Line graph – Bar chart – Table

A. Language for trends

TĂNG GIẢM CHUYỂN ĐỘNG KHÁC
 Tăng bình thường  Giảm bình thường  Giao động xung quanh
Increase (v/n) Decrease (v/n) một level
Jump (v/n) Fall (v/n) Hover around ..
Grow (v) - growth (n) Drop (v/n)
Recover (v) - recovery (n)
 Tăng cực mạnh  Giảm cực mạnh  Đứng yên không đổi
Soar (v) Plummet (v/n) Level off at ...
Rocket (v) Remain/stay unchanged at ...
 Tăng lên đỉnh  Giảm xuống đáy  Dao động
Reach a peak of Hit a lowest point of Fluctuate (v) – Fluctuation (n)
Peak at Hit its bottom of
Hit the highest point Bottom out at

B. Describe how the trend is

Mức độ Adj Adv
Sharp Sharply
Rapid Rapidly
Rất mạnh Quick Quickly
Steep Steeply
Dramatic Dramatically
Considerable Considerably
Mạnh Significant Significantly
Substantial Substantially
Vừa vừa Moderate Moderately
Steady Steadily
Đều đều
Gradual Gradually
Slight Slightly
Nhẹ Slow Slowly
Minimal Minimally

C. Introduction
Words in the question Paraphrases
Shows Gives information/ illustrates/ compares....
What The number of The figure for
How many S + V
The amount of The figure for
How much S + V
The percentage of The figure for
The proportion of
Where In America, Australia, In four different countries
 Korea, And Sweden
When From 2010 and 2020 Between 2010 and 2020
During/ over a 20 – year period
In 1996, 2000 and 2010 In three different years
Until 2050 Up to 2050

D. Prepositions
Meaning Prep
Tăng/ giảm bao nhiêu V by số liệu
Ex: grow by 2%
N of số liệu
Ex: a growth of 2%
Tăng/ giảm đến bao nhiêu V/N to số liệu
Ex: grow to 8%/ a growth to 8%
ở bao nhiêu V at số liệu
Ex: start/ end/ stand at 9%
Tăng/ giảm về cái gì N in đối tượng
Ex: an increase in the percentage of students attending
the class

E. Language for trends

1. S + V + Adv
2. There be a/an + adj + N
3. S + witnessed/ seen/ experienced/ recorded + a/an + adj + N
4. The year/ the period from...to... + witnessed/ seen/ experienced/ recorded + a/an + N
5. A/an + adj + N + be + witnessed/ seen/ experienced/ recorded + in S
Cách viết câu phức kết hợp nhiều chuyển động
 The number/ proportion/ amount of ... started at ..., after which it experienced a rise/ growth/
decline to ... in ..., before ending the period at ....
 Data ..., with a subsequent increase/ decrease/ fluctuation ... before ending the period at ...
 The figure for ... was at ..., followed by a slow/ significant increase/ decrease to ...

F. Language for comparison

 1. So sánh tương đồng
 Similarly, S + V
Ví dụ: The percentage of young people in higher education in country B remained at around 40%
during the given period. Similarly, after increasing to 52%, that of country D stayed unchanged until
2010.
 Likewise, S + V
Ví dụ: In 2030, the number of barrels consumed per day in the USA is expected to fall to 7.8
million. Likewise, that of Western Europe and Japan is predicted to experience a drop and finally hit its
bottom of 2 million.
 In the same way, S + V
 In a similar way, S + V
2. So sánh tương phản
 However, S + V hoặc S, however, V = Nevertheless, S + V
Ví dụ: The proportion of moviegoers aged 7-14, however, decreased slightly and became equal to that
of their 25-35 counterparts in the same year.
 While S1 + V1, S2 + V2
Ví dụ: While the amount of beef eaten sharply decreased to approximately 50 pounds, the consumption
of broilers underwent a dramatic growth to just under 60 pounds, with figures eventually surpassing
those for beef
  Whereas S1 + V1, S2 + V2 = S1 + V1. Meanwhile, S2 + V2
 By/In contrast, S + V
Ví dụ: By 2000, the production of paper and packaging had sharply increased and reached a peak of
350 million. By/In contrast, the figure for sawn-wood continued to fall and finally hit its bottom of
about 130 million, even lower than that for wood pulp, at about 160 million.
 On the other hand, S + V
Ví dụ: The period between 1985 and 1995 saw a sharp climb in the annual spending on men’s
clothes. On the other hand, the yearly expenditure on women’s clothes grew more significantly,
reaching a peak of just under $700 in 2005.
3. So sánh bằng
Cách 1: S1+ V + as/so +adj/adv + as + S2
Ví dụ: The coat costs three times as much as the other one.
Cách 2: S1 + V + the same + Noun + as + S2
Ví dụ: The UAE produced the same amount of oil as Saudi Arabia.
4. So sánh hơn kém
S + V + “short adj/ adv + er/ more + long adj/ adv” + than + noun/ pronoun/ clause
Ví dụ: It is clear that British people spent more money than people in the other three countries on all six
goods.
5. So sánh nhất
Ví dụ: Of the three countries, Japan has the lowest proportion of employees in the industrial sector.
Ngoài việc sử dụng các cấu trúc so sánh nhất thông thường với the most/least/fewest, người học có thể
sử dụng cấu trúc by far + so sánh nhất (the most/the highest number of…) để tăng mức độ nhấn
mạnh trong câu.
Ví dụ:
 Paper and packaging were manufactured by far the most among three provided products.
 Beef was by far the most popular of the four types of meat.
Hoặc, người học có thể sử dụng các từ vựng như “the majority”, “the minority” để chỉ đến phần đa
số hay thiểu số.
Ví dụ: The minority of Japanese workers are employed in the agricultural sector.
 X + make(s) up the largest percentage of..., whereas the lowest figure(s) is/are mainly
recorded for + Y
Ví dụ:
The elderly made up the largest percentage of the population in New Zealand.
The proportion of the 15-24 age group was highest while the lowest figures were always recorded for
the oldest group within this 16-year time frame.
 be recorded to be at the top of the list
Ví dụ: The proportion of the 15-25 age group was recorded to be at the top of the list.
 be the largest producer/consumer of ...
Ví dụ: Overall, Japan was the largest consumer of New Zealand’s kiwi fruit all time.
 be + the least/most favored/preferred
Ví dụ: Traveling by train was the least favored form of transportation.
 be + the most common/popular + N.
Ví dụ: Motorcycle is the most popular means of transport.
6. So sánh cấp số
 Double/Triple/Quadruple/Quintuple (gấp hai/gấp ba/gấp bốn/gấp năm)
Đây là các từ vựng vừa là tính từ vừa là động từ, do đó khi sử dụng, người học cần đảm bảo nắm chắc
cách dùng để tránh sử dụng sai.
Khi “double” là tính từ, ta có thể sử dụng như sau:
 There + be + (a/an) + “double” + noun + in “what”
Ví dụ: There was a double increase in the number of jobless people from 700 to 1500 between 2010
and 2015.
 Time + witness/see + (a/an) + “double” + noun + in “what”
Ví dụ: The period between 2010 and 2015 witnessed a double increase in the number of jobless people
from 700 to 1500.
+ Oil consumption in Western Europe and Japan was 4 million, which was double 2 millions million of
barrels in each of the remaining regions: China and Middle East.
Khi “double” là động từ, ta có thể sử dụng như sau:
Ví dụ: The consumption of beef doubled since the 1960, to around 90 pounds per capita.
 The figure for X + be + X's number, (almost/more than) double/triple the figure for Y, at Y's
number
Ví dụ: 350 million tonnes of paper and packaging had been produced, more than double 160 million
tonnes of wood pulp and almost triple 130 million tonnes of sawn wood.
Tương tự với các từ triple/quadruple/quintuple.
Twofold/Threefold/Fourfold/Fivefold
Tương tự, các từ trên vừa là tính từ vừa là trạng từ nên sẽ có hai cách dùng tương ứng.
Khi “twofold” là tính từ, “twofold” sẽ đứng trước danh từ:
There was a near twofold increase in the number of children playing sports.
Khi “twofold” là trạng từ, “twofold” sẽ đứng sau động từ:
The number of children playing sports increased twofold between 2005 and 2010.
 Twice/three times/four times as/compared to
Cấu trúc: S + V + twice/three times/ four times/…+ as + much/many/adj/adv + (N) + as +
N/pronoun.
Ví dụ:
+ There were twice as many children playing sports in 2009 as in 2005.
+ Twice as many children played sports in 2009 compared to 2005.
+ In 2010, the total value of New Zealand’s kiwi fruit in Japan was recorded at 271,1 million dollars,
which was nearly 4 times as much as that in China.
7. Một số cấu trúc mở rộng khác
 X + be + tỉ lệ/con số + higher/lower than + Y
Ví dụ: The average figure for Country C was 10% higher than that of Country B, which was recorded
at around 50% most of the time.
Trong trường hợp các con số có độ chênh lệch quá lớn và người học không thể tính ra được tỉ lệ - độ
chênh lệch đấy, người học vẫn có thể sử dụng cách so sánh một cách chung hơn bằng cách sử dụng
cách diễn đạt Trạng từ + Tính từ so sánh hơn, chẳng hạn: “slightly/significantly/far higher/lower
than”
Ví dụ:
+ The average price of a house in London was 20,000 pound, which was significantly/ far higher than
that of England, at around 13,000 pound.
+ The proportion of small businesses using social media accounted for about 28%, which is slightly
lower than that of medium-sized ones.
+ X consumes slightly more beef than Y.
+ Compared to/with/ In comparison with N
Ví dụ: Compared to/ with/in comparison with (prices in) Canada and Australia, prices in the UK are
high.
 As compared to/ As opposed to
Ví dụ: Females accounted for over 90% of the teaching staff at Primary school as opposed to/compared
to/in comparison with only 10% male counterparts.
 ...X's number, followed by Y's number of Y
Ví dụ: The highest amount of annual daytime on average is recorded for New York at 2535 hours per
ear, followed closely by 2473 hours of Sydney.
Bên cạnh đó, khi muốn diễn tả các xu hướng tương đồng/đối lập nhau, thay vì liệt kê thông tin của từng
đối tượng và sử dụng các liên từ “Similarly” hay “By Contrast” như phần lý thuyết bên trên, người học
có thể làm cho câu văn ngắn gọn hơn bằng cách sử dụng cách diễn đạt “a (quite) similar/opposite
pattern is/was repeated for/seen in”.
Ví dụ: Oil consumption in the USA increased slightly to reach its peak of 10 million barrels in 2015. A
similar pattern was recorded for/seen in the number of barrels consumed in China and Middle East
during the same period.
 ...while the opposite is/was true for…
Ví dụ: Brazil, Vietnam and Indonesia experienced an upward trends in their coffee production, while
the opposite was true for Colombia.
 X + that show(s/ed) a similar/different pattern + be…
Ví dụ: The one country that showed a different pattern was Colombia.
 X and Y share the same percentage/number of…
Ví dụ: Vietnam and China share the same percentage with 14 percent each.
So sánh nhất So sánh hơn So sánh bằng
+ The proportion/ ratio/ + The proportion of A is + A and B account for the
percentage of A is the highest. (slightly/ considerably/ Same proportions.
significantly) higher than that of
+ The number of A is second to B.
none.
+ The proportion of A is twice/
+ A accounts for/ makes up/ three times as high as that of B.
amounts to/ occupies/
constitutes the highest + The proportion of A doubles/
proportion. triples that of B.

+ A accounts for the lion’s + A is half/ third/ quarter

share. of B.

At + data Noun + of + data With a figure of With + data + of + As + SVO

+ data Noun + V- ing

The proportion A accounts for the With a figure of With 20% of As 40% of
of A is the highest 20%, the young people people prefer
highest, at proportion of proportion of A is using cars, they using cars, they
20%. 20%. highest. account for the account for the
highest proportion. highest
proportion.
 KẾT HỢP CÁC LOẠI SO SÁNH CÁCH ĐƯA SỐ LIỆU XẤP XỈ
+ The proportion of A is the highest, at 20%, + about/ nearly/ around/ approximately (adv)
compared to B at 10%. khoảng xấp xỉ

+ With a figure of 20%, the proportion of A is the + Slightly over ... / north of ...: hơi trên .. một tí
highest, doubling that of B.
+ Slightly under/ south of ...: hơi dưới... một tí
+ A accounts for the highest proportion of
20%, followed closely/ distantly by B at 18%/
8%.

+ The respective figures of A and B are ... and

+ A and B account for ... and ... respectively.

G. Language for describing statics
80%: four-fifths 75%: three-quarters 70%: seven in ten
65%: two-thirds 50%: half 35%: more than a third
25%: A quarter 20%: A fifth 5%: one in twenty
77%: just over/ Approximately three quarters
49%: just under a half/ Nearly a half
32%: almost a third
19%: nearly a fifth
Verb Meaning Example
Account for/ take up/ made up/ X chiếm bao nhiêu % The number of smartphone users in
consist of/ comprise/ constitute 2022 accounted for about 56% of the
total number of people nationwide
Account for a bigger (smaller) Có nhiều hơn hoặc ít hơn This emotion of surprise accounted
share/ Made up a thị phần/ tỉ lệ so với cái for a bigger share than other
bigger(smaller) proportion khác emotions with 24.9%
Take up the remaining X% Đóng góp hoặc chiếm Transport takes up the remaining
phần trăm còn lại, dùng để 10% of the UAE’s overall budget
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