Problem Set2 Solutions PDF

Problem set # 2
CE 3B03
1. Two identical specimens (4 cm in diameter and 8 cm. high) of a compacted soil were tested
under drained uniaxial compression. The first specimen, tested at the cell pressure of 100kPa,
failed at additional axial load of 0.4kN. The second, tested under the cell pressure of 200kPa,
failed at additional axial load of 0.5kN. Using p − q representation:
(i) determine the strength parameters.
(ii) predict the principal stress at failure for a drained lateral compression test, conducted on
the same material, at the initial confining pressure of 200kPa.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In the following solution σ 1 f is the axial stress and σ 3 f is the lateral stress.
(i) Specimen geometry:
A
4cm
1
A = π *(0.04) 2 = 1.256*10−3 m 2
4 8cm
⇒ for test #1
0.4
Δσ 1 = = 318.31 kPa
1.256*10−3
σ 1 f = 418.31 kPa σ 3 f = 100 kPa

p1 f = 206.1 kPa q1 f = 318.31 kPa
⇒ for test #2
0.5
Δσ 1 = = 397.89 kPa
1.256*10−3
σ 1 f = 597.89 kPa σ 3 f = 200 kPa

p2 f = 332.63 kPa q2 f = 397.89 kPa
Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion in terms of ( p, q) for triaxial compression tests:

6sin (ϕ ) 6c cos (ϕ )
F (σ ) = q − p− = q −η p − μ = 0
3 − sin (ϕ ) 3 − sin (ϕ )
⎧ 318.31 = η * 206.1 + μ ⎧η = (397.89 − 318.31) /(332.63 − 206.1) = 0.6289

⎨ ⇒ ⎨
⎩397.89 = η *332.63 + μ ⎩ μ = 188.69
6sin (ϕ ) 3*0.6289
η= = 0.6289 ⇒ sin(ϕ ) = = 0.2846 ⇒ ϕ = 16.53Ο
3 − sin (ϕ ) 6.6289
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6c cos (ϕ ) μ (3 − sin (ϕ ))
μ= = 188.69 ⇒ c = ⇒ c = 89.08 kPa
3 − sin (ϕ ) 6 cos (ϕ )
(ii) In triaxial extension (lateral compression) test the failure criteria in terms of ( p, q ) can be
written as:
F (σ ) = q + p+ =0
3 + sin (ϕ ) 3 + sin (ϕ )
⇒ q + 0.5199 p + 155.98 = 0
And the stress path for the desired test is q = −(3 / 2) p + 300
⎧q + 0.5199 p + 155.98 = 0 p = 465.26 kPa

⎨ ⇒
⎩ q = −(3 / 2) p + 300 q = −397.89 kPa
⇒ σ 1 f = 200 kPa σ 3 f = 597.89 kPa
q(kPa)
p(kPa)
Stress paths and failure lines in p − q plane
2. A triaxial sample of a loose sand was tested in drained uniaxial compression. The sample was
first consolidated under σ 1 = 1.4σ 3 up to σ 1 = 70 kPa and then failed. If the angle of internal
friction is 28 degrees:
(i) Draw the Mohr circles for the initial conditions and at failure; determine principal stresses
at failure and the orientation of the failure plane.
(ii) On the p − q diagram draw the stress path for both the consolidation and shearing phases of
the test and determine the principal stresses at failure.
Another sample of the same sand was tested in drained lateral compression (at the same initial
conditions). Do parts (i) and (ii) for this case.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(i) Initial condition:
1
σ 1i = 70 kPa and σ 3i = σ 1i = 50 kPa
1.4
Since the test is done under axial compression: σ 3 f = σ 3i = 50 kPa
Failure condition (can be determined by trial and error in drawing the Mohr’s circle or):
σ −σ3 f σ − 50 50*(1 + sin 28Ο )
sin ϕ = 1 f ⇒ sin 28Ο = 1 f ⇒ σ1 f = = 138.49 kPa
σ1 f + σ 3 f σ 1 f + 50 1 − sin 28Ο
ϕ
σ 1 f = 138.49 kPa , and orientation of the failure plane θ = 45Ο + = 59Ο
2
τ (kPa)
σ (kPa)
Mohr’s circle representation (i-1 and i-2)
(ii) Initial condition:
σ 1i = 70 kPa ⎫ pi = (70 + 50* 2) / 3 = 56.67 kPa
⎬⇒
σ 3i = 50 kPa ⎭ qi = (70 − 50) = 20 kPa
Assuming the consolidation phase starts from σ 1 = σ 3 = 0 , since the consolidation is done in
such a condition that σ 1 = 1.4σ 3 :
(σ 1 + 2σ 3 ) 3.4 ⎫
p= = σ 3 ⎪ dq 0.4*3
3 3 ⎬ = = const.
⎪ dp 3.4
q = σ 1 − σ 3 = 0.4σ 3 ⎭
The stress path in the consolidation phase is a straight line from (0, 0) to ( pi , qi ) .
dq dσ 1
In the shearing phase we have = =3
dp (1 3)dσ 1
So in this phase the stress path is a straight line from ( pi , qi ) to the failure point ( p f , q f ) with
slope equal to 3, i.e. q = 3 p − 150 .
In triaxial compression test the failure criteria in terms of ( p, q ) can be written as:
F (σ ) = q − p− =0
3 − sin (ϕ ) 3 − sin (ϕ )
So in this problem the failure line is q = 1.1131 p
The final state of stress can be calculated from the intersection of the stress path and the failure
line:
q = 3 p − 150 ⎫ p f = 79.48 kPa ⎫ σ 1 f = 138.49 kPa
⎬⇒ ⎬⇒
q = 1.1131 p ⎭ q f = 88.49 kPa ⎭ σ 3 f = 50 kPa
(i-2) Initial condition:

1
σ 1i = 70 kPa and σ 3i =
σ 1i = 50 kPa
1.4
Since the test is done under lateral compression: σ 3 f = σ 1i = 70 kPa
Failure condition (can be determined by trial and error in drawing the Mohr’s circle or):
σ −σ3 f σ − 70 70*(1 + sin 28Ο )

sin ϕ = 1 f ⇒ sin 28 = 1 fΟ
⇒ σ1 f = = 193.89 kPa
σ1 f + σ 3 f σ 1 f + 70 1 − sin 28Ο
ϕ
σ 1 f = 193.89 kPa , and orientation of the failure plane θ = 45Ο − = 31Ο
2
In this case σ 1 f , σ 3 f are the major and minor principal stresses where σ 1 f is the lateral stress and
σ 3 f is the axial stress.
(ii-2) The stress path in the consolidation phase is the same as in part (ii).
dq − dσ 3 3
In the shearing phase we have = =−
dp (2 3)dσ 3 2
So in this phase the stress path is a straight line from ( pi , qi ) to the failure point ( p f , q f ) with
slope equal to -3/2, i.e. q = −(3 / 2) p + 105 .
In triaxial extension (lateral compression) test the failure criteria in terms of ( p, q) can be
written as:
F (σ ) = q + p+ =0
3 + sin (ϕ ) 3 + sin (ϕ )
So in this problem the failure line is q = −0.8119 p
The final state of stress can be calculated from the intersection of the stress path and the failure
line:
q = −(3 / 2) p + 105⎫ p f = 152.59 kPa ⎫ σ 3 f = 193.89 kPa

⎬⇒ ⎬⇒
q = −0.8119 p ⎭ q f = −123.89 kPa ⎭ σ 1 f = 70 kPa
In above σ 1 f is the axial stress and σ 3 f is the lateral stress.
q(kPa)
p(kPa)
Stress paths and failure lines in p − q plane (ii-1 and ii-2)
3. To evaluate the strength characteristics of a soil three undraind axial compression tests have
been performed on undisturbed samples. The information obtained from the tests is as follows:
Test #1: the sample was consolidated under initial confining pressure of p=50kPa. At failure, the
increase in the axial stress and the excess pore water pressure in the sample were measured to be
Δσ 1 = 51 kPa and Δu = 30 kPa, respectively.
Test #2: the sample was consolidated under initial confining pressure of p=75kPa. At failure:
Δσ 1 = 78 kPa and Δu = 40 kPa.
Test #3: the sample was consolidated under initial confining pressure of p=100kPa. At failure:
Δσ 1 = 96 kPa and Δu = 47 kPa.
Determine the strength parameters.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(i) For all the tests the state of stress at failure should be determined. Then in p′ − q plane the
line that is the best fit to this data points will be the Mohr-Coulomb failure line.
For test #1:
q f = Δσ 1 = 51 kPa
p′f = 37 kPa
p f = pi + q f *(1/ 3) = 67 kPa ⇒
q f = 51 kPa
p′f = p f − Δu = 67 − 30 = 37 kPa
For test #2:
q f = Δσ 1 = 78 kPa
p′f = 61 kPa
p f = pi + q f *(1/ 3) = 101 kPa ⇒
q f = 78 kPa
p′f = p f − Δu = 101 − 40 = 61 kPa
For test #3:
q f = Δσ 1 = 96 kPa
p′f = 85 kPa
p f = pi + q f *(1/ 3) = 132 kPa ⇒
q f = 96 kPa
p′f = p f − Δu = 132 − 47 = 85 kPa
Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion in terms of ( p′, q) for triaxial compression tests is:
6sin (ϕ ′ ) 6c′ cos (ϕ ′ )

F (σ ) = q − p′ − =0
3 − sin (ϕ ′ ) 3 − sin (ϕ ′ )
And the best fit to the filure data points is: F (σ ) = q − 0.9375 p′ − 17.813 = 0
q(kPa)
160
Filure States of Stress q = 0.9375 p' + 17.813
140
Total Stress Path
120 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Line
Excess pore
100 water pressure
80
60
40
Effective
20 Stress Path
p, p′(kPa)
0
-25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
Stress paths and failure lines in p′ − q plane (i,ii)
6sin (ϕ ) 3*0.9375
η= = 0.9375 ⇒ sin(ϕ ) = = 0.4054 ⇒ ϕ = 23.92Ο
3 − sin (ϕ ) 6.9375
6c cos ϕ μ (3 − sin ϕ )
μ= = 17.813 ⇒ c = ⇒ c = 8.43 kPa
3 − sin ϕ 6 cos ϕ
4. A triaxial sample of normally consolidated clay is tested in an undrained p = const. test
( Δp = 0 , Δq > 0 ) at initial confining pressure of p = 150 kPa. The sample fails at q = 90 kPa and
the induced excess pore pressure equals 75 kPa.
(i) What will be the excess of pore water pressure at failure generated in an undrained uniaxial
compression test at the same initial confining pressure?
(ii) Determine the internal friction angle for this soil.
(iii) What will be the excess of pore pressure at failure generated in an undrained lateral
extension test at the same initial confining pressure?
(iv) Determine the principal stresses at failure in a drained uniaxial compression test performed
on the same material at the initial confining pressure of 75 kPa.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p′f = p f − Δu = 150 − 75 = 75 kPa
The soil is normally consolidated clay and so it is cohesionless,
90
Thus the failure line for effective stresses in terms of p′ − q will be: q = p′ = 1.2 p′
75
(i) For the mentioned uniaxial compression test the total stress path is: q = 3 p − 450
And since both tests are consolidated to the same confining pressure and both are undrained, the
sample will fail at the same point in terms of ( p′, q) .
⎧ q = 90
⎪ p = (90 + 450) / 3 = 180 kPa
⇒ ⎨ p′ = 75 ⇒ ⇒ Δu = 105 kPa
⎪q = 3 p − 450 Δu = p − p′ = 180 − 75 = 105 kPa
⎩
(ii) the Mohr-Coulomb failure line in q > 0 in terms of ( p′, q) is:
6sin (ϕ ′ ) 6c′ cos (ϕ ′ )

F (σ ) = q − p′ − =0
3 − sin (ϕ ′ ) 3 − sin (ϕ ′ )
6sin (ϕ ′ )
⇒ = 1.2 ⇒ sin(ϕ ′) = 0.5 ⇒ ϕ ′ = 30Ο
3 − sin (ϕ ′ )
3
(iii) For the mentioned lateral extension test the stress path is: q = −
p + 225
2
Once more since the samples are consolidated to the same confining pressure at failure they will
fail at the same point in terms of ( p′, q) .
⎧ q = 90
⎪⎪ p′ = 75 p = (225 − 90)(2 / 3) = 90 kPa
Δu = 15 kPa
⇒ ⎨ ⇒ ⇒
⎪q = − p + 225
3 Δu = p − p ′ = 90 − 75 = 15 kPa
⎪⎩ 2
(iv) For the mentioned uniaxial compression test the stress path is: q = 3 p′ − 225
⎧ q = 1.2 p′ p′ = 125 kPa ⎧3 p′ = σ 1′ + 2σ 3′ = 375 σ 1′ = 225 kPa

⇒ ⎨ ⇒ ⇒ ⎨ ⇒
⎩q = 3 p′ − 225 q = 150 kPa ⎩ q = σ 1′ − σ 3′ = 150 σ 3′ = 75 kPa
q(kPa)
p, p′(kPa)
Stress paths and failure lines in p′ − q plane (i, iii, iv)
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Problem set # 2

σ 1 f = 418.31 kPa σ 3 f = 100 kPa

σ 1 f = 597.89 kPa σ 3 f = 200 kPa

Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion in terms of ( p, q) for triaxial compression tests:

⎧ 318.31 = η * 206.1 + μ ⎧η = (397.89 − 318.31) /(332.63 − 206.1) = 0.6289

⎧q + 0.5199 p + 155.98 = 0 p = 465.26 kPa

⇒ σ 1 f = 200 kPa σ 3 f = 597.89 kPa

Stress paths and failure lines in p − q plane

Since the test is done under axial compression: σ 3 f = σ 3i = 50 kPa

Mohr’s circle representation (i-1 and i-2)

(i-2) Initial condition:

σ −σ3 f σ − 70 70*(1 + sin 28Ο )

q = −(3 / 2) p + 105⎫ p f = 152.59 kPa ⎫ σ 3 f = 193.89 kPa

Stress paths and failure lines in p − q plane (ii-1 and ii-2)

For test #1:

For test #2:

For test #3:

6sin (ϕ ′ ) 6c′ cos (ϕ ′ )

Stress paths and failure lines in p′ − q plane (i,ii)

(ii) the Mohr-Coulomb failure line in q > 0 in terms of ( p′, q) is:

6sin (ϕ ′ ) 6c′ cos (ϕ ′ )

⎧ q = 1.2 p′ p′ = 125 kPa ⎧3 p′ = σ 1′ + 2σ 3′ = 375 σ 1′ = 225 kPa

Stress paths and failure lines in p′ − q plane (i, iii, iv)

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