 As the plates continue to move due to the convection of Earth’s layers, rocks are continuously

exposed to stress. When rocks are subjected to stress, the rocks will eventually undergo
strain or deformation.
 Deformation refers to any change in the shape or size of a rock as a response to the stress.
The deformation may occur by either folding or faulting.
 Folding in rocks occur when they are subjected to tectonic forces from opposite sides.
Folding in rocks often results in the appearance of physical folds called anticline and
syncline.
 Anticlines are folds in which each half of the fold dips away from the crest. Synclines are folds
in which each half of the fold dips toward the trough of the fold.
 If there are no movement on either side of fracture, it is called joint. And if there is any
movement on one or both sides of the fracture, it is called fault.
 Faulting is the result of the fracture or displacement of rock layer or strata along a fault plane.

 A fault shows a displacement of the 2 sides of a nonvertical fault: the hanging wall and the
footwall.
 Dip-slip faults show vertical movement of the hanging wall and footwall (e.g. normal fault &
reverse fault)
 Strike-slip fault shows horizontal & parallel displacements of the fault planes. (e.g. transform
fault)