
Directions B: Write True if the statement is correct and False if it is not. Write it on
your answer sheet.
1. Farming is one of the traditional sources of income in our country done by

planting crops or raising livestock.
2. Land use conversion usually done to support urbanization activities can
cause rapid soil degradation and sedimentation.
3. Clearing trees and other plants and plowing up the soil to plant crops
increases the quantity and quality of the soil.
4. Throwing waste products which are full of chemicals which are not
originally found in nature can lead to soil pollution.
5. People produce a certain amount of personal waste products by way of
urine and feces.
6. Checking the salient composition and fertility is important.
7. Every deposit of fresh garbage is not covered with a layer of soil to prevent
it from blowing around.
8. Solid waste is also produced by several industrial processes.
9. Waste comes from household, commercial establishment, institution and
some industrial source is part of waste disposal.
10. Simply planting trees is a good conservation method.
Reflection
Compare and Contrast

How might the problem of soil loss on flat land be different from that on sloping
land?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Apply
If you were building a new home in an undeveloped area, what steps would you
take to reduce the impact of construction on the soil?
__________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
You have advised an inexperienced farmer to practice strip-cropping, but the

farmer wants to plant all the land in wheat in order to grow as much as possible.
What argument would you use to convince the farmer?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
252
SHS Earth Science
256
Earth Science
Soil Conservation
258
Week
6
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
understand the concepts on soil conservation, specifically, the primary methods
and practices adopted to support sustainability for future generations. The scope of
this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you
read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module tackles only one lesson, namely:
 Lesson 12 – Soil Conservation Methods and Practices
1. Site different methods to conserve and protect the soil for future generations
2. Determine the conservation projects and programs implemented by the
country
3. Make a poster expressing the different ways on conserving and protecting
the quality of soil.
262
What I Know
Directions: Read each item carefully. Analyze each statement and discriminate
whether the statement express correct expression or not based on the underlined
word/group of words. Write:
A – if the statement is always correct.

B – if the statement is incorrect.
C – if the statement is sometimes correct.
1. Contour plowing helps in slowing the water runoff and prevents soil from
being washed away along the slope.
2. Some pathogens tend to build up in soil if the same crops are cultivated
again and again.
3. The uptake of nutrients by plants also depends on the pH of soil.
4. Watering soil is a good measure of soil conservation.
5. The salinity of soil increases due to insufficient accumulation of salts in the
soil.
6. The death of vegetation leads to soil erosion.
7. Bacteria and fungi help keep the plant healthy.
8. Continuous cultivation of the same crop always leads to imbalance in the
fertility demands of the soil.
9. The process of tilling is always beneficial in mixing fertilizers in the soil,
making rows and preparing the surface for sowing.
10. Philippine Rice Terraces is a good manifestation of soil conservation
method.
11. Denuded forest affects the quality of the soil.
12. Rotation reduces the risk of insect and disease problems, thus decreasing a
pesticide dependency.
13. Using fertilizers is good for the soil.
14. Soil needs to be conserved and protected only for the current generation.
15. Food production highly depends on soil.
263
Lesson
Soil Conservation Methods
12 and Practices
Soil as one of the most important natural resources needs personal and societal
actions devising and implementing ways of how to conserve and protect it.
Analyzing the food pyramid, plants (plant foods) are at the base signifying that they
are fundamental to the existence of life. Most organisms are dependent to the food
produced by plants as being autotrophic (self-feeder). Plants require soil for
survival as their roots get the necessary nutrients to grow and to bear fruits. Soil is
one of the three primary factors for plant growth, together with sunlight and water.
Saying such, it is an important element of the ecological system and, therefore, its
conservation is essential for the upcoming generations.
What’s In
Reviewing the previous lessons, you learned that there are activities primarily
induced by human that affect greatly the quality of soil threatening the food
security of the future generations. Realizing the responsibility to view the current
soil usage in a sustainable frame, everyone should take their part in conserving
and protecting the soil quality. Soil conservation is an effective blending of
strategies and practices used to protect the soil quality from degradation for future
purposes. In eying the process, the conservation involves treating and caring the
soil as a living ecosystem that necessitates basic requirements. This implies
rehabilitation and restoration by returning organic matter to the soil on a continual
and sustainable basis.

The target lesson may effectively connect to students by allowing
them to go to the area where the soil is present. Activities like
simple planting and gardening may give them more realization on
how important the soil is. The teacher may also employ song
writing and drawing activities expressing the importance of soil.
264
What’s New
Footprint on the Soil

Soil is threatened due to progressing degradation processes caused by
climate change and other factors. Thus, soil conservation and protection are in the
limelight emphasizing the informational, educational, and motivational impact of
all the measures. The success of any program cannot be attained without the active
participation of every member of the community. It targets to elevate public
awareness and the farmers’ traditional and professional knowledge about
protecting the landscapes by having real efforts to comply with mandated practices
and technologies.
Activity 1
Seeing the Real Essence…
The success of any program targeting soil conservation is highly dependent on the
strategy of letting people understand about soil importance. Study the Figure 1.1 –
1.4.Determine the importance of soil based on the given figures.
Figure 1.1
For your
information…
This is a village in
the UNESCO-listed
Batad Rice
Terraces,
Cordillera
Administrative
Region
Source:https://www.tt
gasia.com/2018/02/06
/philippines-points-
travellers-towards-
rural-tourism/
The soil is important because…

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
___
265
Figure 1.2
For your
information…
Part of the
‘Build! Build!
Infrastructure Plan
of Duterte
Administration is
the construction of
schools for
children
Source:http://www.bui
ld.gov.ph/

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
___
Figure 1.3
For your
information…
The Chocolate
Hills are a group
of unusually
shaped hills
located in the
middle of the
island of Bohol in
Philippines.
Source:
http://www.chocolate
hills.net/

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
___
266
Figure 1.4
For your
information…
The Philippine Eagle
named ‘Kalabugao’
is from the forest of
Manolo Fortich
inBukidnon.
Source:https://www.wh
eninmanila.com/philippin
e-eagle-featured-in-our-
planet-documentary/

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
___
What is It
Among the cited importance of soil, which of them gives you more realization that
soil should be protected and conserved? Explain your answer.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Based on your observation (e.g. what you heard from news and read in
newspapers), how does the country conserve and protect the soil?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Why do you think soil should be conserved and protected?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
267
Activity 2
Practice Makes Perfect!
Knowing the essentiality of the soil is the starting point to convince the
participation of an individual in any conservation activity promoted by the
government or an organization. Figures 2.1 – 2.4 provides some of the common
methods and practices of conserving the soil for sustainability. In the ‘what I know’
box, write your thoughts about how those methods can help in soil conservation. In
‘what I heard” box, write the information that you get from someone who is
knowledgeable about the figure. In the ‘what I read” box, write the ideas that you
read from a research article or any credible references.
Figure 2.1 Plant trees
What I see is…

_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
____________________
Source:https://flyingketchup.ph/denr-deped-pushing-to-plant-trees-in-schools/
I think
What I _______________________________________________________
know _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_____
According to
What I _______________________________________________________
heard _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_____
_______________________________________________________
What I _______________________________________________________
read Reference: _____________________________________________
268
Figure 2.2 Build terraces
What I see is…

_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
____________________
I think
What I _______________________________________________________
know _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_____
According to
What I _______________________________________________________
heard _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_____
_______________________________________________________
What I _______________________________________________________
read Reference: _____________________________________________
Figure 2.3 No-till Farming
What I see is…

_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
____________________
Source: https://www.no-tillfarmer.com/articles/7688-making-no-
till-cover-crops-work-in-the-dust-bowl
269
I think
What I _______________________________________________________
know _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_____
According to
What I _______________________________________________________
heard _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_____
_______________________________________________________
What I _______________________________________________________
read Reference: _____________________________________________
Figure 2.4 Crop Rotation

What I see is…
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
____________________
I think
What I _______________________________________________________
know _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_____
According to
What I _______________________________________________________
heard _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_____
_______________________________________________________
What I _______________________________________________________
read Reference: _____________________________________________
270
Based on the figures, what are the common methods of conserving and protecting
the soil?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Based on your observation in your community, what method is commonly applied?

Cite an example scenario.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Among the cited methods, which of them you could probably make yourself
participate with? In what way, you can involve yourself in the said method?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
In our country, what are the common methods that are promoted by Department of
Science and Technology and Department of Agriculture?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Can you identify some provinces implementing programs for soil conservation?
Province Program Description
Aside from the given methods, contour plowing, maintaining soil pH level, watering
the soil, managing its salinity, promoting symbiotic organisms, and growing
indigenous crops can also help to conserve and protect the soil. Through personal
and organizational initiatives, the good soil resources can still benefit the future
generations.
271
What’s More
Match the Match!

Select the word/group of words in the box that match to the given description in
each item below.
Watering Earthworms Dry Stonewalling No-till farming

same-crop cultivation Terrace Tilling crop rotation
soil pH soil salinity bacteria contour plowing
_______________ 1. process of preparing soil for plowing

_______________ 2. a leveled section of a hilly cultivated area
_______________ 3. the method of plowing across the contour lines of a slope.
________________ 4. a method used to create terraces in which stone structures are
made without using mortar for binding.
_______________ 5. leads to imbalance in the fertility demands of the soil.
_______________ 6. method of growing a series of dissimilar crops in an area.
_______________ 7. an indicator of the level of nutrients in soil.
_______________ 8. a way to prevent soil erosion caused by wind.
_______________ 9. accumulation of salts in the soil.
_______________ 10. help decompose organic material in the soil.
272
What I Have Learned
Soil is one of the most important natural resources that require conservation
practices. Most of the methods that are utilized to promote sustainable use of the
soil are:
1. Tree Planting: Roots of trees firmly hold on the soil making it stagnant and
prevent soil erosion. As they grow, their roots go deeper and spread wider
into the soil. In addition, soil under a vegetative cover is saved from erosion
due to wind as this cover acts as a wind barrier.
2. Terraces Building: A terrace is a leveled section of a hilly cultivated area.
Having its unique topography, it prevents rapid surface runoff of water.
Terracing gives the landmass a stepped appearance like the famous
Philippine Rice Terraces, thus slowing the washing down of soil.
Dry stonewalling is a method used to create terraces in which stone
structures are made without using mortar for binding.
3. No-till Farming: Tilling is the process of preparing soil for plowing. In
conserving the soil, no-till farming which is a way of growing crops without
disturbing it through tillage is highly recommended. The process of tilling is
beneficial in mixing fertilizers in the soil, making rows and preparing the
surface for sowing. Unfortunately, tilling activity can lead to compaction of
soil, loss of organic matter in the soil and the death of soil organisms. No-till
farming is a way to prevent the soil from this harm.
4. Contour Plowing: This practice of farming on slopes considers the slope
gradient and the elevation of soil along the slope. It is the method of plowing
across the contour lines of a slope. This method helps in slowing the water
runoff and prevents soil from being washed away along the slope. Contour
plowing also helps in percolation of water in the soil.
5. Crop Rotation: Some pathogens tend to build up in soil if the same crops
are cultivated again and again. Continuous cultivation of the same crop also
leads to imbalance in the fertility demands of the soil. To save the soil from
these adverse effects, crop rotation is practiced. It is a method of growing a
series of dissimilar crops in an area. Crop rotation also helps in the
improvement of soil structure and fertility.
273
6. Maintaining Soil pH: The contamination of soil by addition of acidic or
basic pollutants and due to acid rains has an adverse effect on the soil pH.
Soil pH is an indicator of the level of nutrients in soil. The uptake of
nutrients by plants also depends on the pH of soil. Maintaining the correct
value of soil pH, is thus essential for soil conservation.
7. Water the Soil: We water plants, we water the crops, but do we water the
soil? We seldom do. Watering soil is a good measure of soil conservation.
Watering the soil along with plants growing in it is a way to prevent soil
erosion caused by wind.
8. Salinity Management: The salinity of soil increases due to excessive
accumulation of salts in the soil. This has a negative effect on the
metabolism of crops. The salinity of soil is detrimental to the vegetative life in
it. The death of vegetation leads to soil erosion. Hence, salinity management
is an indirect way of conserving soil.
9. Promote Helpful Soil Organisms: Nitrogen-fixing and denitrifying bacteria
are important constituents of the nitrogen cycle. They live in soil. Bacteria
and fungi help keep the soil healthy. Organisms like earthworms help
decompose organic material in the soil. They aid soil aeration and help it
maintain porosity. Rodents too, help soil the same way. This increases the
absorbing capacity of soil. Earthworms, through aeration of soil, enhance
the availability of macronutrients. These helpful organisms boost soil fertility
and help in soil conservation.
10. Grow Indigenous Crops: Planting native crops is beneficial for soil
conservation. If non-native plants are grown, fields should be bordered by
indigenous crops to prevent soil erosion, thus achieving soil conservation.
274
What I Can Do
Awareness is the Key!

People work in unity when they are aware of the real vision and purpose of certain
movement or program. That is why it is important that they are being reached with
core information. When an individual knows the issue, he/she can proactively
participate in each activity initiated by an organization and government. To help
increase the awareness, you are tasked to make a poster that shows the
importance of soil and how it will be conserved and protected. Below are samples
and rubric for grading the output.
Samples:
Source:https://www.postermywall.com/index.php/art/
Rubric:
Source: www.uen.org › lessonplan ›
275
Assessment
Directions: Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of the correct answer.
1. Soil conservation is
a. a combination of practices used to protect the soil from degradation.
b. a set of standards for using the soil in relation to current situations.
c. a process of studying the soil profile.
d. a policy of declaring a soil area to be protected for future use.
2. Which of the following are best reasons for doing soil conservation methods?
I. To ensure a secure food supply at reasonable prices.
II. To improve wildlife habitat.
III. To maintain an adequate amount of organic matter and biological life
IV. To save farmers from the effect of climate change
a. I and II only
b. II and II only
c. I, II and III only
d. II, III and IV only
3. Why is planting trees help in conserving the soil? It is because

a. it helps in maintaining soil moisture content.
b. its roots hold the soil firmly avoiding erosion.
c. it gives nourishment to the soil.
d. all of the above
4. It is a leveled section of a hilly cultivated area.

a. Hill
b. Terrace
c. Valley
d. Mountain
276
5. Which of the following is a process that involves planting seeds into the
residue of the previous crop?
a. Contour Farming
b. No-Till Farming
c. Crop Rotation
d. Strip Cropping
6. This practice of farming on slopes considers the slope gradient and the
elevation of soil along the slope.
a. No-Till Farming
b. Crop Rotation
c. Strip Cropping
d. Contour Farming
7. Which of the following is/are advantage of crop rotation?

I. It avoids the building up of soil pathogens.
II. It balances the fertility of soil.
III. It maintains good pH level of the soil good for crops.
a. I only
b. I and II only
c. II and III only
d. I, II and III
8. The soil contamination can be indicated by its pH level. The statement is

a. True, because it may be due to addition of acidic or basic pollutants.
b. False, because the soil has its own way of controlling pH level
c. True, because additional nutrients will always make the soil acidic
d. False, because low amount of nutrients will make the soil basic.
9. Watering the plants is beneficial to soil because it prevents

a. compaction
b. erosion
c. sedimentation
d. eutrophication
277
10. The salinity of soil
a. increases when there is an excessive amount of acids.
b. decreases when there is an insufficient amount of acids.
c. increases when there is an excessive amount of salts.
d. decreases when there is an insufficient amount of salts.
11. They are important organisms for the nitrogen cycle.

a. earthworms
b. millipedes
c. rodents
d. bacteria
12. Which of the following will happen when salinity of the soil has increased?
I. Metabolism of crops will be negatively affected.
II. Death of vegetation will occur.
III. Soil erosion will happen.
a. I only
b. II only
c. I and II only
d. I, II and III
13. Different plants/ crops require certain pH level. The statement is

a. true, because pH level depends on the amount of nutrients
b. false, because pH level depends on the amount of humus
c. true, because high pH level is required by plants to grow.
d. false, because low pH level is required by plants to grow.
14. It is a method of growing a series of dissimilar crops in an area which helps

in the improvement of soil structure and fertility.
a. Contour Farming
b. No-Till Farming
c. Crop Rotation
d. Strip Cropping
278
15. Which of the following is a method helps in slowing the water runoff and
prevents soil from being washed away along the slope?
a. Crop Rotation
b. Contour Farming
c. No-Till Farming
d. Strip Cropping
I am Soil Warrior
Using your poster, you may post it on different social media platforms. You may
also print the material in your community and post it on different sites where
people can be informed and raise their awareness.
Source: https://cultureofyes.ca/2019/10/08/social-media-and-
technology-related-but-different/
279
SHS Earth Science
283
Earth Science
Different Types of Waste
285
Weeks
7-8
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the different types of waste and its origin. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lesson follows the standard sequence of the course.
But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the
textbook you are now using.
1. define waste,
2. classify kinds of waste
3. describe how people generate different types of waste as they make use of
various materials and resources in everyday life and
4. cite several measures of waste management
289
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Which of these terms refer to the unwanted substances need to disposed?

a. compost
b. plastic
c. solid waste
d. waste
2. Approximately, how many years does it take for a plastic bottle to break down?
a. 150
b. 450
c. 700
d. 1000
3. Containers, jars and bottles are examples of what type of waste?

a. hazardous waste
b. liquid waste
c. organic waste
d. solid waste
4. Which of the following is an example of hazardous waste?

a. bottle
b. batteries
c. meat
d. paper
5. Farmers regularly used pesticides in their farms; they considered pesticides

as what type of waste?
a. agricultural waste
b. fishery waste
c. industrial waste
d. municipal waste
290
6. Jose is an advocate of proper waste disposal and encourages other students
to practice recycling. According to Jose, which of the following items can be
recycled?
a. aluminum cans
b. card boards
c. paper cups
d. All of the above
7. People in the community strictly followed the local government ordinances

when it comes to waste management. Which color of garbage bag do they use
for non-recyclable waste?
a. black
b. blue
c. green
d. yellow
8. In XYZ power plant, dissolution of radioactive nuclides are processed and

filtered to the atmosphere. What type of waste is being generated by the power
plant?
a. biomedical waste
b. gaseous waste
c. liquid waste
d. solid waste
9. Substances that are unsafe to use commercially are considered hazardous.

Which of the following is NOT a property of hazardous waste?
a. corrosive
b. malleable
c. reactive
d. toxic
10. When classifying waste at home, Jana knows that ______________ is a solid
waste and ________________ is a liquid waste.
a. bottle, detergent
b. can, plastic bag
c. bottle, tin can
d. egg shell, steel
11. What type of waste is commonly found in coastal and estuarine areas?
a. E-waste
b. fishery waste
c. municipal waste
d. radioactive waste
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12. What is E-waste?
a. eco-friendly waste
b. hazardous chemical waste
c. obsolete electronically waste
d. waste from nuclear power plant
13. In times of Covid-19 pandemic, many people used facemask to protect

themselves. As a responsible citizen, disposable facemask should be put in a
___________________ container.
a. hazardous waste
b. liquid waste
c. organic waste
d. solid waste
14. Dealing with waste management is very important task because of the
___________________.
a. infrastructure consideration
b. large volume of waste produced in the community
c. environmental pollution
d. all of the above
15. Which is the appropriate definition of hazardous waste?

a. Only liquid wastes that is considered toxic and chemically reactive
b. Only solid waste that is considered toxic and chemically reactive
c. Any solid, liquid or gaseous waste that is considered toxic and
chemically reactive
d. Only gaseous waste that is considered toxic and chemically reactive
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Lesson
How People Generate
13 Different Types of Waste
Figure 1
Waste is an issue in different parts of the world since waste quantities are generally
growing. Waste is generated by human activities in all economic sectors and is
definitely regarded as an unavoidable by-product of economic activities. The
generation of waste reflects loss of materials and energy and imposes economic costs
on society for its collection, treatment and disposal.
In the Philippines, solid waste management remains a major challenge especially in
urban areas like Metro Manila. Improper waste disposal inefficient waste collection
and lack of disposal facilities are among the dominant concerns in the country.
Unless these are addressed, the waste generated from various sources will
continually lead to health hazards, and serious environmental impacts such as
ground and surface water contamination, flooding, air pollution and spread of
diseases.
293
What’s In
Direction: Locate the words in the box related to different types of waste and its
management. There are 6 different kinds of waste and 6 waste management terms.
Write the answers on a separate sheet of paper.
O M R E C Y C L E G V W S S Z K I O L
I L G W R R T K L T D R O L N W S L P
P P N J H A J M M R G D L L O S L J K
C O M P O S T I N G H J I I N X I H J
E H H K R N E D S X T U D K H M Q B N
F G N J G B C F U I O P W W A K U R R
H R X F A U L P O L J H A X Z P I C T
A F D W N T H U I N L P S S A T D C S
Z G H L A N D F I L L E T Z R O W Y R
A V J D C E R Y O F H N E E D I A J E
R C N W T Y U I N O P T M B O U S S D
D E E L I O I P J G T H U L U R T P U
O B R R E U S E X C V B N E S T E T C
U G H J W R G H T B Z D S S E W E O E
S J N K I N C I N E R A T I O N R R T
Q S Z F R G T H I U P H S K L M Y E U
A W D R G A S E O U S W A S T E E S Z
W R T Y U I O P K C O R R O S I V E G
N O N B I O D E G R A D A B L E E R Y
Kinds of Waste Waste Management

1. __________________________ 1. __________________________
2. __________________________ 2. __________________________
3. __________________________ 3. __________________________
4. __________________________ 4. __________________________
5. __________________________ 5. __________________________
6. __________________________ 6. __________________________
294
It is important to use variety of approaches and activities that will
keep the learners interested. It is also vital to track the progress of
the learners and ask yourself whether you are meeting their needs.
What’s New
Based on the activity on page 5, different types of waste and several ways on waste
management were highlighted. Define the following terms in your own words and
write the answer on your notebook.
1. Composting -_________________________________________________________
2. Landfill - _____________________________________________________________
3. 3 R’s - ________________________________________________________________
4. Biodegradable waste - ________________________________________________
5. Non-biodegradable waste - ____________________________________________
Waste generations by residents in the Philippines, especially in the urban areas have
accelerated recently due to fast pace industrialization, urbanization and population
growth. Since incineration of solid waste is not allowed under Republic Act 9003 or
also known as the “Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000”, enacted on
January 26, 2001; for the safety of human health and protection of environment,
land filling and the 3 R’s integrated waste management method (Reduce, Reuse and
Recycle) are the main types of solid waste management in the country. The law also
requires mandatory segregation of solid waste into containers labelled as:
compostable, recyclable, non-recyclable and special use.
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The National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC) calculated that from
37, 427.46 tons per day in 2012, the country’s waste generation steadily increased
to 40,087.45 tons in 2016. On the average, each person in the country produces
about 0.5 kilogram and 0.3 kilogram everyday in the urban and rural areas
respectively. For Metro Manila, it is estimated that 8,636 tons of garbage is generated
per day. Approximately, 0.7 kilogram of waste per person per day is added to
country’s waste due to its more modernized lifestyle. The household is the major
source of waste in the Philippines at 74 percent.
Figure 2 Figure 3
What is It
Waste Defined
The United Nations Environment described wastes as unwanted or unusable

materials which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to
be disposed of by the provisions of national law.
Solid Waste Liquid Waste

Gaseous Waste
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Kinds of Waste
There are different kinds of wastes generated by the people around the world.
A. Solid Waste. This type of wastes is in solid form like domestic, commercial
and industrial wastes such as plastics, styrofoam, papers, scrap iron and
sludge from a wastewater treatment plant or air control facility.
B. Liquid Waste. This type of wastes is in liquid form such as chemicals, oils,
and waste water from ponds and manufacturing industries. It includes sewage
as well as wastewater from industrial processes and agricultural processing.
C. Gaseous Waste. This type of waste is in gaseous form which usually originates
from chopping and dissolution operations. As an example, volatile
radionuclides are discharged to the stack after scrubbing with sodium
hydroxide and filtration through charcoal filter.
Table 1. Classifications of Waste

Biodegradable Non- Hazardous Non-hazardous
biodegradable
These wastes These wastes Substances unsafe Substances safe to
can be cannot be to use use commercially,
degraded: degraded: commercially, industrially,
Examples: Examples: industrially, agriculturally and
paper bottles agriculturally or economically. These
woods plastics economically and substances usually
fruits machines have the following create disposal
cans properties: problems.
ignitability ,
corrosivity,
reactivity and
toxicity
The main objective of waste management is to reduce the quantity and type of
hazardous substances used to avoid adverse impact on human health and
environment. Transformation of waste into usable secondary product can be done
through recycling, reusing, repurposing, reducing and recovering. Thus, the waste
generated from different industries and societies must be classified in order to apply
the correct form of management.
297
Table 2. Wastes According to Generation (Origin)
Municipal Solid Wastes

Solid wastes that include household
garbage, rubbish, construction and
demolition debris, sanitation residues,
packaging materials, trade refuges and
others managed by the any municipality.
Industrial Wastes
Liquid and solid wastes that are
generated by manufacturing and
processing units of various industries like
chemical, petroleum, coal, metal, gas,
sanitary and papers.
Agricultural Wastes
Wastes generated from farming activities.
These substances are mostly
biodegradable.
Fishery Wastes
Waste generated due to fishery activities
like fish viscera, fish bones and scales.
These are extensively found in coastal
and estuarine areas.
Radioactive Wastes
Wastes containing radioactive materials.
These are commonly by-products of
nuclear processes. Sometimes industries
that are not directly involved in nuclear
activities may also produce some
radioactive waste such as radio-isotopes
and chemical sludge.
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E – Wastes
Electronic wastes generated from any
modern establishments. They may be
described as discarded electrical or
electronic devices. Some electronic scrap
components such as CRTs may contain
contaminants such as lead, cadmium,
and beryllium or brominated flame
retardants.
Biomedical Wastes
Solid or liquid wastes including
containers, intermediate or end products
generated during diagnosis, treatment
and research activities of medical
sciences.
Several waste disposal practices in the country includes concentrate and contain or
also known as isolation specifically for solid waste. Landfills and dumps minimize
the impact of waste in the environment. Landfill is a place to dispose waste material
by burying or covering over with soil and become an extending usable land after few
years. Dump is an excavated piece of land for waste storage and regulated by the
government. A dump is smaller than a landfill. Other useful options are composting,
resource recovery and energy recovery.
A. Landfill B. Dum
C. Compost Pit D. Material Recovery Facility (MRF)
299
The 3 R’s of Waste Management
Reduce Reuse Recycle
The best way to manage It makes economic and
A series of steps that
waste is to not produce environmental sense to
takes a used material
it: reuse products:
and processes
- Avoid disposable - Reuse products remanufactures and sells
goods eg. paper for the same it as a new product.
plates, napkins, purpose
razors and lighters
- Avoid over-
packaged goods
eg. foil, paper and

plastics
What’s More
Activity 1
Directions: Copy and complete the table by classifying the types of waste produced
in the community. Refer on the word pool.
detergent paint can grease trap diaper methane

piped water sewage chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)
scrap metal waste water
Solid waste Liquid waste Gaseous waste
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Activity 2
Directions: Match the example of wastes in column A to its classification in column

B. Write only the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Column A Column B
1. wash water from the factory a. agricultural waste
2. old newspaper b. biomedical waste
3. animal manure c. e-waste
4. syringe d. fishery waste
5. obsolete laptop e. industrial waste
f. municipal solid waste
Activity 3
Direction: Fill in the blanks with the correct term to complete each statement. Write
the answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. There are three kinds of waste generated by people all over the world namely,
_______________, _______________ and ________________.
2. Waste can be classified as ______________, ______________, ________________

and ________________.
3. Solid wastes managed by the local government can be classified as

__________________.
4. Wastes that serve as end-product of farming can be classified as

__________________.
5. Solid or liquid wastes generated from hospital and other medical facilities can
be considered __________________.
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What I Have Learned
Direction: Copy and complete each scenario with the appropriate text given in the
box below.
Material Recovery Facility hazardous compost pit
agricultural solid fishery
A. Romeo is a Grade 11 senior high school student at ABC Integrated School.

He participates in the Waste Management Program every first Friday of the
month. He knows that old batteries, cellular phones and printer cartridges
contain toxic that may damage the ocean and landfills. Based on Romeo’s
knowledge, the mentioned solid wastes are also _______________ wastes.
B. Romeo is also an incredible mentor to his community. He takes pride in

teaching others to classify waste according to origin so they can properly
dispose them. He presented graphs and data of the animal waste produced
in the region specifically in their locality. He emphasized that animal
manure are example of _______________ waste.
C. As an environment advocate, Romeo also initiated the coastal clean-up

drive in a public beach resort. A lot of _________________ wastes near the
shore are filed up. The household garbage commonly found were used
diapers, tin cans, plastics and bottles.
D. When Romeo is at home, he regularly segregates waste according to its

kind. He put the recyclable materials in the Barangay’s ________________.
On the other hand, he made sure that all organic matter will be used as soil
conditioner and placed in a ______________ at the backyard.
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What I Can Do
Directions: Read and analyze the following questions. Write your answer on a
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of biodegradable materials?

2. How will you properly dispose biodegradable materials at home?
3. What are the characteristics of hazardous waste at home? Cite an example.
4. Normally, plastic items take up to 1000 years to decompose in landfills. What
do you think will happen if people continue to use plastics in their day to day
activities?
5. As a learner, how will you advocate Zero Waste Management Program in your
locality?
Assessment
paper.
1. What methods of waste disposal are approved by the Philippine Republic
Act 9003?
a. attenuation and composting
b. incineration and pyrolysis
c. landfills and 3 R’s
d. incineration and burning
2. Paints, solvents, and cleaning agents is an example of ________

a. hazard waste
b. liquid waste
c. organic waste
d. solid waste
3. Which of following is an improper way of disposing waste materials?

a. recycling and reusing waste materials
b. using waste food to make compost
c. burying waste materials in landfills
d. burning rubbish in the open
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4. Which type of waste includes viscera, scales and fish bones?
a. agricultural
b. biomedical
c. fishery waste
d. municipal solid waste
5. Which of these places contribute a lot in the country’s waste?

a. Region I
b. Region III
c. Region IV
d. National Capital Region
6. Maria religiously practices segregation of waste at home. Which of these is

CORRECTLY done by Maria?
a. animal manure has its own septic tank
b. burning of organic waste
c. use the seashore as dumpsite
d. throwing tin cans in the river
7. Mrs. De Chavez plans to renovate her ancestral house. She knows that
construction and demolition debris can be collected by the local garbage
collectors because ________________.
a. It is municipal solid waste.
b. It is an organic waste.
c. It can be burned.
d. It is non-recyclable.
8. Which of these groups of people contribute a lot in the production of waste?

a. People in urban places
b. People in rural areas
c. People lives in the mountain
d. People in a faraway island
9. When waste materials are corrosive, chemically reactive and flammable,

they are considered ____________.
a. Biomedical waste
b. Biodegradable waste
c. Hazardous waste
d. Non-biodegradable waste
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10. Which of these practices adhere to the 3R’s waste management?
a. Using disposable paper plates
b. Using aluminum foil for food
c. Using zip lock bag for sandwiches
d. Using dish cloth in the kitchen
11. Wash water and rain are classified as liquid waste, while carbon dioxide
and carbon monoxide as gaseous waste.
a. The first statement is true while the second is false.
b. The first statement is false while the second is true.
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false.
12. Approximately, how many kilograms of waste are produced by an

individual in the country per day?
a. 1 kg
b. 1.5 kg
c. 0.5 kg
d. 0.7 kg
13. Which groups of wastes belong to industrial waste?

a. coal, petroleum, metals
b. old CPU and flash drive
c. radio isotopes and chemical sludge
d. woods, manure, papers
14. When classifying waste at home, Jerry knows that ______________ is a liquid
waste and ________________ is a solid waste.
a. bottle, detergent
b. can, plastic bag
c. detergent, paper towel
d. egg shell, ceramic vase
15. Carlos regularly used compost in his vegetable farm; he considered compost
as what type of waste?
a. agricultural waste
b. non-biodegradable waste
c. organic waste
d. radioactive waste
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Directions: Research an article from newspapers or journals describing the best

practices of how other countries properly dispose their waste materials. Paste the
article on a short bond paper and write a five-sentence reflection about the article.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
306
SHS Earth Science
310
Earth Science
Earth Material and Processes
312
What I Need to Know
This module was written and intended for Grade 11 STEM students. It is here to
help you familiar with the different kind of waste and how it affects people’s health
and environment. This module helps you to use it in many different learning
situations. The language used identifies the varied vocabulary level of students. The
lessons are set to follow the standard order of the course. But the sequence in
which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now
using.
The module is divided into three lessons, namely:
 Lesson 14.1 – What is a waste?

 Lesson 14.2 - Sources of Waste and Treatment
 Lesson 14.3 - How different type of waste affect people’s health and
environment?
1. determine the different activities of improper waste disposal.

2. identify different types of waste commonly found in a house.
3. describe the wastes produced from different sources and their proper
treatment.
4. explain the effect of different waste on human health and the environment.
5. identify hazardous materials and each impact on human and environment.
6. employ promotion on the conservation of healthy environment through
slogan.
316
What I Know
paper.
1. What process occurs when solid waste is burned?
a. Composting
b. Erosion
c. Incineration
d. Recycling
2. What refers to waste that contain unstable atoms?

a. corrosive
b. explosive
c. flammable
d. radioactive
3. Which of these are liquid and solid wastes which are generated by
manufacturing and processing units of various industries?
a. Agricultural wastes
b. Bio-medical wastes
c. Industrial wastes
d. Radioactive waste
4. Which of these wastes are generated from farming activities?

a. Agricultural wastes
b. Bio-medical wastes
c. E-wastes
d. Fishery wastes
5. It refers to waste that react very quickly when exposed to air or water and
explodes when dropped?
a. Corrosive
b. Explosive
c. Flammable
d. radioactive excretion
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6. It is also known as moist waste.
a. Biodegradable waste
b. Non- Biodegradable waste
c. Recyclable waste
d. Non-recyclable waste
7. The conversion of waste material into new products and aims to reduce
strain on the environment by minimizing the waste that is added to the
water, air and land is known as:
a. Open Dumping
b. Incineration
c. Landfill
d. Recycling
8. Which of the following statements is correct about plastic?

a. Plastic is not biodegradable and some types can be recycled.
b. Plastic is not biodegradable and some types cannot be recycled
c. Plastic is biodegradable and some types can be recycled.
d. Plastic is biodegradable and some types cannot be recycled
9. Which of the following group age is more vulnerable when exposed to

hazardous waste?
a. children
b. teenager
c. adulthood
d. middle age
10. Which of the following gas is explosive and contributes to the greenhouse
effect?
a. Nitrogen
b. Methane
c. Oxygen
d. Carbon dioxide
11. How does your community normally dispose large volume of waste?
a. Ocean dumping
b. Recycling
c. Sanitary land fill
d. Incineration
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12. Why burning waste is not an acceptable practice of solid waste
management?
a. Because it is very costly.
b. Because it requires lot of space.
c. Because it requires modern technologies.
d. Because it causes several environmental issues.
13. Which of the integrated waste management is reduced on an individual

level?
a. Source reduction
b. Recycling
c. Disposal
d. Burning
14. How does organic material in the buried solid waste will decompose?
a. By the flow of water
b. By the soil particles
c. By the action of oxidation
d. By the action of microorganisms
15. Why the recycled paper is banned for use in food containers?
a. Because it creates a lot of spaces
b. Because it creates contamination
c. Because paper can be used only one time
d. Because paper is very thick and can’t cover the food containers
319
Earth Science:
Lesson
14.1 What is a Waste?
What is solid waste?
Solid waste is defined as any garbage, refuse, sludge from waste treatment plant,
water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other materials,
including solid, liquid, semisolid, contained gaseous resulting from industrials,
commercials, mining and agricultural operations from community activities.
Types of Waste
1. Biodegradable waste. These are the wastes that come from our kitchen and
it includes food remains, garden waste, etc. Also known as moist waste.
This can be composted to obtain manure. It decomposes themselves over a
period of time depending on the material.
2. Non-biodegradable waste. These are the wastes which include old

newspapers, broken glass pieces, plastics, etc. Known as dry waste. Dry
wastes can be recycled and can be reused. Non-biodegradable wastes do
not decompose by themselves and hence are major pollutants.
Waste can be classified into five types of waste which is all commonly found around
the house. These include liquid waste, solid rubbish, organic waste, recyclable
rubbish and hazardous waste. Make sure that you segregate your wastes into these
different types to ensure proper waste removal.
1. Liquid Waste - commonly found both in households as well as in

industries. It includes dirty water, organic liquids, wash water, waste
detergents and rainwater.
2. Solid Rubbish can include a variety of items found in your household along
with commercial and industrial locations.
Solid rubbish is commonly broken down into the following types:
 Plastic waste – This consists of bags, containers, jars, bottles and many
other products that can be found in your household. Plastic is not
biodegradable, but many types of plastic can be recycled. Plastic should
not be mix in with your regular waste, it should be sorted and placed in
your recycling bin.
320
 Paper/card waste – This includes packaging materials, newspapers,
cardboards and other products. Paper can easily be recycled and
reused so make sure to place them in your recycling bin or take them
to your closest recycling area near your place.
 Tins and metals – This can be found in various forms throughout your
home. Most metals can be recycled. Consider taking these items to a
scrap yard or your closest recycling area to dispose of this waste type
properly.
 Ceramics and glass – These items can easily be recycled. Look for
special glass recycling bins and bottle banks to dispose them correctly.
3. Organic Waste is another common household. All food waste, garden waste,
manure and rotten meat are classified as organic waste. Over time, organic
waste is turned into manure by microorganisms. Organic waste in landfills
causes the production of methane, so it must never be simply discarded
with general waste.
4. Recyclable Rubbish includes all waste items that can be converted into
products that can be used again. Solid items such as paper, metals,
furniture and organic waste can all be recycled.
5. Hazardous Waste - includes all types of rubbish that are flammable, toxic,
corrosive and reactive. These items can harm you as well as the
environment and must be disposed of correctly.
Characteristics of wastes
1. Corrosive: these are wastes that include acids or bases that are capable of
corroding mental containers, e.g. acid or alkaline solution, rust remover,
battery acid and caustic hot tank waste.
2. Ignitability: this is waste that can create fires under certain condition, e.g.
waste oils and solvents.
3. Reactive: these are unstable in nature, they cause explosions, toxic fumes
when heated, e.g. lithium-sulfur batteries and explosives.
4. Toxicity: waste which are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorb, e.g. are
the household products in everyday homes that are improperly disposed of
such as old batteries, pesticides, paint, and car oil.
5. Non Hazardous waste: is any type of industrial waste which, according to

regulations, cannot be added to a dumpster or sewage line. e.g. refuse,
garbage, sludge, municipal trash.
6. Hazardous waste: The most common examples of hazardous waste found

within the home include paints, batteries, solvents, cleaning agents and
pesticides, heavy metals, and chemical sludges.
321
7. Radioactive: high and low-level radioactive waste. Low-Level Radioactive
Waste (or LLRW) is a regulatory term defined as the broad group or class of
radioactive waste that is not included in the following classes of radioactive
waste: Spent nuclear fuel. Fuel that has been withdrawn from a nuclear
reactor after use. High-level radioactive wastes are the highly radioactive
materials produced as a byproduct of the reactions that occur inside
nuclear reactors.
High-level wastes take one of two forms: Spent (used) reactor fuel when it is
accepted for disposal. Waste materials remaining after spent fuel is
reprocessed.
8. Mixed waste: Radioactive organic liquids, radio-active heavy metals. Mixed

hazardous waste is waste which falls into two or more different categories
of hazardous materials. Examples include radioactive contaminated
phenol/chloroform, or blood labeled with a radionuclide.
322
Earth Science: Sources of
Lesson
14.2 Waste and Treatment
According to a report by the Senate Economic Planning Office (SEPO), the country’s
waste generation steadily increased from 37,427.46 tons per day in 2012 to
40,087.45 tons in 2016. Meanwhile, solid wastes produced by Philippine cities are
expected to increase by 165 percent to 77,776 tons by 2025.
Solid wastes are generated from residential, commercial, industrial and

institutional sources. Residential wastes accounts for more than half (57%) of the
total solid wastes (e.g. kitchen scraps, yard waste, paper and cardboards, glass
bottles, etc.) Wastes from commercial sources, which include commercial
establishments and public/private markets, accounts for 27percent (27%). Wastes
from institutional sources such as governmentoffices, educational and medical
institutions accounts for about 12 percent (12%) while the remaining 4 percent
(4%) is waste coming from the industrial or manufacturing sector (NSWMC).
Causal of Increase in Solid Waste

1. Population growth
2. Increase in industrials manufacturing
3. Urbanization
4. Modernization, technological advancement and increase in global
population created rising in demand for food and other essentials. This has
resulted to rise in the amount of waste being generated daily by each
household.
Sources of waste can be broadly classified into four types:

1. Industrial Waste. These are the wastes created in factories and industries.
Most industries dump their wastes in rivers and seas which cause a lot of
pollution. Example: plastic, glass, etc.
2. Commercial Waste. Commercial wastes are produced in schools, colleges,
shops, and offices. Example: plastic, paper, etc.
3. Domestic Waste. The different household wastes which are collected during
household activities like cooking, cleaning, etc. are known as domestic
wastes. Example: leaves, vegetable peels, excreta, etc.
4. Agricultural Waste. Various wastes produced in the agricultural field are
known as agricultural wastes. Example: cattle waste, weed, husk, etc.
323
When you are thinking about solid waste management, it is likely the same as
garbage being dumped in landfills or incinerated. For example, treatment
techniques act to reduce the volume and toxicity of solid waste. These steps can
transform it into a more convenient form for disposal. The composition and
quantity of waste are the based on selecting waste treatment and disposal methods.
Here are major waste treatments and disposal methods:
1. Thermal Treatment refers to the processes that use heat to treat waste
materials. Following are some of the most commonly used thermal waste
treatment techniques:
A. Incineration is one of the most common waste treatments. This
approach involves the combustion of waste material in the presence of
oxygen. It is commonly used as a means of recovering energy for
electricity or heating. The advantages of this approach are; it is quickly
reduced waste volume, lessens transportation costs and decreases
harmful greenhouse gas emissions.
B. Gasification and Pyrolysis are two similar methods, both of which
decompose organic waste materials by exposing waste to low amounts
of oxygen and very high temperature. Pyrolysis uses absolutely no
oxygen while gasification allows a very low amount of oxygen in the
process. Gasification is more advantageous as it allows the burning
process to recover energy without causing air pollution.
C. Open Burning is a legacy thermal waste treatment that is
environmentally harmful. The incinerators used in such process have
no pollution control devices. They release substances such as
hexachlorobenzene, dioxins, carbon monoxide, particulate matter,
volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic compounds, and ash.
Unfortunately, this method is still practiced by many local authorities
internationally, as it offers an inexpensive solution to solid waste.
2. Dumps and Landfills.
A. Sanitary landfills provide the most commonly used waste disposal
solution that desired to eliminate or reduce the risk of environmental or
public health hazards due to waste disposal. These sites are situated
where land features work as natural buffers between the environment
and the landfill. For instance, the landfill area can be comprised of clay
soil which is quite resistant to hazardous wastes or is characterized by
an absence of surface water bodies or a low water table, preventing the
risk of water pollution.
B. Controlled dumps are more or less the same as sanitary landfills. These
dumps comply with many of the requirements for being a sanitary
landfill but may lack one or two. Such dumps may have a well-planned
capacity but no cell-planning. There may be no or partial gas
management, basic record keeping, or regular cover.
324
C. Bioreactor landfills are the result of recent technological research.
These landfills use superior microbiological processes to speed up
waste decomposition. The controlling feature is the continuous addition
of liquid to sustain optimal moisture for microbial digestion. The liquid
is added by re-circulating the landfill leachate. When the amount of
leachate is not adequate, liquid waste such as sewage sludge is used.
3. Biological Waste Treatment
A. Composting is another most frequently used waste disposal or
treatment method which is the controlled aerobic decomposition of
organic waste materials by the action of small invertebrates and
microorganisms. The most common composting techniques include
static pile composting, vermin-composting, windrow composting and
in-vessel composting.
B. Anaerobic Digestion also uses biological processes to decompose
organic materials. Anaerobic Digestion, however, uses an oxygen and
bacteria-free environment to decompose the waste material where
composting must have air to enable the growth of microbes.
Some of the main waste disposal methods include:

1. Incineration- The burning of waste materials at high temperatures to
transform them into gases or residue.
2. Recycling- The conversion of waste material into new products. It aims to
reduce strain on the environment by minimizing the waste that is added to
the water, air and land.
3. Open Dumping- A simple and inexpensive method which involves the
deliberate disposal of garbage in an open space.
4. Ocean Dumping- Occurs when sewage, garbage, construction debris,
hazardous chemicals etc. are intentionally discarded at sea by ships,
aircrafts and other man made machines. Incineration of trash at sea is also
included in this definition.
Proper waste disposal and management can be done by applying the 3R – Reduce,
Reuse and Recycle. Reducing means lessening the amount of trash/garbage
produced.
Color coding basically exists to allow you to easily distinguish the different types of
biomedical waste, by sorting them into different categories, each pertaining to a
single color. Your colored bins take different kinds of waste. Green for
biodegradable waste non-recyclable waste); black for e-waste; and blue for plastic
and metal waste (recyclable waste).
325
Earth Science: The Effect of
Lesson
14.3 Different Kind of Waste to
People’s and Environment
Exposure to hazardous waste can affect human health, children being more
vulnerable to these pollutants. Waste from agriculture and industries can also
cause serious health risks. Other than this, co-disposal of industrial
hazardous waste with municipal waste can expose people to chemical and
radioactive hazards.
Soil, water and air pollution can all be a result of improper waste disposal and
occurs when either of them becomes contaminated with hazardous materials. Not
only does this contribute to the creation of a greenhouse gas effects but also causes
significant harm to marine and wildlife. Ignorance of people about proper waste
disposal and laziness can cause improper garbage disposal because people not
following the correct rules of proper waste disposal their always throw it what place
they want and they have no care what will be the effect of it.
Disposing of waste has huge environmental impacts and can cause serious
problems. Some waste will eventually rot, but not all, and in the process it may
smell, or generate methane gas, which is explosive and contributes to the
greenhouse effect. Leachate produced as waste decomposes may cause pollution.
Sources of Human Exposures

1. Exposures occurs through
a. Ingestion of contaminated water or food
b. Contact with disease vectors
c. Inhalation
d. Dermal
2. Points of contact, Soil adsorption, storage and biodegrading
3. Plant uptake
4. Ventilation
5. Runoff
6. Leaching
7. Insects, birds, rats, flies and animals
8. Direct dumping of untreated waste in seas, rivers and lakes results in the
plants and animals that feed on it
326
Impacts of solid waste on health
1. Chemical poisoning through chemical inhalation
2. Uncollected waste can obstruct the storm water runoff resulting in flood
3. Low birth weight
4. Cancer
5. Congenital malformations
6. Neurological disease
7. Nausea and vomiting
8. Increase in hospitalization of diabetic residents living near hazard waste
sites.
9. Mercury toxicity from eating fish with high levels of mercury
Effects of Solid Waste on Animals and Aquatics life

1. Increase in mercury level in fish due to disposal of mercury in the rivers.
2. Plastic found in oceans ingested by birds
3. Resulted in high algal population in rivers and sea.
4. Degrades water and soil quality
Impacts of solid waste on Environment

1. Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane, a potent greenhouse gas
2. Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to waste biodegradable
3. Littering, due to waste pollutions, illegal dumping.
Leaching: is a process by which solid waste enter soil and ground water and
contaminating them.
327
What’s In
Activity 1:
Directions: Analyze the figure below. Answer the guide questions that follow.
NON
BIODEGRADABLE BIODEGRADABLE RECYCLABLE
Left Over Candy Wrappers Empty Bottles
Guide questions
1. What are the common trash bins present at home and in the community?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. In what trash bin will you throw empty bottles?
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the common wastes thrown in non- biodegradable trash bin?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. If you ate banana, in what trash bin will you put the banana peel?
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Why is there a need to segregate wastes?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
328
Activity 2: Let’s Investigate
Directions: Using the checklist below, put a check whether the given statement is
available/ observed in your surroundings.
Yes No
1. Is blue colored trash bin available?
2. Is green colored trash bin available?
3. Is yellow colored trash bin available?
4. Are waste bins covered?
5. Is the biohazard symbol imprinted over waste bag?
Guide questions:
1. From your observations, what trashes/ wastes are present in blue, green and
yellow colored trash bin?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. Why is there a need to cover the trash bins?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

329
What’s New
Activity 1:
Directions: Using the graphic organizer, cite the effects of improper waste disposal
in human health and in the environment from the given article.
Different types of wastes affect people’s health and the environment. Some of
the effects of today’s poor waste management system include soil
contamination, water contamination, climate contamination, air contamination,
animal and marine life damage and human damage.
Soil contamination occurs by spilling and burying hazardous components in

soil. Water becomes polluted when it dissolved substances like various
chemicals and gases which may cause animal and marine life damage, too.
Harmful greenhouse gases are created from decomposing waste which rise up
to the atmosphere and trap the heat. As soil, water and air become
contaminated, it may result to human harm. Humans will be exposed to skin
irritation, blood infections, respiratory and visibility problems and cancer.
Effects of improper
waste disposal in
human health and in
the environment
330
What is It
The Negative Effects of the improper removal and disposal of waste.
1. Soil contamination - It does not only affect plant growth, it is also unhealthy to
humans and animals feeding on those plants. Take the case of plastic bottles.
When they eventually break down, they release DEHA (diethylhydroxylamine),
a carcinogen that affects our reproduction systems, causes liver dysfunction,
and weight loss.
2. Air contamination - Waste that releases dioxins are also dangerous and pose a
health risk when they diffuse into the air that we breathe. Landfill gas
produced by the decomposing wastes, can be explosive and can harm nearby
communities.
3. Water contamination - Untreated sewages can destroy and suffocate marine

habitats, such as corals. Contaminated water is also dangerous and harmful to
humans who consume fish and other marine life.
4. Bad impact on human health - Improper disposal of waste can greatly affect
the health of the population living nearby the polluted area or landfills.
Exposure to improperly handled wastes can cause skin irritations, blood
infections, respiratory problems, growth problems, and even reproductive
issues.
5. Impact on animals and marine life- The effects of pollution caused by

improperly disposed wastes and rubbish, styrofoam and cigarette butts have
been known to cause deaths in marine animals. Animals who consume grasses
near contaminated areas or landfills are also at risk of poisoning due to the
toxins that seep into the soil.
331
6. Disease-carrying pests- Mosquitoes breed in cans and tires that collect water,
and can carry diseases such as malaria and dengue. Rats find food and shelter
in landfills and sewage, and they can carry diseases such as leptospirosis and
salmonellosis.
7. Adversely affect the local economy- Landfill facilities that are mismanaged can
cause the local economy to sink, which can then affect the livelihood of the
locals.
8. Missed recycling opportunities. There is revenue in recycling. Cities that do not

implement proper removal and recycling of wastes miss on this, miss out on
the resources that can be reused and on the employment opportunities that a
recycling center brings.
9. Causes extreme climate changes Decomposing waste emits gases that rise to
the atmosphere and trap heat. Greenhouse gases are one of the major culprits
behind the extreme weather changes that the world is experiencing.
332
What’s More
Activity 1:“Picture me out!”

Directions: Have a look at the informative image below. And answer the following
questions below.
CHLORINATED
SOLVENTS NITRATES
Cause: Cause:
PETRO-CHEMICALS
Effluents from metals Fertilizer runoff,
Cause: PESTICIDES
and plastics, manure from livestock
Underground Cause:
degreasing fabric operations, septic
petroleum storage Runoff from farms,
cleaning, electronics systems
tanks backyard, golf course, HEAVY METALS
and aircraft Effects:
Effects: landfill leaks Cause:
manufacture Restricts amount of O2
Benzene and other Effects: Mining Waste
Effects: reaching brain, which
petrochemicals can be Reproductive and and Tailings,
Reproductive disorders can cause death in
cancer-causing even endocrine damage in landfills and
and some cancers infants (“blue baby
at low pressure wild life, linked to hazardous waste
syndrome”), digestive
metabolic disruption Effects:
tract cancers, causes
Nervous system
algae bloom,
and kidney
eutrophication in
damage,
surface waters
metabolic
disruption
Chemical
ARSENIC sip
Causes: Normally occurring, into
possibly exacerbated by FLOURIDE the soil
over pumping aquifers Causes: Normally
and by phosphate from occurring
fertilizers Effects: dental
Effects: nervous system and SALTS problems,
Causes: seawater crippling spinal
liver damage
intrusion and bone damage They accumulate
Effects:
in the ground
freshwater
Water from the aquifers where they find
unusable for
are used to take in the their way to the
drinking or
cities, irrigate plants aquifers and
irrigation
and even make bottled rivers
water
Contamination results when hazardous substance are spilled or buried in the soil. It can also occur when pollutants
settle on the soil, such as chemicals or industrial smokestack. Plants in contaminated soil absorb hazardous
substances. Humans or animals ingest these plants and may get sick; they also inhale soil contaminants through dust
that is present in the air or absorb these hazardous chemicals through their skin.
The availability of clean water has come to be recognized as perhaps the most critical of all human security issues
facing the world in the next-quarter-century. New research finds that groundwater is dangerously threatened.
Worldwide, 97 percent of the planet’s liquid freshwater is stored in aquifers.
333
Assessment 1
1. Which of the following hazardous substances when contaminate the soil and
water can cause kidney damage?
a. chlorinated substance
b. petro-chemicals
c. heavy metals
d. nitrates
2. Contamination of nitrates on soil is cause by manure from livestock

operations, the following are the effects of nitrates except for
a. algae bloom.
b. metabolic disorders.
c. eutrophication.
d. “blue baby syndrome”.
3. Long-term exposure to arsenic in drinking water can cause

a. skeletal system damage.
b. cancer in the skin.
c. dental problems.
d. liver damage.
4. The effects of pesticides present in water are reproductive and endocrine

damage in wild life, it is cause by
a. runoff from farms.
b. forest.
c. deep sea.
d. rivers.
334
5. Contamination results when hazardous substance are spilled or buried in
the soil. It also occurs when pollutants settle on the soil and plants in
contaminated soil absorb hazardous substances. How does human or animal
affect by this contamination?
I. Inhale soil contaminants through dust that is present in the air
II. Humans or animals ingest these plants and may get sick
III. Absorb these hazardous chemicals through their skin
IV. Often causing a reduction in crop yields
a. I, II, III
b. II, III, IV
c. III, IV, I
d. IV, II, I
Activity 2: “Fill Me Please”
Directions: Fill in the blanks. Choose your answer on the box below and write your
answer on separate paper.
Population growth Dermal Increase in industrials manufacturing
Chemical poisoning Cancer Ingestion of contaminated water/food
Pollution Dry waste Contact with disease vectors
Urbanization Inhalation Neurological disease
Mercury toxicity Greenhouse Nausea and vomiting
Climate change Moist waste Low birth weight
Modernization Leaching Congenital malformations
Assessment 2:
1. What are the causes of an increase in solid waste?
2. What are the sources of human exposures to the bad effect of waste?
3. The following are the impact of solid waste on health:
4. What are the impacts of solid waste in the environment?
5. Biodegradable waste is also called ___________________________________,
while other name for Non-biodegradable is ____________________________.
335
What I Have Learned
1. Waste is classified into two types which is biodegradable waste also known as
moist waste. Non-biodegradable waste also known as dry waste.
2. Sources of waste can be broadly classified into four types: Industrial Waste,
Commercial Waste, Domestic Waste and Agricultural Waste.
3. The results of improper waste disposal occur when either of them becomes
contaminated with hazardous materials, includes soil contamination, water
contamination, climate contamination, air contamination, animal and marine
life damage and human damage.
4. The burning of waste materials at high temperatures to transform them into

gases or residue is called incineration.
5. The deliberate disposal of garbage in an open space is open dumping while

ocean dumping is when sewage, garbage, construction debris, hazardous
chemicals is intentionally discarded at sea.
6. The method of waste disposal that involves burying the waste in the land is
called landfill.
7. The conversion of waste material into new products is termed as recycling
8. The effects of exposure to improper waste disposal are skin irritation, blood
infections, respiratory and visibility problems and cancer.
9. Harmful greenhouse gases are created from decomposing waste which rise up
to the atmosphere and trap the heat.
10. Mosquitoes and rats are known to live and breed in sewage areas, and both
are known to carry life-threatening diseases.
11. The common elements found in water are fluoride, arsenic and salts. Too
much content in water is harmful to human and environment.
12. Contamination results when hazardous substances are spilled in the soil that
causes plants to absorb it, when human or animals ingest these plants they
may get sick.
13. 97% of the planet’s liquid freshwater is stored in aquifers.
14. The causes of increase in the amount of solid waste are increase in the
number of population, increase in industrials manufacturing, urbanization
and modernization.
336
15. Human are expose to solid waste by means of ingestion of contaminated
water or food, contact with disease vectors, inhalation and dermal.
16. The Impacts of solid waste on health are chemical poisoning through
chemical inhalation, uncollected waste can obstruct the storm water runoff
resulting in flood, low birth weight, cancer, congenital malformations,
neurological disease, nausea and vomiting and mercury toxicity.
17. The effect of solid waste on animals and aquatics life are increase in mercury
level in fish due to disposal of mercury in the rivers, plastic found in oceans
ingested by birds, resulted in high algal population in rivers and sea. And
degrades water and soil quality.
18. The impact of solid waste on environment greenhouse gas, climate change
and destruction of ozone layers, littering due to waste pollutions, illegal
dumping.
19. The major treatment and disposal methods are thermal treatment, dumps
and landfills and biological waste treatment.
20. Thermal treatment that includes incineration, Gasification and Pyrolysis and
open burning, dumps and landfills that includes sanitary landfills controlled
dumps, and bioreactors and biological waste treatment that includes
composting and anaerobic digestions.
What I Can Do
Directions: Using the box given below, create a slogan on conservation of wealthy
environment.
337
Assessment
1. What refers to any material that can be harmful to human health or the
environment if not properly disposed?
a. Biodegradable waste
b. Hazardous waste
c. Paper
d. Plastics
2. What substance can be broken down and recycled by bacteria and other
decomposers?
a. Biodegradable
b. Landfills
c. Paper
d. Resins
3. Which of the following is an example result of long-term exposure to

hazardous wastes?
a. Asthma
b. Breathing difficulties
c. Cancer
d. Internal bleeding
4. What wastes were dissolved or eaten through many materials?

a. Corrosive
b. Explosive
c. Radioactive
d. Toxic
5. DEHA stands for

a. diethylhydroxylamine
b. diethylhydroxylamide
c. diethylhydroxylamime
d. diethylhydroxylamife
338
6. Which one of the following is not normally a pollutant?
a. Carbon dioxide
b. Carbon monoxide
c. Sulphur dioxide
d. Hydrocarbons
7. Exposure to improperly handled wastes can cause the following which is not
included?
a. skin irritations and blood infections
b. respiratory and growth problems
c. Nervous and skeletal problems
d. reproductive issues.
8. Untreated sewages can destroy and suffocate marine habitats.

a. Soil contamination
b. Air contamination
c. Water contamination
d. Human contamination
9. Which of the following refers to the waste materials produced in homes,

businesses, schools and other places in a community?
a. Incineration
b. Landfills
c. Leachate
d. Municipal solid waste
10. Mosquitoes breed in cans and tires that collect water, and can carry diseases
such as
a. salmonellosis
b. leptospirosis
c. dengue
d. diarrhea
11. Waste which are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorb.

a. Corrosive
b. Toxicity
c. Reactive
d. Mixed waste
12. Which of the following is a Non Hazardous waste?

a. Garbage
b. solvents acid
c. heavy metals
d. pesticides
339
13. Fluoride is a natural content of water large amount on it will produce dental
problems and
a. Muscle rigidity
b. Bone damage
c. Eye irritation
d. Skin cancer
14. Harmful greenhouse gases are created from what type of waste?
a. Decomposing waste
b. Municipal solid waste
c. Hazardous waste
d. Leachate
15. Cattle waste is an example of what kind of sources of waste?

a. Industrial Waste.
b. Commercial Waste
c. Domestic Waste
d. Agricultural Waste
The title of this activity is “MEMORY MATRIX”. This is a two-dimensional diagram,

a rectangle divided into rows and columns used to organize information and
illustrate relationships. In a memory matrix, the row and column headings are
given, but the cells are left empty for (you) students to fill out.
Directions: Complete the table below to explore the effects of different wastes on
humans and their environment.
Waste Health Animals Environment

Mercury toxicity
Diethylhydroxylamine
Plastics
Methane
Leachate
Dioxins
340

Earth Science Quarter 1

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SHS Earth Science

Most Essential Learning Competency:

After accomplishing this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the characteristics of minerals;

1. Which of the following mineral characteristics refer to the tendency to break

5. Which group of minerals do common table salts belong?

6. The following are physical properties of minerals except _____.

7. Which of the following is the most abundant element found in rocks?

8. Which of the following is the correct pairing?

9. Which is the hardest mineral?

11. What property of minerals determines its TRUE color?

13. Which statement is incorrect about minerals?

Notes to the Teacher

Directions. Read the poem silently and underline the characteristics of

Most minerals are derived and extracted from nature

Minerals are made of chemical elements and compounds

There are eight classes of minerals

Silicates, oxides, sulphides and halides

Sulfates, carbonates, phosphates and mineraloids

All minerals on earth fit on these kinds.

Minerals are distinguished through their properties

But geologists prefer their physical instead

Habit, luster, cleavage and hardness

Color and streak let’s add on these.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

Minerals can be distinguished using their physical and chemical properties.

Nonmetallic luster is dull, silky, greasy and pearly like silicates.

4. Hardness – is a measure of the mineral’s resistance to scratching. Harder minerals

Reaction with Acid - Some minerals, especially carbonate minerals, react

These minerals are

This is the largest group of

These are made of

These are made of

They form from halogen

These are a group of

It is the term used for

A. Directions. Identify the physical properties of minerals given in

1. The color of the mineral in its powdered form. KTRSEA

2. The overall shape or growth pattern of the mineral. B I H A T

3. The most obvious properties of a mineral C L O O R

B. Identify the classification of minerals that corresponds to the

A. Silicate C. Halide E. Mineraloid G. Oxide

B. Sulfate D. Carbonate F. Sulfide H. Phosphate

_____1. Formed when other minerals are broken down by weathering

_____2. Contains silicon and oxygen, with some metals

_____3. Combination of sulfur with metals and oxygen

_____5. Combination of halogen elements like chlorine, bromine, fluorine,

and iodine with metallic elements

_____6. Combination of a metal with oxygen

_____7. Made of carbon, oxygen, and a metallic element

_____8. Combination of compounds of sulfur with a metal.

Directions: Complete the following sentences by identifying the physical

2. The weight of the mineral divided by the weight of an equal volume of

water is called __________________________.

3. The most obvious property of a mineral is ______________.

5. The largest group of minerals is __________________.

8. A mineral exhibits ________________ if it breaks along random, irregular surfaces.

9. The measure of the mineral’s resistance to scratching is called _________________.

weathering are _____________________.

Directions: Read the situation and answer the question below.

1. Quartz 2. Calcite 3. Flourite 4. Gypsum

3. James Dana developed a classification scheme for minerals. Which of the

a. Chemical composition of the minerals