Processes and

Landforms
Along Plate Tectonics
 This occurs at an ocean
Convergence trench (Figure below).
Subduction zones are where
Ocean-Continent subduction takes place.
Oceanic crust may collide with
a continent. The oceanic plate
is denser, so it undergoes
subduction. This means that
the oceanic plate sinks beneath
the continent.
 When two oceanic plates collide, the
Two Oceanic denser plate sinks below the other
plate, causing subduction. The
Plate subducting plate turns into magma
The collision between two in the mantle and builds up
oceanic plates will cause pressure, forming a volcano. This
process is continuous and the
subduction, formation of volcano moves with the plate as it
volcanoes, volcanic moves. The volcano becomes extinct
island arc, tsunamis, and when it is no longer above the
magma deposit in the mantle, and a
earthquake. new volcano is formed.
This series of volcanoes is called
volcanic island arc since it is
surrounded by water. This
explains why the Philippines is
mostly loaded with volcanoes.
The different islands were
believed to have originated from
the convergence of two oceanic
crusts.
This series of volcanoes is called
volcanic island arc since it is
surrounded by water. This
explains why the Philippines is
mostly loaded with volcanoes.
The different islands were
believed to have originated from
the convergence of two oceanic
crusts.
These volcanic islands are always
accompanied by trenches. A trench is a
depression in the ocean floor where one plate
is subducting under another plate. Hence,
there is the Marianas Trench (east of the
Marianas), Philippine Trench (east of the
Philippines), and Java Trench (south of
Indonesia). The Philippines is an island arc.
• When two oceanic plates
collide, stress can build up
along the plate boundary.
This stress is released during
an earthquake, causing a
vertical displacement of the
seafloor. The movement of
the ocean floor creates a
disturbance in the water
(water disturbance) column,
generating a powerful wave
called a tsunami that travels
across the ocean.
•Therefore, the collision
of two oceanic plates
can cause earthquakes
that trigger tsunamis by
displacing water
through seismic activity.
 When a part of the
CONVERGENCE OF lithosphere is pushed from
Two continental plates opposite directions if
When two continental crusted plates converge,
crumples, bending upward.
This process is called folding.
they eventually collide and end up producing
mountains; this was how the Himalayan
Mountain were created. Neither continental ~The boundary
crust will subduct underneath one another between the once two
because of their similar densities.
separate plates is
called a suture
 The formation of the Himalayas
When two continental plates
began about 40 to 50 million
converge, a collision zone is formed. years ago when two large land
Subduction does not occur in this masses, India and Eurasia,
type of convergence because both collided.
plates have low density. No trenches,
volcanoes, or island arcs are created
during this process. Instead, tall
mountain ranges are formed.
• Since subduction is not possible between two
colliding continental plates, pressure is
released by pushing the crust upward,
forming the Himalayan peaks. Shallow
earthquakes are also associated with the
collision of continental plates.
HOW DO YOU THINK MOST TALL MOUNTAINS IN
THE WORLD ARE FORMED?
HOW DO YOU THINK MOST TALL MOUNTAINS IN THE WORLD
ARE FORMED?

When two continental plates converge without

subduction, the crust buckles and is pushed upward,
forming mountain ranges and other.
Divergent Plate Boundary
What is a Divergent Boundary?
What is a Divergent Boundary?
Divergent plate boundaries
are locations where plates
are moving away from one
another. This occurs above
rising convection currents.
Two major types of Divergent
Boundary:
Two major types of Divergent
Boundary:

Continental and
continental lithosphere

Oceanic and oceanic

lithosphere
Continental and
continental lithosphere

Continental lithosphere is
thicker than its oceanic
counterpart, and does not
subduct.
Oceanic and oceanic
lithosphere

Oceanic lithosphere is
associated with oceanic crust,
and is slightly denser than
continental lithosphere.
Transform Boundary
What is Transform BOUNDARY?
 Transform
boundaries are
boundary where
2 plates slide
sideways past each
other.
 At transform
boundaries
lithosphere is
neither created
nor destroyed.
The fracture zone
that transform plate
boundary is known
as transform fault.
Example of a
Transform boundary
San Andreas fault
San Andreas fault
San Andreas fault

These two plates

slide past each other
at a rate about 6
centimeters
(cm) per year.
What are the three main types of faults?
 What are the three main types of faults?

Normal Fault
 What are the three main types of faults?

Normal Fault Reverse Fault

 What are the three main types of faults?

Normal Fault Reverse Fault Strike-slip Fault

Normal Fault
(extensional)
Normal Fault
(extensional)

A normal fault has a

hanging wall that
moves downward.
Normal Fault
(extensional)

This is the most common type

of fault. It forms when rock
above an inclined fracture
plane moves downward,
sliding along the rock on the
other side of the fracture.
Normal Fault
(extensional)

Normal faults are often

found along divergent
plate boundaries, such
as under the ocean
where new crust is
forming.
Reverse Fault
(compressional)
Reverse Fault
(compressional)

A reverse fault has a

hanging wall that
moves upward.
Reverse Fault
(compressional)

So when one side of

the fault does go up
instead of down, it is
called a reverse fault.
Reverse Fault
(compressional)

The block above the

fault moves up relative
to the block below the
fault.
Reverse Fault
(compressional)

This fault motion is

caused by
compressional forces
and results in
shortening.
Strike-slip
(Shearing)
fault
 Strike-slip
(Shearing)
fault
How is a strike-slip fault formed?
A strike slip fault is
caused by a build-up
of stress that is
released when two
rocks slide past one
another.
 Strike-slip
(Shearing)
fault
This stress is known as
shearing stress which is a
type of stress that is parallel
to a particular surface, such
as the two blocks of rock in
a strike slip fault.
 Strike-slip
(Shearing)
fault

Strike-slip faults are

vertical (or nearly
vertical) fractures where
the blocks have mostly
moved horizontally.
 Strike-slip
(Shearing)
fault
If the block opposite an
observer looking across the
fault moves to the right, the
slip style is termed right-
lateral; if the block moves to
the left, the motion is
termed left-lateral.
Strike-slip
(Shearing)
fault

Strike-slip faults can be

classified in two ways:
left lateral strike-slip
faults or right lateral
strike-slip faults.
Two types of Strike-slip fault
Two types of Strike-slip fault
 A left-lateral strike-
slip fault is one on
which the
displacement of the
far block is to the left
when viewed from
either side
 A right-lateral strike-
slip fault is one on
which the
displacement of the far
block is to the right
when viewed from
either side.
QUIZ TIME

GOOD LUCK!!!!!
Questions:
1. A _________ is a depression in the ocean floor where one plate is
subducting under another plate.
2. The volcano becomes ______ when it is no longer above the
magma deposit.
3. The movement of the ocean floor creates a ________ in the water
generating a powerful wave called tsunami.
4. In convergence of two continental plates, subduction ceases for this
particular type of converge because both plates are ________.
5. The boundary between the once two separate plates is called a
_________.
Questions:
6. Subduction does not occur at which convergent
boundary?
7. What is formed when two oceanic plates diverge with
each other.
8. The fracture zone that transforms plate boundary is
known as _______.
9. The boundary where 2 plates slides sideways past each
other.
10. San Andreas fault is an example of _________.
Questions:
11. It is the most common type of fault
a. reverse fault c. strike-slip fault
b. normal fault d. commonental fault
12. One of which the displacement of the far back block is to the
right when viewed from either side.
a. strike-slip fault c. left-lateral strike-slip fault
b. right-lateral strike-slip fault d. left-lateral
13. One side of the fault goes up instead of down.
a. reverse fault c. slide fault
b. normal fault d. strike-slip fault
Questions:
14. It is a chain of volcanoes developed parallel to a trench or a crack
under the ocean.
a. Mountain range c. volcanic Island arc
b. Volcanoes d. mountainous

15. Locations where plates are moving away from one another.
a. Divergent plate boundaries c. Convergent Boundaries
b. Transform Boundaries d. Continental Boundaries
Questions:
16. The process by which new oceanic crust is formed at mid-oceanic
ridges and spreads outwards, pushing older crust away from the ridge.
a. continental and continental lithosphere
b. seafloor spreading
c. divergent boundary
d. oceanic and oceanic lithosphere
17.Here are the results of divergent boundaries except.
a. mid- ocean ridges c. volcanic island
b. seafloor spreading d. shearing
Questions:
18.A process that new materials from the mantle may push the old
ones, the filled up space between the plates?
a. Seafloor spreading c. Divergent Boundary
b. Rift valley d. boundary
19. It is otherwise know as an underwater mountain.
a. oceanic ridge c. hill
b. trench d. volcanic island
20. It is a chain of volcanoes developed parallel to a trench or a crack
under the ocean.
a. mountain range b. volcanoes c. volcanic island arc d.
mountainous
Answers:
1. Trench
2. Extinct
3. Disturbance
4. Less dense
5. Suture
6. Convergence of two continental plate
boundary/continental-continental
Answers:
7. Mid-ocean ridge 16. B
8. Transform fault 17. D
9. Transform boundary 18. A
10. Transform boundary 19. A
11. B 20. C
12. B
13. A
14. C
15. A