Rock

Structure
with Teacher Perly
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the 60-minute lesson, students should be

able to:
a. identify the three main classes of rock structure;
b. explain the evidence that Earths’s crust is in motion
and has moved
throughout geologic time; and
c. draw a simple block diagram of a normal fault, a thrust
fault, and a strike- slip fault, and show the relative
movement of the rock bodies along each.
 Geologic structures such as
folded and fractured rock layers
resulting from deformation, their
descriptive terminology and the
forces responsible for them.
Deformation
It is the product of such
alteration and due to stress and
strain. Even some small forces
such as twisting, pulling apart
the object, and ripping
 Three Types of Stress

Compressive Tensional
01 Stress 02 Stress
Is caused by forces is caused by forces pulling
pushing together, or away from one another in
squeezing from opposite opposite directions.
directions.

Shear Stress
03 is caused by the flow of
fluid and its value is directly
proportional to the velocity
of the surrounding fluid.
 1
COMPRESSI
ONAL
STRESS
 Compressional Stress
Compressive Stress-is
common along
convergent plate
boundaries.

Typically results in rocks

being deformed by a
shortening strain; either
by bending or folding.
TENSIONAL
STRESS
 Tensional stress

tensional stress is
produced at
divergent plate
boundaries and
results in a
stretching or
extensional strain.
 Shear
Stress
 Shearing Stress

Occurs when
tectonic plates
move past each
other causing rock
to twist or change
shape.
 Behavior of Rocks to Stress and Strain

Elastic
The rock behaves elastically after it was
deformed, it returns to its original shape ( e.
g. a rubber band).
Ductile
The rock behaves in a ductile or plastic
manner if it bends while under stress, but
does not return to its original shape after
relaxation of the stress

Brittle
A rock exhibiting brittle behavior will
fracture at stresses higher than its elastic
limit.
 Structures as a Record of the
Geological Past
Strike – is the compass direction of a line formed by
the intersection of an inclined plane with a horizontal
plane.
- the strike is measured in reference to the northerly
direction by degrees from 0 degree to 90 degree east
or west.
Dip – is measured downward from the horizontal
plane to the bedding plane and perpendicular strike.
The dip is always measured at a right angle to the
strike.
Geometry of
Rock
Structures
-are usually associated with compressive
stress along convergent plate boundaries
but are also commonly formed where rock
has been sheared along a fault.

-used to determine movement of tectonic

plates.

FOLDS
 Fold Nomenclature
3 General Types of Folds:

1. ANTICLINE
An anticline, in its simplest form,
is up-arched strata, with the two
limbs (sides) of the fold dipping
away from the crest. Rocks in
an eroded anticline are
progressively older toward the
interior of the fold
2. Synclines
Synclines, in their simplest form, are
downfolds, or troughs, with the limbs
dipping toward the center. Rocks in an
eroded syncline are progressively
younger toward the center of the fold.
3. Monoclines
Monoclines are folds that
have only one limb; horizontal
or gently dipping beds are
modified by simple steplike
bends.
FOLD & BELTS

Fold Belts. Where contraction is

intense (typically in orogenic belts
at convergent plate boundaries),
the rock layers are deformed into a
series of tight folds in a long linear
belt. The internal geometry of
many fold belts is not exceedingly
complex. In many ways, the folds
resemble the wrinkles in a rug.
 Domes & Basin
Domes and Basins. In contrast to fold
belts at convergent margins, the
sedimentary rocks covering much of
the continental interiors have been
only gently warped into broad domes
and basins many kilometers in
diameter. One large basin covers
practically all of the state of Michigan.
 Joints
Joints
-are tension fractures in brittle rocks
along which no shear has occurred.
They form at low pressure and are
found in almost every exposure.
The simplest and most common
structural features of rocks at
Earth’s surface are cracks or
fractures, known as joints, along
which little displacement (or slip)
has occurred.
Faults
-Faults are fractures in Earth’s crust along which
displacement has occurred. Three basic types
of faults are recognized: (1) normal faults, (2)
reverse faults, and (3) strike-slip faults. Normal
faults are usually the result of extension, thrust
faults the result of horizontal compression, and
strike-slip faults the result of lateral slip.
Reverse (Contractional)
Faults
-Faults in which the hanging
wall has moved up and over
the footwall are reverse
faults.
 Thrust faults
are low-angle reverse faults and
dip at angles less than 45°.
Movement on a thrust fault is
predominantly horizontal, and
displacement can be more than
50 km. Thrust faults result from
horizontal compression with the
maximum stress perpendicular
to the trend of the fault
Strike-Slip Faults
-Strike-slip faults are high-angle
fractures in which slip is
horizontal, parallel to the strike of
the fault plane. Ideally, there is
little or no vertical movement, so
high cliffs do not usually form
along strike-slip faults.
 GENERALIZATION:
Generalization:
1.Deformation of Earth’s crust is well documented in historical times by earthquakes
along faults, by raised beach terraces, and by deformed rock bodies.
2.Rocks deform when applied stress exceeds their strength. They may deform by
ductile flow or brittle fracture. Extensional stress causes rocks to stretch and thin.
Contractional stress causes rocks to shorten and thicken.
3. Joints are fractures in rocks along which there is no horizontal or vertical
displacement.
4. Faults are fractures, along which slippage or displacement has occurred. The three
basic types are (a) normal faults, (b) thrust faults, and (c) strike-slip faults.
5. Folds in rock strata range in size from microscopic wrinkles to large structures
hundreds of kilometers long. The major types of folds are (a) domes and basins
 ACTIVITY

Activity: Rock Structure

Directions: Put your activity in a short bond
paper. 1-inch margin in all sides. Use
coloring materials for the illustration.

1. differentiate faults, joints, and folds.

2. illustrate the three main classes of rock
structure. Discuss it briefly.
 Assignment:
Assignment:
Make a clay model on the three rock structures and label
them.

Criteria:
Creativity- 50%
Cleanliness- 20%
Overall presentation- 30%
Total: 100%

For the preparation on our next demonstration please do

a research and advance reading about landforms. Okay
class, that's all about our topic for today.