EARTH AND

LIFE
SCIENCE
THE FOLDING
AND FAULTING
OF ROCKS
LEARNING COMPETENCY:

Explain how the movement of plates

leads to the formation of folds and
faults.
 LEARNING
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. define folds, faults, stress and strain:

2. explain how the movement of plates leads
to the formation of folds and faults.
PLATE TECTONICS
CONVERGENT
BOUNDARY
plates are
moving
towards each
other.
 DIVERGENT BOUNDARY

plates are
moving away
from each other.
TRANSFORM-FAULT
BOUNDARY
plates are
sliding past
each other.
FOLDS AND
FAULTS IN
ROCKS
 What is a Geologic Fold?

FOLD
defined as a bend in rock due
to compressional forces.
 TYPES OF FOLDS
9%

10% 1.Monocline
2. Anticline
23% 3. Syncline
 MONOCLINE
40%

simple bend
30%in the rock layers
so that they are no longer
horizontal.20%
10%
 ANTICLINE

a fold that arches upward. The

rocks dip away from the
center of the fold.
 SYNCLINE
a fold that bends
downward.
 WHAT IS FAULT?

FAULT
a fracture or zone of fractures
between two blocks of rock.
 Types of Faults
1. Normal Fault
2. Reverse Fault
3. STRIKE-SLIP
FAULT
 NORMAL FAULT
occurs when the crust is being
pulled apart in which the
overlying (hanging-wall)
block moves down with
respect to the lower (foot wall)
block.
 REVERSE FAULT
occurs when the crust is being
compressed in which the
hanging-wall block moves up
over the footwall block.
 STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
a dip-slip fault in which
the dip of the fault plane is
vertical. Strike-slip faults
result from shear stresses.
STRESS AND STRAIN
STRESS
the force applied to an object.
 TYPES OF
STRESS
1. Compression
2. Tension
3. Shearing
 COMPRESSION
force acting perpendicular to and towards a surface.

It happens when rocks squeezes together,

causing rocks to fold or fracture or break.
 TENSION
a force acting perpendicular to and away
from a surface.
When rocks that are pulled apart, they
are under tension. Rocks under tension
lengthen or break apart.
 SHEAR
a force acting parallel to a surface.

When forces are parallel but moving in

opposite directions.
Shearing can cause
masses of rock to
slip.
STRAIN
the change in a solid's shape caused
by the application of a stress.
KINDS OF ROCK
DEFORMATION
1. Elastic Deformation
the rock returns to its original shape
when the stress is removed.
2. Plastic Deformation
takes place when the rock does not return
to its original shape when the stress is
removed.
 3. Fracture
happens when the rock breaks.
Thank you for listening