FOLDING AND

FAULTING
■ Earth’s surface us composed of tectonic plate that are constantly
moving.
■ Tectonic plates experience different types of forces;
* Tension
* Compresion
Tension - occurs when the plates are pulled apart causing either an
elongation or a breakage in the crust.
Tensions forces formed
Volcaninc Islands, Mid- ocean ridge
Compression – occurs when the plates are pushed toward each other
causing them to crash.
■ Compression forces formed
* Mountain, earthquake are formed
When the Earth’s crust is pushed together via compression forces, it can
experience geological processes called folding and faulting.
Because of compression forces the rocks may bend or break.
The bending of rocks is called folding.

Folding - it results from the compression of rock because of high

temperature and pressure from the interior of Earth.

Bending, curving, crumpling, or buckling of rocks into folds are usually

visible on rock strata. Folding can also happen in oceans and seas.
Different Types of Folding

1. Monocline – it is a step like fold in rock strata consisting of a zone of

steeper dip within an otherwise horizontal or gently dipping sequence.
■ Example of Monocline at Colorado Movement
2. Anticline – it is a type of fold that is an arch like shape ( upward bend
).
Example of Anticline
Road cut inNew Jersey Road and Weathered marble anticline at General
Carreva lake Chile.
3. Syncline ( downward bend ) – it is a downward fold of rock.
Syncline formed when tectonic plates move toward each other,
compressing the crust and forcing it upward.
Example of Syncline
Navajo Sandstone, Upheaval Dome, Canyon lands National Park, Utah.
4. Overtuned - it happens when one fold is pushed over the other limb
due to increasing pressure.
Example of Overtuned
Wasatch Mountains of USA
5. Recumbent – it is an extreme type of overtuned fold in which the
axial plane acquires an almost horizontal altitude.
Example of Recumbent
Recumbent Fold At Godrevy in Cornwall
Fault – is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock.
Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other. This movement
may occur rapidly, in the form of an earthquake or may occur slowly in
the form of creep.

Faulting happens when Earth’s crust completely breaks and slides past
each other.
Three Types of Faults
1. Normal Fault – it occurs when rocks is being pulled apart due to
tension force.
In this type of fault, rock generally moves down
Example of Normal Fault
2. Reverse Fault – this happens when rock is being squeezed due to
compression force.
This type of fault rock generally moves up.
Example of Reverse Fault
Rocky Mountains of Himalayas
3. Strike – Slip Fault – are vertical ( or newrly vertical ) fractures where
the block have mostly moved horizontally. The cause of strike – slip fault
earthquakes is due to the movement of the two plates againts one another
and the release of built up strain.
Example of Strike – slip Fault
San Andres Fault in California
Assessment
1.It is a fracture or zone of fractures between to blocks of rock.
A. Fault C. Monoclin
B. Fold D. Normal Fault
2. Occurs when the earth’s crust bend away from a flat surface is called?
A. Fault C. Monocline
B. Fold D. Normal Fault
3. The downward fold of the rock is called?
A. Fault C. Syncline
B. Fold D. Recumbent
4. It is called the upward fold.
A. Recumbent C. Syncline
B. Strike-slip fault D. Anticline
5. Rocky Mountains of Himalayas is an example of?
A. Reverse Fault C. Normal Fault
B. Strike-slip Fault D. Fault
6. It is an extreme type of overturned fold in which the axial plane acquires an almost
horizonta altitude.
A. Overturned C. Monocline
B. Recumbent D. Syncline
7. It occurs when rocks is being pulled apart due to tension force is called?
A. Reverse Fault C. Normal Fault
B. Strike-slip Fault D. Monocline
9. Happens when Earth’s crust completely breaks and slides past each other is known?
A. Folding C. Tension
B. Compresssion D. Folding
For 2 points give the complete name of our subject teacher in
Earth and Science.
THAT’S ALL THANKYOU!!