EARTH SCIENCE

QUARTER 1 - MODULE 10

SUBMITTED BY:
Rhea Cristle H. Labajo
 Direction: Identify what is being asked in each number and write the answer in
your notebook.

Stress 1. It is the force per unit area that is placed on a rock.

Fault 2. It is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock.
Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other.

For numbers 3-5, identify the major type of fault represented by each picture.

3. Normal 4. Reverse 5. Strike-slip

Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE i f i t i s incorrect. Write your
answers on your notebook.

TRUE 1. The two main categories of igneous rocks are extrusive and intrusive.
TRUE 2. Igneous rocks can have many different compositions, depending on th ecooled
magma where they are formed.
TRUE 3. When lava comes out of a volcano and solidifies into extrusive igneous rock, or
volcanic rock, the rock cools very quickly.
TRUE 4. Intrusive rocks, also called plutonic rocks, cool slowly without even reaching the
surface.
TRUE 5. Igneous rocks form when magma (molten rock) cools and crystallizes, either at
volcanoes on the surface of the Earth or while the melted rock is still inside the crust,
 ACTIVITY 1

YOUR FAULTS AND FOLDS

Now that you have learned about the folds and faults and the type of forces that causes
it, compare Faults from Folds, and Stress from Strains by filling up the Venn diagram
below.

A fold is described as a curvature in

A fault is a fracture or a series of
fractures occurring between two
blocks of rock, enabling them to
move in relation to each other. This
movement can manifest rapidly,
causing an earthquake, or gradually
through a process known as creep.
Faults vary in length, ranging from a
few meters to as much as 1000
kilometers. It's important to note that
the rupture along a fault during an
earthquake may not always follow a
straight or continuous line.
rock resulting from compressional
forces. These folds are particularly
evident in layered rock formations.
When rocks undergo plastic
Caused by geological deformation due to compressive
stresses, they fold, taking on a
processes or movements
of the Earth's crust. crumpled appearance based on their
material composition. Importantly,
they do not revert to their initial state,
and the deformation occurs
gradually. With increased stress,
rocks might undergo additional
folding or even fracture.

Strain occurs in a solid

when stress is
applied, resulting in a
Stress refers to Its unit is identical change in its shape.
to pressure, which The extent of this
the applied force deformation, or strain,
on an object. is expressed in
can vary depending
N/m². on the specific
characteristics of the
solid subjected to the
stress.

YOU ARE AN AMAZING LEARNER!

 ACTIVITY 2

I WAS FORMED BY YOU

Direction: Look on each picture given below. Briefly explain how these geological
processes in Earth occurs. Write the answer in your notebook.

GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES HOW DOES IT OCCURS?

An anticline is a folded geological
structure that rises in an arch
shape. The rocks incline outward
from the fold's central point. The
most ancient rocks are located at
the core of the anticline, with
progressively younger rocks
1. overlaying them.
https://slideplayer.com/slide/13801605/

A syncline is a folded rock

structure characterized by a
downward bending.
2.
https://slideplayer.com/slide/13801605/

A monocline is a straightforward
curvature in the rock layers,
causing them to deviate from a
horizontal orientation.
3.
https://slideplayer.com/slide/13801605/

Reverse faulting occurs when

compressional forces act on the
Earth's crust, causing the
hanging-wall block to move
upward and over the footwall
block. When this reverse slip
4. takes place on a gently inclined
plane, it is specifically termed
HTTP://WWW.GEOLOGYPAGE.COM/2017/10/THREE-MAIN-TYPES-FAULTS.HTML thrust faulting.

Normal Faulting happens when

the Earth's crust undergoes
tensional forces, causing the
upper block (hanging wall) to
5. move downward relative to the
lower block (footwall).

HTTP://WWW.GEOLOGYPAGE.COM/2017/10/THREE-MAIN-TYPES-FAULTS.HTML
 ACTIVITYY 3
The Fault

Directions: Complete the table below. Write your answer in your notebook.
HTTP://WWW.GEOLOG YPAGE.COM/2017/10/THREE-MAIN-TYPES-FAULTS .HTML
Describe
each
picture
according
to the
required
criteria

Type of
Tension Compression Shear
Stress

Type of
Normal Reverse Strike-slip
Fault

Type of
Divergent Convergent Transform
Boundary
Occurs when the Earth's crust Occurs when the crust is being A dip-slip fault is characterized
What is undergoes tension, causing the compressed in which the hanging- by a vertically oriented fault
happening upper block (hanging-wall) to wall block moves up and over the
footwall block - reverse slip on a
plane, while strike-slip faults
arise from shear stresses.
move downward relative to the
? lower block (footwall). gently inclined plane is referred to
as thrust faulting.

A. Read the comic strip. Answer the

following question.
Created using: https://www.storyboardthat.com/storyboard-creator

Guide Questions:

1. How do you think fault mountain, fold mountain and volcanoes were formed? Write
your answer on the table given below.

FAULT MOUNTAIN FOLD MOUNTAIN VOLCANO

When a fault block is elevated
or inclined, it can lead to the
formation of block mountains.
Elevated sections are referred
to as horsts, while lowered
sections are known as
grabens. Tensional forces arise
from the spreading apart of the
surface. If these forces become
sufficiently intense to induce a
plate to separate, it occurs in a
manner where a central block
descends in relation to its
flanking blocks.
When tectonic plates collide or
undergo subduction, where
one plate rides over another,
they often experience buckling
and folding, resulting in the
formation of mountains. The
majority of prominent
continental mountain ranges
are linked to the processes of
thrusting and folding.
The shifting of tectonic plates
gives rise to volcanoes at their
boundaries, leading to the
formation of mountains through
eruptions. A volcanic arc
system emerges as a
sequence of volcanoes near a
subduction zone, where the
sinking crust of an oceanic
plate undergoes melting.

2. Due to the need of space for the industrialization of our community, as a Senior
High School student, how can you help in protecting the mountains and
volcanoes near your place?
To protect mountains and volcanoes during industrialization, raise community
awareness, advocate for eco-friendly practices, collaborate with authorities
for protective regulations, support conservation organizations, monitor and
report violations, promote sustainable tourism, engage the local community in
conservation, and contribute to research on their ecological value. These
actions collectively aim to balance industrial development with the
preservation of these crucial natural landscapes.
GEOLOGICALLY YOURS
Direction: Answer the crossword puzzle below. Write your answer in your
notebook.

1. ELASTIC DEFORMATION
2. REVERSE FAULTING
3. STRAIN
4. CONFINING STRESS
5. FAULT
6. FOLD
7. COMPRESSION
8. SYNCLINE
9. FRACTURE
10. MONOCLINE

Folding and faulting are geological processes driven by tectonic forces

that shape the Earth's crust. Folding results from compressional forces,
leading to the bending of rock layers into structures like anticlines and
synclines. Faulting involves the breaking and movement of rocks along
fault lines, with types such as normal, reverse, and strike-slip faults.
These processes play a crucial role in forming landscapes, such as
mountain ranges, and provide insights into Earth's tectonic history.
Examples include the Himalayas, formed through intense folding, and
the San Andreas Fault, a significant strike-slip fault in California.

I currently don't have any specific questions or concerns to address

with my teacher at the moment.
THE FAULT FINDER
The image below shows a fault. Follow these steps to interpret the forces that caused it, label
each item.

 Look for at least one rock layer that appears on both sides of the image.
 Identify the line or zone where that layer is cut. This is the fault.
 Examine the orientation of the fault. Decide which rocks are below and above the
fault. The side below the fault is the footwall. The side above the fault is the hanging
wall.
 Examine how the layer you identified has been offset. If the hanging wall moved
down relative to the footwall, the movement was caused by tension. If the hanging
wall moved up relative to the footwall, the movement was caused by compression.
 Tension (stretching) causes normal faults. Compression (pushing together)
causes reverse faults
Directions: Identify what is being asked in each number. Write your answer in your
notebook.

1. It is the change in a solid's shape caused by the application of a stress.

a. Stress b. Strain c. Fault d. Folds

2. It is defined as a bend in rock that is the response to compressional forces.

a. Stress b. Strain c. Fault d. Folds
3. It occurs when the crust is being compressed in which the hanging-wall block moves
up and over the footwall block – reverse slip on a gently inclined plane is referred to as
thrust faulting.
a. Normal Fault b. Reverse Fault c. Strike-slip Fault d. Shear

4. What type of stress is shown?

WWW.GEOL.UMD.EDU/~JMERCK/GEOL100/LECTURES/21.HTML

a. Tension b. Shear c. Confining d. Compression

5. What type of fault is shown?

WWW.GEOLOGYPAGE.COM/2017/10/THREE-MAIN-TYPES-FAULTS.HTML

a. Normal Fault b. Reverse Fault c. Strike-slip Fault d. Shear

DID YOU GET IT ALL RIGHT? THEN, YOU ARE SUCH A MARVELOUS
LEARNER. LETS’ TRY ANOTHER ACTIVITY.
 Visit The PHIVOLCS Fault Finder website.
(https://faultfinder.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/). Search for the active fault in
your area. You may have a screenshot/photo of your answer in this
activity. Briefly answer the questions that follow. Write your answer in your notebook.

1. What is a Geologic map?

Geologic maps illustrate the arrangement of diverse rock types and
surface deposits, along with the positions of geological features like
faults and folds. These maps serve as the main informational resource
for a range of land-use planning considerations, including the
placement of structures and transportation networks.

2. Why is it important to have an awareness of the fault and folds that are
near in your community?

Recognizing the shortcomings and vulnerabilities within a community

can act as a proactive step in mitigating potential geological hazards.
By fostering an awareness of these issues, the community can
strategize and prepare for potential disasters before they occur. This
includes planning evacuation centers and identifying high-risk areas,
ultimately safeguarding both lives and community resources.