Stoichiometric

Calculations for
Reactions in Solutions
ADONIS G. DE JESUS
• Stoichiometry (pronounced stoy-key-OM-uh-tree) is a
section of chemistry that involves using relationships
between reactants and/or products in a chemical reaction to
determine desired quantitative data.
• In Greek, stoikhein means element and metron means
measure, so stoichiometry literally translated means the
measure of elements.
• It is an essential tool in chemistry because it is the heart of
the production of many things used in our daily life.
• The things or commodities we used like soap, shampoo,
tires, fertilizer, gasoline, deodorant, food products like
chocolates, etc. are produced through chemical reaction.
• Here are some important terms to review:
• ✓ Aqueous means dissolved in water, it is written as (aq).
The solvent is water.
• ✓ Aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is
water. Example, a solution of table salt or sodium chloride
or known as salt solution.
• ✓ Solute is the substance that gets dissolved
• ✓ Solution a mixture of solute and solvent (Types: gas -
gas, gas - liquid, gas – solid, liquid – liquid, liquid – solid,
liquid – gas, solid – solid, solid – liquid, and solid - gas).
• ✓ Solvent is the liquid that dissolves solute
• ✓ Concentration means, how much solute is dissolved per
volume of solution.
• ✓ Molarity is the concentration of a substance in solution,
expressed as the number moles of solute per liter of
solution. Its unit is mol/L and it is indicated by M.
• ✓ Molality is the concentration of a substance in solution,
expressed as the number moles of solute per kilogram of
solution. Its unit is mol/kg or molal, indicated as m.
• ✓ Mole is the SI unit of amount of substance of a specified
elementary entity, which may be an atom, molecule, ion,
electron, any other particle or a specified group of such
particles. Its magnitude is set by fixing the numerical value
of the Avogadro constant to be exactly 6.022 x 1023.
• STEPS IN CALCULATING STOICHIOMETRIC
PROBLEMS:
• STEP 1. Balance the equation.
• STEP 2. Convert units of a given substance to moles.
• STEP 3. Using the mole ratio, calculate the moles of
substance yielded by the reaction.
• STEP 4. Convert moles of wanted substance to desired
units.
• Consider this situation.
• Manong Juan and Manang Juana are hardworking farmers in
the Province of La Union. Both of them are aware that in
order to produce ammonia, there is a need to react nitrogen
and hydrogen gas. But they wondered, how much urea
fertilizer can be manufactured from the ammonia? Let’s help
them solve the problem #1 by using the mole concept to get
the amount of the substance (reactant and product), to
balance, and interpret chemical equations.
• Problem # 1. How many moles of N2 are consumed to
produce 3.00 mol NH3?

• Look at the equation below.

• N2 + H2  NH3

• IS THE EQUATION BALANCE?

• Following Step 1.

• You need to balance the equation, N2 + H2  NH3.

• It becomes:

• N2 + 3H2  2NH3
• STEP 2. Convert units of a given substance to moles. Use
the Factor Method. Given: 3.00 mol NH3

• Required: ? mol N2
• STEP 4. Convert moles of wanted substance to desired
units. Since the unit required is mole, the final answer is 1.5
mol N2.
• To further compute related problems other than mole-to-
mole calculation. You may refer to the figures below. Just
analyze the problem and find out which among the
processes is applicable.
• Problem #2. Propane (C3H8) reacts with Oxygen gas to
form Carbon Dioxide and water.
• A. If 2.8 moles of Propane reacts with excess Oxygen gas
how many grams of CO2 will be formed?
• B. How many grams of Oxygen gas will completely react
with 3.8 moles of Propane?
• C. If 25 g of C3H8 reacts with excess Oxygen, how many
moles of water will be formed?
• D. If 38 g of water are produced in the reaction, how many
moles of CO2 were produced?