Hand Gestures of Plate Motions

1. Convergent

2. Divergent

3. Transform
Formation of
Rock Layers
Definitions of Terms
•Petrology is the scientific
study of rocks.
•Stratigraphy is the study
of the rock layers(strata)
Definitions of Terms cont.
•Stratified Rocks
- Known as derivatives
rocks, maybe fragmental or
crystalline.
 Definitions of Terms cont.
•Stratification
- Known as bedding, which is the
layering that happens in sedimentary
and igneous rocks forms at the
surface of the Earth that comes from
lava or other volcanic activity.
 James Hutton
•Scottish geologist, chemist,
naturalist, and originator of one
of the fundamental principles of
geology—uniformitarianism,
which explains the features of
the Earth’s crust by means of
natural processes over geologic
time.
Nicholas Steno
•Danish scientist
•1600’s, studied
the relative
position of
sedimentary rocks.
 Laws of Stratigraphy
•Law of Superposition
•Law of Inclusions
•Law of Cross Cutting Relationship
•Law of Original Horizontality
•Law of Unconformities
•Law of Faunal Succession
Law of Superposition
•The largest and heaviest
rock layer that settled
first at the bottom is the
oldest rock layer.
•The lightest and
smallest that settled
last is the youngest rock
layer.
Law of Inclusions
•A rock mass that
contains pieces of
rocks called
inclusions are
younger than the
other rock masses.
Law of Cross Cutting Relationship
•A fault or dike- a slab
rock cuts through
another rock when
magma intrudes to
the rock, that fault or
magma is younger
than the rock.
Law of Original Horizontality
•Sediments are
deposited in flat
layers, if the rock
maintains in horizontal
layers, it means it is
not yet disturbed and
still has its original
horizontality
 Law of Unconformities
• Rock layers that are
formed without
interruptions are
conformable.
• Describes a layer of rock
that have been deformed
or eroded before another
 Law of Faunal Succession
•first recognized by
William Smith
•Different strata contain
particular assemblage of
fossils by which rocks may
be identified and
correlated over long
distances.
 Law of Lateral Continuity
• suggests that all rock
layers are laterally
continuous and may be
broken up or displaced
by later events.
Three Types of Unconformities

•Disconformity
•Angular unconformity
•Non-conformity
 Disconformity
• It originates from horizontal
sedimentary rock layers that is
lifted and the top layers eroded.
• New sediments are deposited when
they are submerged beneath a
freshwater or a saltwater.
 Angular unconformity
➢ It originates from horizontally
parallel strata of sedimentary rock
that are deposited on tilted and
eroded layers.
➢ It produced an angular discordance
with underlying horizontal layers.
 Non-conformity
•It originates between
sedimentary rocks,
metamorphic or igneous rock
when sedimentary rock lies
above and was deposited on
the pre- existing and eroded
metamorphic or igneous
rock.
Short Quiz
•Get a ¼ sheet of paper. Write
your name, section and the date
today.
Who’s Older, Who’s Younger?

•The rock layers below labelled A to F

undergo sedimentary process that
results to changes in rock form. Use
the diagram of a rock layer to
complete and answer the questions.
1. In what layer was the first rock
formed?___
2. What letter is the second layer of the
rock? ____
3. What happens in the rock
represented by letter D?(cutting or
insertion) ___
4. What three layered letters is cut by
letter D? ___
5. What takes place in letter F?(fault or
folds) ___
6. What environmental factors occur in
letter E?(weathering and erosion OR
volcanic eruption) ___
7. Which rock layer is the youngest? ___
8. Which layer describes the law of
horizontal continuity? ___
1. In what layer was the first rock
formed? B
2. What letter is the second layer of the
rock? A
3. What happens in the rock
represented by letter D?(cutting or
insertion) cutting
4. What three layered letters is cut by
letter D? C, A, B
5. What takes place in letter F?(fault or
folds) fault
6. What environmental factors occur in
letter E?(weathering and erosion or
volcanic eruption) weathering and erosion
7. Which rock layer is the youngest? E
8. Which layer describes the law of
horizontal continuity? C