Chapter 3 Part 2

Sections 3.7 – 3.12

 3.7 The Mole
Learning Objectives:

1. Calculate the number of moles from the number of particles and

vice versa.
Counting Atoms
• To simplify counting atoms, we refer to the number of atoms with the
unit, the __________.

• 1 mole is the same number of atoms in exactly 12 g of the pure

isotope, ___________.

• 1 mole of atoms = 6.022142 × 1023 atoms

Using the Mole to Count Items
• 1 dozen bagels = 12 bagels

• 1 mole of bagels = 6.022 × 1023 bagels

• 1 mole of C atoms = 6.022 × 1023 C atoms

• 1 mole of Ca atoms = 6.022 × 1023 Ca atoms
• 1 mole of molecules = 6.022 × 1023 molecules

• Using the mole as our unit eliminates the need for very large numbers.
NA Can be Used as a Conversion Factor
• NA can be used to convert # of moles to # of atoms.
 6.022  10 23 atoms 
 
 1 mole 
• NA can be used to convert # of atoms to # of moles.
 1 mole 
 
 6.022  10 atoms 
23
Learning Check: Complete the Following
Conversions
• How many atoms are in 0.300 moles of sodium?

• 1.2 × 1023 sodium atoms equals how many moles?

Moles of atoms in a compound
One mole of any chemical compound is one mole of its chemical
formula unit
• Ex: one mole of methane (CH4) is one mole of CH4 ______________,
containing one mole of carbon __________ and four moles of
hydrogen ________.

• One mole of sodium chloride (NaCl) contains one mole each of Na+
ions and Cl- ions.
Learning Check
• How many moles of each atom are present in 4 moles of CCl4?

• How many carbon atoms are in 4 moles of CCl4?

 3.8 Molar Mass
Learning Objectives:

1. Convert between mass and number of moles using molar mass.

Calculating Molar Mass (MM) for
Compounds
• To find the molar mass of a compound: add together the molar
masses of all its elements and take into account the number of moles
of each element present.
• Ex. Calculate the MM for O2.

 2 mol O  16.00 g O 
    32.00 g/mol O 2
 1 mol O 2  1 mol O 
MM of O 2  32.00 g/mol
Learning Check
• Calculate the MM of sodium nitrate.
Learning Check
A gold medal from the Olympics held in 2021 is made of silver and
plated with 0.0305 mol of gold. How many grams of pure gold were
used to make each of these medals?
MM Can Be Used as a Conversion Factor
• MM can be used to convert mass to # of moles.
 1 mole Compound 
 
 XX.XX g Compound 
• MM can be used to convert # of moles to mass.
 XX.XX g Compound 
 
 1 mole Compound 
Learning Check
• What is the mass in grams of 5.73 × 1023 CCl4 molecules?
Determining Moles of Each Element
Within a Compound
• Mass-mole-number calculations often involve atoms within a compound as well
as the compound itself.

• The chemical formula provides the link between moles of a compound and the
number of moles of the compound's individual elements.

• ______________ can be used as a conversion factor.

Molar Ratio Can be Used as a Conversion
Factor
• Molar ratio can be used to convert # of moles of compound to # of
moles of each element.
 XX mol Element   XX atoms Element 
or
   
 1 mol Compound   1 molecule Compound 
• Molar ratio can be used to convert # of moles of each element to # of
moles of compound.
 1 mol Compound  or  1 molecule Compound 
 
 XX mol Element   XX atoms Element 
Learning Check
• Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) is used as fertilizer and ranks among the top industrial chemicals
produced in the U.S. How many moles of nitrogen atoms are present in a 1.00-pound bag of
NH4NO3 fertilizer? How many atoms is this? (1 pound = 453.6 g)
Determining Chemical Formulas
• Molecular chemical formulas can be determined by first determining
a compound’s
•
•
 3.9 Percent Composition
Learning Objectives:

1. Calculate the percent composition by mass of a compound based on

its chemical formula.
Mass Percent Composition
• The ____________________ is the mass of each element present in 100 g of a
compound.
• Calculate mass percent composition by dividing the mass of each element by the total
mass and multiplying by 100 %.
• Ex. Water (H2O)  16.00 g O 
 100 %   88.81 % O
 18.02 g Total 
 2.016 g H 
 (100 %)  11.19 % H
 18.02 g Total 

• Determining the mass percent of each element in a compound is also described as

___________________.
Learning Check
How many grams of copper are in 20.0 g of copper sulfate
pentahydrate, CuSO4·5H2O?
 3.10 Empirical Formulas
Learning Objectives:

1. Determine the empirical formula of a compound from percent

composition or other mass-ratio data.
Empirical Formulas
• Empirical formula: The chemical formula for a compound that uses
the ____________________________ of the atoms in the compound
• If an empirical formula is CH4O, the actual chemical formula will either
be the same as the empirical formula or will be a _________
______________________of the empirical formula
• Examples:
Mass ratios of elements in a compound
Suppose we have a 20.0 g sample of an unknown compound.
A chemical analysis indicated that it contained 1.34 g H, 8.00 g C, and
10.7 g O.
We could use this information to determine its empirical formula:
Steps for determining empirical formula
Step Example:
A sample contains 39.2 g P and 60.8 g S.
1. Convert the mass of each element to moles of
each element using molar mass. Step 1 provides the
mole ratio between the atoms of the compound

2. Convert the mole ratios to whole numbers by

dividing all of the mole ratios by the smallest one.

3. If the subscripts are still not whole numbers at this

point, convert to whole numbers by multiplying all of
the subscripts by the same small whole number
(usually 2, 3, or 4).
Empirical formulas for ionic compounds
• Most ionic compounds are identified by their empirical formulas
• This is because ionic compounds are repeating patterns of ions
• Examples:
Learning Check
Analysis of ibuprofen, the active ingredient in several over-the-counter pain relievers, shows that it
contains 75.7% carbon, 8.8% hydrogen, and 15.5% oxygen. The mass spectrum of ibuprofen shows
that its molar mass is less than 210 g/mol. Determine the empirical formula of this compound.
 3.11 Molecular Formulas
Learning Objectives:

1. Determine the molecular formula of a compound from its percent

composition and molar mass data.
2. Determine the molecular formula of a compound from its empirical formula
and molar mass data.
Going back to the ibuprofen example:
Analysis of ibuprofen, the active ingredient in several over-the-counter pain relievers, shows that it
contains 75.7% carbon, 8.8% hydrogen, and 15.5% oxygen. The mass spectrum of ibuprofen shows
that its molar mass is less than 210 g/mol. Determine the empirical formula of this compound.
Empirical formula:

Is this the molecular formula?

Example: Finding molecular formula from
empirical formula
The empirical formula of hydrazine is NH2, and its molecular mass is 32.0 g/mol.
What is its molecular formula?
Steps for determining molecular formula
from empirical formula
1. Calculate n by dividing the molecular formula mass by the mass of
the predicted empirical formula
molecular formula mass
n
empirical formula mass

2. Multiply the empirical formula subscripts by n

• Ex. Empirical formula = AxBy
Molecular formula = An×xBn×y.
Learning Check
The empirical formula for a certain compound a molar mass of 180.16
g/mol is CH2O. Determine the molecular formula for this compound.
 3.12 Combustion Analysis
Learning Objectives:

1. Determine the empirical formula for a compound based on data

from a combustion analysis, in which the carbon in the compound is
converted to carbon dioxide and the hydrogen is converted to water.
Combustion Analysis
• When a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen or carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen is burned in O2, CO2 and H2O are released.
• Ex. 2 C4H10 + 5 O2 → 8 CO2 + 10 H2O
• Combustion analysis is a lab technique to help determine the empirical formula
of a chemical compound

Combustion analysis apparatus

Combustion analysis: determining mass of
C in the original sample
• Ex. 2 C4H10 + 5 O2 → 8 CO2 + 10 H2O
• CO2 product contains every C atom that was reacted in the original
sample
• Use the mass of CO2 produced to determine mass of C reacted
Combustion analysis: determining mass of
H in the original sample
• Ex. 2 C4H10 + 5 O2 → 8 CO2 + 10 H2O
• H2O product contains every H atom that was reacted in the original
sample
• Use the mass of H2O produced to determine mass of H reacted

• Once the masses of C and H are known, the empirical formula can be
determined
 Example
Naphthalene is a white solid that consists only of carbon and hydrogen. It was once used as the
active ingredient in mothballs. When combustion analysis was carried out on a 5.00 g sample
of naphthalene, 17.17 g CO2 and 2.81 g H2O were produced. If the molar mass of naphthalene
is 128.17 g/mol, what is the molecular formula of naphthalene?
Steps to Complete Combustion Analysis-
Based Empirical Formula Problems
• Combustion analysis can be used to determine __________________ of carbon-
containing compounds.
• Grams of C calculated from amount of CO2
• Grams of H calculated from amount of H2O
• Mass of oxygen is calculated by difference:
• g O = g sample – ( g C + g H )

C4H8O2 + 5 O2 → 4 CO2 + 4 H2O

Learning Check
In a quantitative analysis study, 4.624 grams of a hydrocarbon compound yielded
13.84 g of CO2 and 7.556 g of H2O in a combustion analysis apparatus. Determine
the empirical formula of the compound.