SHS

General Chemistry 2
Quarter 2: Week 6 - Module 6
Reactions in a Cell
STEM – General Chemistry 2
Grade 11/12: Quarter 4: Week 6 - Module 6: Reactions in a Cell
First Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Jade Noel L. Balicat, SST-I

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

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Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II

Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II
 General Chemistry 2
Quarter 4: Week 6 - Module 6
Reactions in a Cell

3
 Target

Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the conversion of

electrical energy into chemical energy or chemical energy to electrical energy. It
involves transfer of electrons from a reducing species to an oxidizing species
through a redox reaction. This transfer of electrons during redox reactions is the
guiding principle in the operation of electrochemical cells.
Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that explains the conversion of
chemical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. Through redox reaction, it
permits the transfer of electrons from the oxidation half-reaction to the reduction
half-reaction. This transfer of electrons during redox reactions is the key in the
operation of electrochemical cells also known as galvanic cells.

In the past lessons you learned how redox reactions takes place in two
reactions, namely reduction and oxidation. You have learned how these two
coupled reactions, causing the lose and gain of electrons. You also have learned
how to balance redox reactions using the change in oxidation number method.
These concepts can help us understand how galvanic cells will functions and will
understand more about redox reactions.

This learning material will provide you with information and activities that
will help you understand the reactions occurring in galvanic cell, and the concepts
regarding reduction potential, oxidation potential and cell potential.

After going through this learning material, you are expected to:
1. Identify the reaction occurring in the different parts of the cell
(STEM_GC11ABIVf-g-172)
2. Define reduction potential, oxidation potential, and cell potential
(STEM_GC11ABIVf-g-176)

4
 Galvanic Cell

Photo credits from: https://glossary.periodni.com/

Galvanic cell or voltaic cell is a device which converts chemical energy to
electrical energy. It has two half cells that contains electrolyte solutions and
electrodes which then connected in a circuit. This setup is typically consisting of
zinc electrode which is called the anode, the copper electrode which is the cathode
and a salt bridge containing potassium chloride. If these metals are connected by
an external circuit, one metal is reduced (gains electrons) while the other metal is
oxidized (loses electrons).

Jumpstart

Jump in. Do the activity to get a better grasp of the concept.

Don’t forget to give your best shot in answering the questions.

Directions: Choose your answer from the given choices.

1. What do you call the device which converts chemical energy to electrical
energy?
A. Electrolyte Cell B. Galvanic Cell C. Inorganic Cell D. Organic Cell

2. In a voltaic cell, what is the element that is used in the cathode?

A. Bismuth B. Copper C. Gold D. Zinc

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3. If the electrodes of voltaic cell are connected with wires, what connects the
two electrolytes?
A. Acid bridge B. Base Bridge C. Salt Bridge D. Zinc Bridge

4. At what part of the galvanic cell where reduction occurs?

A. Anode B. Cathode C. Salt D. Wire

5. Which of the following part of the galvanic cell allows ions to flow back and
forth so that charge does not build up?
A. Electrodes B. Electrolytes C. Salt Bridge D. Voltmeter

6. Which of the following is an alternative name for galvanic cell?

A. Electrodes B. Circuit C. Voltaic cell D. Wired cell

7. How is the direction of the flow of electrons in the galvanic cell?

A. anode - cathode B. cathode - anode C. left - right D. vice versa

8. What happens to the electrons of Zn electrode when it is submerged in a

ZnSO4 electrolyte?
A. Gained B. Lose C. Oxidized D. Reduced

9. What do you call the reaction that shows the partial reactions of reduction
and oxidation in a galvanic cell?
A. Electron B. Half reaction C. Oxidation D. Reduction

10. Which of the following properties of galvanic cell measures the tendency of a
chemical species to acquire electrons and thereby be reduced?
A. oxidation B. reduction
C. oxidation potential D. reduction potential

11. In the an electrochemical cell, what is the energy change, measured in volts,
required to add or remove electrons to or from an element or compound?
A. oxidation B. reduction
C. Oxidation potential D. reduction potential

12. What happens to the species’ affinity for electrons if there are more positive
reduction potential?
A. Decrease B. Increase C. Reversed D. The same

13. How are you going to describe reactivity of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?
A. Fast B. Slow C. Unreactive D. Undefined

14. When performing galvanic cell, what is the standard conditions for the
solutions?
A. 1 M B. 2 M C. 3 M D. 4 M

15. What do chemists used to measure the potentials for oxidations and
reductions of different substances under comparable conditions?
A. Standard oxidation potential B. Standard reduction potential
C. Standard cell potential D. Standard electrode potential

6
 Discover

The Galvanic Cell

One way to generate electric current is through spontaneous redox
reactions. An example of this is a strip of Zn metal being immersed in a solution of
CuSO4 or CuCl2, Cu deposits on the zinc strip at it begins to dissolve. It is shown as
the color of the copper ion solution starts to fade. The reaction is represented by
the following equation:

Zn(s) + Cu+2 (aq)  Cu(s) + Zn+2 (aq)

This setup does not generate electric current because the reactants are in
direct contact with each other. To produce electrical energy from this redox
reaction, we need a device to make electrons transfer in an external pathway rather
than directly between reactants. This device is called the galvanic cell, also called
voltaic cell or electrochemical cell.

The Parts of an Electrochemical Cell

The electrochemical cell consists of four main parts:

1. The anode: the compartment where oxidation occurs.
2. The cathode: the compartment where reduction occurs.
3. External pathway to allow the flow of electrons. (This can include a light bulb,
voltmeter, motor, etc.)
4. Salt bridge or porous barrier: allows ions to flow back and forth so that charge
does not build up.

Image credits from: https://ibalchemy.com/9-2/

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In all electrochemical cells:

1. Oxidation occurs at the anode and anions migrate toward the anode within the
cell. In the figure, SO4-2 ions move from the cathode toward the anode.

2. Reduction occurs at the cathode and cations migrate toward the cathode within
the cell. In the figure, Na+ ions are the cations that move toward the cathode.
3. The flow of electrons in the external circuit is from the anode to the cathode. The
electrons lost during oxidation at the anode leave the system through the metal
electrode, flow through the wire in the external circuit then enter the system at the
cathode where electrons are used (gained) during the reduction reaction.

The figure consists of a pair of electrodes suspended in an electrolyte. This time Zn

and CuSO4 are no longer in direct contact. Zn and Cu metals are connected by
wires to a voltmeter, which reads the potential of the cell. The electrodes are
immersed in an electrolyte in which the ions in solution are in equilibrium with the
metal. The electrolyte in the Zn compartment is ZnSO4, while Cu compartment is
CuSO4. Each electrode assembly is called half-cell. The cell compartments can
either be separated by a porous barrier or salt bridge containing an electrolyte,
such as KCl, KNO3, Na2SO4, that does not react with any of the substances in the
cell compartment. The porous boundary or the salt bridge prevents the two
electrolytes from mixing, yet allow free flow of ions from one cell to another to keep
the solutions electrically neutral and to avoid build up of positive and negative
charges, that can cause the reaction to stop.

Image credits from: https://chem.libretexts.org

Electron flows from the anode to the cathode. At the Zn anode, the electrons
released traverse the external circuit to the Cu cathode. As Zn loses electrons to
become Zn+2, a surplus of positive tends to build up around the Zn electrode, while
the region around copper electrode tend to become deficient in positive ions as Cu +2
ions take up the electrons and deposit as Cu. To maintain electrical neutrality, the
anions SO4-2, from the salt bridge move into the anode half-cell, the positive
terminal, while the cations, Na+1 move toward the cathode half-cell the negative
terminal. Generally, anions are attracted to the anode and the cations are attracted
toward the cathode. The reactions occurring in this galvanic cell is summarized by
the following half-reactions and the overall cell reaction.
Half-reaction: A hypothetical reaction that shows only the oxidation or reduction
reaction. This is used to partially balance the oxidation or reduction reaction only.

8
Anode (Oxidation): Zn(s)  Zn+2 (aq) + 2 e-
Cathode (Reduction): Cu+2(aq) + 2e-  Cu(s)
Overall cell reaction: Zn(s) + Cu+2(aq)  Zn+2 (aq) + Cu(s)
To simplify cell descriptions, a shorthand electrochemical notation or cell diagram
is often used. The cell in Figure is abbreviated as:
Zn| Zn+2 (aq)|| Cu+2(aq)|Cu

In this cell notation,

 Oxidation at the anode is written at the left

 Reduction at the cathode is written at the right
 A single vertical line (|) indicates a phase boundary, such as that between a
solid electrode and an aqueous solution.
 A double vertical line (||) indicates a salt bridge or other means of
separating the half-cells

Sample problem:
Give the electronically balanced half-reactions for the ionic reaction,
Ag+(aq) + Mg(s)  Ag(s) + Mg2+(aq)

Solution:
The half-reactions are:

Oxidation half-reaction: Mg(s)  Mg2+(aq), and

Reduction half-reaction: Ag+(aq)  Ag(s)
We then balance the charges in each half-reaction by adding or removing electrons.

Oxidation half-reaction: Mg(s)  Mg2+(aq) + 2e-

Reduction half-reaction: Ag+(aq) + e-  Ag(s)
To be able to add the two reactions and come up with the given reaction, the loss
and gain of electrons must be balanced. We therefore have to multiply the
reduction half-cell by 2, to get:
Oxidation half-reaction: Mg(s)  Mg2+(aq) + 2e-
Reduction half-reaction: 2 Ag+ + 2 e-  2 Ag(s)
And the overall reaction becomes:
Mg(s) + 2 Ag+(aq)  Mg2+(aq) + 2 Ag(s)

Electrochemical notation:

Mg|Mg2+(aq)||2 Ag+(aq)|2 Ag
Reduction Potential, Oxidation Potential, and Cell Potential

Reduction potential (also known as redox potential, oxidation/reduction

potential, or Eh) measures the tendency of a chemical species to acquire electrons
and thereby be reduced. Reduction potential is measured in volts (V) or millivolts
(mV). Each species has its own intrinsic reduction potential. The more positive the
potential, the greater the species’ affinity for electrons, or the more the species
tends to be reduced.

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 Reduction Half-Reaction Standard Reduction Potential (V)
F2(g)+2e- → 2F-(aq) +2.87
S2O82-(aq)+2e- → 2SO42-(aq) +2.01
O2(g)+4H+(aq)+4e- → 2H2O(l) +1.23
Br2(l)+2e- → 2Br-(aq) +1.09
Ag+(aq)+e- → Ag(s) +0.80
Fe3+(aq)+e- → Fe2+(aq) +0.77
I2(l)+2e- → 2I+(aq) +0.54
Cu2+(aq)+2e- → Cu(s) +0.34
Sn4+(aq)+2e- → Sn2+(aq) +0.15
S(s)+2H+(aq)+2e- → H2S(g) +0.14
2H+(aq)+2e- → H2(g) 0.00
Sn2+(aq)+2e- → Sn(g) -0.14
V3+(aq)+e- → V2+(aq) -0.26
Fe2+(aq)+2e- → Fe(s) -0.44
Cr3+(aq)+3e- → Cr(s) -0.74
Zn2+(aq)+2e- → Zn(s) -0.76
Mn2+(aq)+2e- → Mn(s) -1.18
Na+(aq)+e- → Na(s) -2.71
Li+(aq)+e- → Li(s) -3.04
Reduction potential chart. Credits from: https://chem.libretexts.org/
Oxidation potential (electrode potential, reduction potential; E θ) The energy
change, measured in volts, required to add or remove electrons to or from an
element or compound. The reference reaction is the removal of electrons from
hydrogen in a standard hydrogen half-cell (i.e. H2(gas) at 1 atm pressure delivered
to a 1.0 M solution of H+ ions at 25°C, into which a platinum electrode has been
inserted): H2 → 2H+ + 2e−, This energy change is given the value of zero. The
oxidation potential of other species are determined relatively by measuring the
potential difference between a half-cell containing an aqueous solution of the
oxidized and reduced forms of the test substance, and the standard hydrogen half-
cell. For example, for Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e−, Eθ = 0.77, for Mn2+ → Mn3+ + e−, Eθ = 1.51.
With decreasing values of oxidation potential, the reduced form of a couple (e.g.
Fe2+) will itself reduce the oxidized form of a couple with a higher oxidation
potential (e.g. Mn3+). The oxidation potentials obtained under these controlled
conditions are called standard electrode potentials, or sometimes standard
reduction potentials.
In a galvanic cell, current is produced when electrons flow externally
through the circuit from the anode to the cathode because of a difference in
potential energy between the two electrodes in the electrochemical cell. In the
Zn/Cu system, the valence electrons in zinc have a substantially higher potential
energy than the valence electrons in copper because of shielding of the s electrons
of zinc by the electrons in filled d orbitals. Hence electrons flow spontaneously from
zinc to copper(II) ions, forming zinc(II) ions and metallic copper. Just like water
flowing spontaneously downhill, which can be made to do work by forcing a
waterwheel, the flow of electrons from a higher potential energy to a lower one can
also be harnessed to perform work.

10
 The measured potential of a cell also depends strongly on the concentrations
of the reacting species and the temperature of the system. To develop a scale of
relative potentials that will allow us to predict the direction of an electrochemical
reaction and the magnitude of the driving force for the reaction, the potentials for
oxidations and reductions of different substances must be measured under
comparable conditions. To do this, chemists use the standard cell potential (E°cell),
defined as the potential of a cell measured under standard conditions—that is, with
all species in their standard states (1 M for solutions, concentrated solutions of
salts (about 1 M) generally do not exhibit ideal behavior, and the actual standard
state corresponds to an activity of 1 rather than a concentration of 1 M. Corrections
for non ideal behavior are important for precise quantitative work but not for the
more qualitative approach that we are taking here. 1 atm for gases, pure solids or
pure liquids for other substances) and at a fixed temperature, usually 25°C.

The potential of the cell under standard conditions (1 M for solutions, 1 atm for
gases, pure solids or liquids for other substances) and at a fixed temperature (25°C)
is called the standard cell potential (E°cell). Only the difference between the
potentials of two electrodes can be measured.

Explore

Accomplish the activities below. This would help you

strengthen your skills and basic concepts you have learned
in this lesson.
Enrichment Activity 1. What’s my other half?
Direction: Write the oxidation half-reaction and reduction half-reaction, and
shorthand electrochemical notation for the following.
1. Mg + H+  Mg2+ + H2

2. KI + Cl2  KCl + I2

3. Cr+ + Sn4+  Cr3+ + Sn2+

4. 3 Hg2+ + 2 Fe (s)  3 Hg2 + 2 Fe3+

5. 2 As (s) + 3 Cl2 (g)  2 AsCl3

6. NaBr + Cl2  NaCl + Br2

7. Fe2O3 + CO  Fe + CO2

8. CO + I2O5  CO2 + I2

9. 2 Fe3+ (aq) + Sn2+ (aq)  2 Fe 2+ + Sn4+(aq)

10. Chlorine gas oxidises Fe2+ ions to Fe3+ ions. In the process, chlorine is
reduced to chloride ions.

11
Enrichment Activity 2. Define me.

Direction: Using the standard reduction potential concept, explain the following
situations.

1. What is a cell potential?

2. In what way does a galvanic cell becomes an electrolytic cell?
3. What is the difference of oxidation potential to reduction potential?
4. Explain what is cell potential in terms of this formula. E0cell = E0red − E0oxid
5. Explain what is a standard reduction potential, standard oxidation potential
and standard cell potential.

Deepen

Activity: Me, Myself and Galvanic Cell.

1. Where can you relate a galvanic cell (electrochemical cell) in your life? Give
instances in your life that the concepts of galvanic cell is alike. (i.e. I choose
to give and take at the same time, I always stay positive in dealing problems)
You can make use of any output you can think of or any output you are very
much capable of. (i.e. poem, song, drawing, picture, essay, etc.)

The scoring rubric below will be used in assessing your output. Use a
separate sheet to write your answer.

Scoring Rubric

Activity 1 point 3 points 5 points

Organization Did not show Showed some ideas Provided accurate
organized ideas that are aligned with ideas with that are
the concepts in organized manner
Content Showed no concept Showed minimal Showed concepts
at all number of errors that are easy to
throughout the understand and
output, showing explained well
incomplete concepts
Accuracy Did not show any Showed incorrect Showed accurate
correct interpretation ideas and interpretation all
interpretation ranging throughout the
from 1-5 output
Neatness Showed erasures not Showed erasures Showed no erasures
less than 10 ranging from 1-5 at all

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 Gauge

Direction: Choose the best answer. Use a separate sheet for your answers.
1. The redox reaction happening in a galvanic cell permits the flow of what kind
of particle shown in a voltmeter?
A. Electrolyte B. Electrons C. Neutrons D. Protons

2. At what part of electrochemical cell does oxidation reaction happen?

A. Anode B. Cathode C. Electrodes D. Wires

3. What porous material allows ions to flow back and forth so that charge does
not build up?
A. Acid bridge B. Copper bridge C. Salt bridge D. Zinc bridge

4. When Zinc immersed in ZnSO4 electrolyte, it loses electrons. What process

does it undergo?
A. Acidification B. Melting C. Oxidation D. Reduction

5. To maintain electrical neutrality, where does the anions SO 4-2 from the salt
bridge move into?
A. Anode B. Cathode C. Electrodes D. Wires

6. What do you call the diagram or reaction that shows only the oxidation or
reduction reaction?
A. Full-reaction B. Half-reaction C. Galvanic D. Electrolytic

7. Which of the following is a correct product of reduction of Ag+(aq)?

A. 1 electron B. Ag (s) C. Ag +2 D. Ag -2

8. What is the value of reduction potential if it indicates the species tends to be

reduced more than H2 gas?
A. Neutral B. Negative C. Positive D. Unknown

9. The reference reaction is the removal of electrons from an element in a

standard half-cell, what is this element?
A. Helium B. Hydrogen C. Lithium D. Magnesium

10. Electrons flow spontaneously from zinc to copper(II) ions, forming zinc(II)
ions and metallic copper, this is because zinc has higher ____.
A. Potential Energy B. Kinetic energy C. Electrons D. Electrodes

11. Standard cell potential is measured in what specific atmospheric pressure?

A. 1 atm B. 2 atm C. 3 atm D. 4 atm

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12. In determining the standard cell potential, what is measured between the
potentials of the two electrodes?
A. Difference B. Quotient C. Product D. Sum

13. How many electrons does Au lost? Au+(aq) + Ca(s)  Au(s) + Ca2+(aq)
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

14. What is the reaction does Ca undergo? Au+(aq) + Ca(s)  Au(s) + Ca2+(aq)
A. anode B. cathode C. oxidation D. reduction

15. Which of the following shows a correct reduction reaction of the redox
reaction, Au+(aq) + Ca(s)  Au(s) + Ca2+(aq).
A. Au+(aq)  Au(s) B. Au (aq)  Au+(s) C. Ca(s)  Ca2+(aq) D. Ca2+(aq)Ca(aq)

14
 Answer Key

Jumpstart

1. B 6. C 11. C
2. B 7. A 12. B
3. C 8. B 13. C
4. B 9. B 14. A
5. C 10. D 15. C
EXPLORE ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY 1
1. Oxidation half-reaction: Mg(s)  Mg2+(aq) + 2e-
Reduction half-reaction: 2 H+ + 2 e-  H2
Electrochemical notation: Mg|Mg2+(aq)||2 H+(aq)|H2
2. Oxidation half-reaction: Cl2  Cl- + e-
Reduction half-reaction: I- + e-  I2
Electrochemical notation: Cl2|KCl||KI|I2
3. Oxidation half-reaction: Cr+  Cr3+ + 2e-
Reduction half-reaction: Sn4+ + 2e-  Sn2+
Electrochemical notation: Cr+| Cr3+||Sn4+|Sn2+
4. Oxidation half-reaction: 2 Fe (s)  2 Fe 3+ + 6e-
Reduction half-reaction: 3Hg 2+ + 6e-  3 Hg2
Electrochemical notation: 2 Fe (s) | 2 Fe 3+||3Hg 2+|3 Hg2
5. Oxidation half-reaction: 2 As (s)  2 As+3 + 6e-
Reduction half-reaction: 3 Cl2 + 6e-  2 Cl-
Electrochemical notation: 2 As (s) | 2 As+3 ||3 Cl2 |2 Cl-
6. Oxidation half-reaction: Br-  Br2 + 2e-
Reduction half-reaction: Cl2 + 2e-  Cl-
Electrochemical notation: Br- | Br2|| Cl2| Cl-
7. Oxidation half-reaction: O  O-2 + 2e-
Reduction half-reaction: Fe+3 + 3e-  Fe
Electrochemical notation: CO| CO2|| Fe2O3| Fe
8. Oxidation half-reaction: O  O-2 + 2e-
Reduction half-reaction: I-5 + 5e-  I2
Electrochemical notation: CO| CO2|| I2O5| I2
9. Oxidation half-reaction: Sn2+  Sn4+ + 2e-
Reduction half-reaction: 2 Fe3+ + 2e-  2 Fe 2+
Electrochemical notation: Sn2+| Sn4+||2 Fe3+ | 2 Fe 2+
10. Oxidation half-reaction: Fe2+  Fe3+ + e-
Reduction half-reaction: Cl2 + e-  Cl-
Electrochemical notation: Fe2+ | Fe3+ || Cl2| Cl-

Gauge

1. B 5. A 9. B 13. A
2. A 6. B 10. A 14. C
3. C 7. B 11. A 15. A
4. C 8. C 12. A

15
References:
Books:
Ilao, Luciana V., Betty M. Lontoc, Edwehna Elinore S. Paderna-Gayon. General
Chemistry 2: Galvanic Cells. 1st ed. Manila. Rex Book Store, Inc. 2016.

Ilao, Luciana V., Betty M. Lontoc, Edwehna Elinore S. Paderna-Gayon. General

Chemistry 2: Standard Reduction Potentials. 1st ed. Manila. Rex Book Store,
Inc. 2016.

Ayson, Marissa F., Rebecca S. De Borja. General Chemistry 2 Textbook: Galvanic

Cells. Quezon City. Vibal Group, Inc. 2016.

Ayson, Marissa F., Rebecca S. De Borja. General Chemistry 2 Textbook: Standard

Reduction Potential. Quezon City. Vibal Group, Inc. 2016.

Website:

chem.libretexts.org. “Galvanic Cells.” Accessed February 25, 2021.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/UCD_
Chem_002C/UCD_Chem_2C%3A_Larsen/Text/Unit_1%3A_Electrochemistr
y/1.1%3A_Galvanic_Cells
chemistry glossary. “Galvanic Cell.” Accessed February 26, 2021.
https://glossary.periodni.com/glossary.php?en=galvanic+cell

chem.libretexts.org. “Voltaic Cells.” Accessed February 26, 2021.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemen
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chem.libretexts.org. “Voltaic Cells.” Accessed February 26, 2021.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Ch
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_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/20%3A_Electrochemistry/20.3%3A_V
oltaic_Cells

IB Alchemy. “Electrochemical cells.” Accessed February 27, 2021.

https://ibalchemy.com/9-2/
Lumenlearning.com. “Standard Reduction Potentials.” Accessed Febuary 28, 2021.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/standard-
reduction-potentials/
chem.libretexts.org. “Standard Reduction Potential.” Accessed February 28, 2021.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemen
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andard_Reduction_Potential
ScienceDirect. “Oxidation Potential.” Accessed February 28, 2021.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/oxidation-potential

Encyclopedia.com. “Oxidation Potential.” Accessed March 1, 2021.

https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-
and-press-releases/oxidation-potential

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chem.libretexts.org. “Cell Potential Under Standard Conditions.” Accessed March 1,
2021.https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3
A_Chemistry_-
_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/20%3A_Electrochemistry/20.4%3A_C
ell_Potential_Under_Standard_Conditions#:~:text=The%20potential%20of%2
0the%20cell,two%20electrodes%20can%20be%20measured.

Siyavula. “Writing redox and half-reactions.” Accessed March 2, 2021.

https://intl.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-12/electrochemical-
reactions/13-electrochemical-reactions-02

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