Ms.

Ngoc Lan Language Academy

145 Nam Đồng, Quận Đống Đa, Hà Nội

VOCABULARY FOR WRITING TASK 1

I) NGÔN NGỮ MIÊU TẢ TREND
1. Xu hướng thay đổi
Trend Verb Noun
increase
rise
grow an increase
go up a rise
Tăng climb a growth
ascend an upward trend
surge surge
shoot up (tăng vọt)
jump to
decrease
a decrease
decline
a decline
fall
a fall
Giảm drop
a drop
dip
a downward
shrink
trend
descend
remain/stay stable
remain/stay steady
remain/stay unchanged
Ổn định stability
stay constant
vary insignificantly
stabilize

fluctuate
Dao động shift fluctuation
vary

hit the highest point at X%

Đạt mức cao nhất reach a peak of X%
peak at X%

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Đạt mức
hit the lowest point at X%
thấp nhất

2. Mức độ thay đổi

Mức độ Adjective Adverb
Thay đổi nhỏ slight slightly
marginal marginally
moderate moderately
gentle gently
minimal minimally
insignificant insignificantly
Thay đổi nhỏ qua gradual gradually
thời gian slow slowly
steady steadily
Thay đổi lớn considerable considerably
significant significantly
substantial substantially
Thay đổi mạnh dramatic (mạnh nhất) dramatically
sharp sharply
enormous enormously
steep steeply
rapid rapidly
considerable considerably
notable notably
Thay đổi liên tục, continual continually
đột ngột consistent consistently
abrupt (đột ngột) abruptly
Thay đổi gần như approximately / almost double
một nửa roughly / nearly halve

3. Diễn tả sự xấp xỉ
Khoảng, xấp xỉ About, around, some, approximately, ● I had roughly 4km to go.
roughly more or less, in the ● I can earn 5 dollars a day, more or
neighborhood of, or so less, as a milkman.

Thấp hơn Fewer than, under, less than, below, ● The jar’s capacity is under three
within quarts.

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● within 10 miles of home.

Gần như Nearly, almost, towards, close on ● Almost a third of the freshmen said
they were working during the
summer vacation.
● The expense rate is rising towards
20%.

Lớn hơn, nhiều More than, over, above, upwards of, ● I spent over one hundred dollars
hơn odd on this repair.
● Upwards of 60 years old.

Khoảng từ From…to…., between…and…. ● The students aged from 15 to 18.

4. Cấu trúc diễn tả sự thay đổi

STT Cấu trúc
1 Cấu trúc cơ bản nhất
S + V + adv + number + Time
có thể đặt Time lên đầu
2 Dùng cụm danh từ với There
There + be + a/an + adj + N + number
+ in + S + time
3 S + experienced/ saw/ witnessed/
underwent + a/an + adj + N + number
+ time
4 A/An + adj + N + number + was
seen/witnessed + in + S + time
Ví dụ
The number of cars increased significantly to 3 million
in 2006
From 1990 to 1994, the number of fish markets rose
gradually from around 2 to 10.
There was a significant increase of 1000 in the number
of elderly citizens in 2016
In 1995, the population of Hanoi witnessed a significant
rise from 3 million to 4 million.
A significant increase of 1000 was seen in the number
of elderly citizens in 2016

5 Time + witnessed/saw/experienced + The year 2006 experienced a substantial increase in the

a/an + adj + N + in + S number of cars to 3 million

6 Time + saw + S + V + adv The year 2005 saw the number of students drop quickly,
to about 300,000 students.

Lưu ý: Nếu gặp 2 câu đơn như dưới đây, ta có thể chuyển thành 3 cấu trúc sau:
The number of young students decreased slightly to 1,000 in 2000. However, the number of young students
increased significantly by 500 in 2001.
=> vấn đề: lặp cụm the number of young students, 2 câu riêng biệt cùng chung chủ thể nên có sự kết nối.
Mẫu Cấu trúc Ví dụ

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câu
1 S+ V, which was followed by
2 S+V, but later + V
3 S+V before V-ing
There was a fall to 1,000 in the number of young
students in 2000, which was followed by an increase to
1,500 in 2001.
The number of young students declined slightly to
1,000 in 2000, but later went up considerably by 500 in
2001.
The number of young students declined slightly to
1,000 in 2000 before experiencing a considerable
increase of 500 in 2001.

5. Dự đoán tương lai

● It is predicted that by 2025, A will …

Predict
● In 2025, A is predicted to …

● According to future predictions, A will … in 2025

● It is estimated that by 2025, A will …

Estimate
● In 2025, A is estimated to …

● According to future estimations, A will … in 2025

Anticipate
● It is anticipated that by 2025, A will …

● In 2025, A is anticipated to …

Expect
● It is expected that by 2025, A will …

● In 2025, A is expected to …

Forecast
● It is forecasted that by 2025, A will …

● In 2025, A is forecasted to …

Có 2 cách trích xuất số liệu để miêu tả xu hướng

1. from X% to Y%: tăng từ giá trị X% tới giá trị Y%

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2. by Z%: tăng thêm Z%

3. N of Z%: tăng thêm Z%
VD: to increase from 3% to 8% = to increase by 5% = an increase of 5%

II) NGÔN NGỮ SO SÁNH

6 cấu trúc so sánh: so sánh hơn, so sánh nhất, so sánh thứ tự, so sánh gấp, so sánh bằng, so sánh tương phản
1. So sánh hơn: -er, more
Cách 1: đưa ra con số trước, sau đó đưa ra so sánh hơn
The low income spend 29% on food and drink, 5% greater than what they spend on fuel bills.
Cách 2: đưa ra so sánh trước, sau đó minh họa bằng con số
The low income spend more on food and drink than on fuel bills.
Cách thứ hai này không thực sự thích hợp để trích xuất số liệu. Dù vậy chúng ta có thể viết:
The low income spend more on food and drink than on fuel bills (29% for food and drink as opposed to
24% for fuel bills).
2. So sánh nhất: - est, the most
Cách 1: Đưa ra số liệu trước, so sánh nhất sau
Công thức: Đại lượng A + số liệu + so sánh nhất
The proportion of income that the poor spend on food and drink is 29%, the greatest in this group’s
expenditure chart.
Cách 2: Đưa ra so sánh nhất trước, con số sau a
Công thức: Đại lượng A + so sánh nhất + giới từ with/at + số liệu
Ví dụ:
(1) The proportion of income that the poor spend on food and drink is the greatest, at 29%.
(2) Hanoi is the most populated city in Vietnam, with 6 million people.
Phân biệt cách dùng With và At:
At (ở mức …): mô tả trực tiếp Chủ ngữ - là một con số. Ở ví dụ (1), the the proportion là một con số, ứng với
29% nên dùng giới từ at.
With (với …): sử dụng con số để minh họa cho Chủ ngữ - là tên một đại lượng. Ở ví dụ (2), toàn bộ vế bên
trái không có con số nào. Khi sử dụng 6 million people để minh họa cho Hà Nội (tên đại lượng thông thường),
ta dùng giới từ with.
Note: Khi gặp khó khăn trong việc sử dụng with hoặc at, ta có thể sử dụng ngoặc đơn để trích xuất số liệu.
Cách này không nên lạm dụng.
Ví dụ: Hanoi has the largest population in Vietnam (6 million).
Cấu trúc nâng cao Band 7+ sử dụng predominate / predominant
* Predominate/ Predominant over: vượt trội hơn so với các giá trị khác
Công thức:

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A + predominate + over B, C and D.

A + be + predominant + over B, C and D.
Ví dụ:
Young men predominated over girls and women by two to one.
Young men were predominant over girls and women by two to one.

* Predominate/ Predominant in: vượt trội trong một lĩnh vực hoặc theo một thước đo nào đó
Công thức:
A + predominate + in (tên lĩnh vực, thước đo)
A + be + predominant + in (tên lĩnh vực, thước đo)
Ví dụ:
Hanoi was predominant in population size, with 6 million citizens.
(Thước đo: kích thước dân số)

* Predominate/ Predominant among: vượt trội trong một tập hợp

Công thức:
A + predominate + among (tập hợp)
A + be + predominant + among (tập hợp)
Ví dụ:
Unmarried men were predominant among all Hanoi citizens, with 31%.
(Tập hợp: tất cả dân số Hà Nội)

3. So sánh thứ tự
Công thức:
A was followed by (theo sau bởi) B.
A was X%. This was followed by B with Y%.
Ví dụ: According to the pie chart, a hefty 73% of people living in Australia are Australians. This is followed
by the figure for those who hold others…
Công thức:
A is the second largest proportion in ...
Ví dụ: The citizens in country A is the third largest proportion in Asia.

4. So sánh gấp
Công thức:
Two times = twice as much as = double

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* A was twice as much as B;

* A was twice as much as B;
* A was double B
(Trong đó A & B là 2 con số)
Ví dụ: The spending on cameras in France was almost twice as much as the figure for the UK.
*BAND 7+
Double – Triple (gấp 3) – Quadruple (gấp 4)
Ví dụ:
The population in Hanoi is quadruple that in Thai Nguyen.

Lỗi sai phổ biến:

* A is two times more than B -> bỏ more than
* A hoặc B hoặc cả 2 không phải là con số
Ví dụ:
The number of people in Hanoi is two times Thai Nguyen -> that in Thai Nguyen
5. So sánh bằng
Công thức:
To be + the same as
To be + equal to
(2 bên là 2 con số)
Ví dụ: The spending on cameras in France was the same as figure for the UK.
6. So sánh tương phản
Công thức:
While/ whereas + clause (đoạn văn toàn cảnh)
Ví dụ:
Company C sold 40 cars while Company D sold 120.
Công thức:
In / by contrast - by the contraries / conversely / contrary to / likewise / in contrast with
Ví dụ: In contrast with company C which sold 40 cars, company D sold 120.
Công thức:
Compared to/as opposed to + Noun phrase
Ví dụ:
Company C sold 40 cars as opposed to Company D which sold 120.

7. Các cấu trúc dùng trong dạng so sánh

Stt Cấu trúc Ví dụ

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X is (much / a lot / a great deal / somewhat / Advertising costs for TV were considerably
1 considerably / a bit / a little…) higher / lower higher than the costs for those of any others.
than Y.

2 X is (quite / entirely / totally / completely) The number of students in X school in 2006 was
different from Y. totally different from those in 2007.

3 X is (exactly / practically / just / precisely / The proportion of Internet users in 2019 was
almost / nearly…) the same as Y. almost the same as that in 2020.

4 X is not quite as (so) strong (big/expensive) as Y. Chicken is not quite as expensive as beef in
Australia.

5 X and Y have (a little / something / much / many The increase in prices of chicken and beef have
features) in common. much in common in 2014.

6 In relation to (with respect to / In regard to) …, X In regard to going abroad, the percentage of
is twice (three times) as … as Y students is twice as much as workers.

Phrase + more + X + than Y, Z, W,... combined. Brazil exported more beef than Japan,
7 Switzerland, Norway and Uruguay combined.

III) NGÔN NGỮ DẠNG MAP

1. Vị trí trên bản đồ

In the top left-hand corner of At the top of the map In the top right-hand corner of the map
the map

On the left-hand side of the Roughly / Exactly in the On the right-hand side of the map
map middle of the map To the right of the map
To the left of the map

In the bottom left-hand At the bottom of the map In the bottom right-hand corner of the
corner of the map map

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2. Một số vị trí khác

B is directly opposite B is in close proximity to A

A B is a long distance away from C
B is in front of A

A is roughly in the middle of B

A is surrounded by
C(s). C is exactly in the middle of B
C(s) surround A.

A is at right angles to/ perpendicular to B

A is parallel to C
A and C are parallel to each other

3. Diễn tả sự thay đổi

Đối Sự thay đổi Nghĩa Ví dụ
tượng

Buildings Built, constructed, erected được xây dựng A power plant was constructed to the east
of the mine.

Renovated, reconstructed, được xây lại The university library was completely
modernized renovated.

converted, transformed được biến đổi The playground was converted into a large
(into something) thành car park.

replaced (by something) được thế chỗ bởi The garden was replaced by a large car
park.

replaced (to somewhere) được di dời tới The student hall was relocated to the east of
the university.

extended, expanded được mở rộng The hotel was greatly extended to a total of
70 rooms.

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demolished, knocked bị dỡ bỏ The warehouse was demolished and

down, flattened replaced by a garage.

Trees/ cut-down, chopped down bị chặt hạ The forest on the western end of the island
Forest was chopped down to make way for a hotel.
cleared (to make way for) bị xoá sổ/ bỏ để
dành chỗ cho

planted được trồng Many palms were planted around the villa.

Bridge, constructed, built, erected được xây lên A bridge across the river was erected.
port,
road,
railway, extended, expanded, widen được mở rộng The main road was widened to meet the
etc. increasing demand.

reopened được mở lại/ The old railway alongside the river has
khôi phục been reopened.

Amenitie opened, set up, established được xây dựng A new theme park was opened just opposite
s (CSVC/ the shopping mall.
tiện nghi)
developed, expanded được mở rộng The cinema was expanded with the total
cost of $80000.

4. Cấu trúc diễn tả sự thay đổi

Stt Cấu trúc Ví dụ

1 One of the biggest One of the biggest changes to the town was the rerouting of the main
changes to … was … road.

2 The main change for The main change for the gallery involves the construction of a
… involves …. courtyard.

3 A is transform into B This area is transformed into a lively hub…

4 A is constructed near B A large golf course was constructed near the parking lot,...

5 A is move to B The special exhibition room was moved to the second floor.

6 A is extended to B The lift was extended to the third floor,...

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7 A is replaced with B To the southwest of the main road, the various small shops from the
1980s were replaced with a large shopping mall.

8 A is displaced by B The bank was displaced by a large restaurant and a supermarket was
built on the opposite side of the road.

9 No changes were made No changes were made to the layout of the town over the course of the
to… last ten years.

5. Cấu trúc diễn tả vị trí

Stt Cấu trúc Ví dụ

1 A is parallel to B The road used to be parallel to the river, but now,...

2 A is next to B The entrance is next to the refrigerator in Room 6.

3 A is across from B (A ở phía đối diện B) The printer is across from the entrance on the left
side of the room by the book shelf.

4 In the middle of / center of The table and coffee machine are in the middle of the
room.

5 N + is located / positioned / situated near The housing is located near the park, which also
(Đặt cạnh) includes a swimming pool and fitness center.

6 A is split into B (A được chia tách thành The cloakroom and front desk were split into
B) individual rooms.

7 A is separated by B (A được chia tách The two school buildings were separated by a path,...
thành B)

8 A is connected to B The entranceway is connected to the stair on the first

floor.

IV) NGÔN NGỮ DẠNG PROCESS

1. Cấu trúc diễn tả các bước
Cấu trúc Ví dụ

Introduction The diagram illustrates the The diagram illustrates the production of
production/ recycling process of chocolate.
[something]

Bước, giai đoạn, ● Stage There are 6 distinct stages in plastic bottle

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quá trình chu kỳ production,...

There are … stages of …
commencing with N (bắt đầu với) and
culminating with N (kết thúc với) The process begins when a blend
● Process / life cycle consisting of 20 percent soft woods,...
The process / life cycle begins when…

Bước đầu tiên ● The first step The first step is to spread the mixture
First of all,... across a fine screen,...
The first step is to
To begin with

Bước tiếp theo ● The following step Subsequently, it goes through a machine
Subsequently,... that removes fine dust particles.
Following this is
This is followed by… The beans are spread on a tray under
The next step is that sunshine to dry before being roasted at
Then / and then 120 – 150 degree C.
After which / after that
Before being

Bước cuối cùng ● The final step In the final step of this process, the sheet
In the last stage / final step of this of paper is rolled up in a large reel.
process,...
Initially,... Finally, liquid chocolate is molded into
The last step is… chocolate bars, thereby completing the
Phrase + thereby completing the process.
process

2. Vocabulary: Process man-made

Stt Vocabulary Meaning Example

1 To be dug out of the ground Được đào lên khỏi mặt đất In the first stage of the process, clay
is dug out of the ground

2 Placed onto a metal grid Được đặt lên một vỉ kim loại And then clay is placed onto a metal
grid.

3 Put through a roller Được đưa qua băng chuyền Soap bars are put through a roller in
the factory.

4 To transform sth into sth Biến đổi cái gì thành cái gì Transform tomato into tomato sauces.

5 To release sth into sth Làm thoát ra chất gì Coal power stations release sulphur
into the atmosphere.

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6 Breaks it into small pieces / Đập ra thành những mảnh vụn This clay is placed into a metal grid
chunks which is used to break up the clay
into smaller pieces.

7 To be mixed with Được trộn với After 3 hours, the clay is mixed with
sand and water.

8 To filter sth Lọc cái gì Workers use water to filter the small
pieces.

9 To be laid in a drying oven / Được đặt vào một cái lò nung All the clay is laid in a drying oven.
to heat so

10 To be dried in the sun Được phơi ở ngoài nắng Coffee beans are picked by hand
before being dried in the sun.

11 To be picked by hand Được hái lượm bằng tay Coffee beans are picked by hand
before being dried in the sun.

12 To be harvested Được thu hoạch Corn is harvested and then put in a

suitable place to ensure safe storage.

13 To be packaged Được đóng gói Milk bottles are packaged and sold
for the customers.

14 To store sth in sth Cất, dự trữ Coffee beans can be stored in the
freezer to keep them fresh.

15 To be transported to…/ to Được vận chuyển These coffee jars are delivered to
be delivered to … shops and supermarkets.

3. Vocabulary: Natural process

Stt Vocabulary Meaning Example

1 experience/undergo trải qua những thay đổi The kitten experiences significant changes
significant changes đáng kể after 1 month.

2 pass through …. distinct trải qua … giai đoạn vật The growth process of fish passes through
physical stages lý khác nhau 5 distinct physical stages.

3 Emerge / appear Xuất hiện After a total of 30 to 31 days from the start
of the cycle, the young adult honey bee
emerges from its final moulting stage

4 lay a couple of/ a massive đẻ một vài / một số lượng Female salmon chooses the best spot in
number of eggs lớn trứng rivers and lays a massive number of eggs

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5 hatch into … nở thành con gì The egg hatch into a chick.

6 vary in size/colours/shapes đa dạng về kích thước / Over a period of time, these small tadpoles
màu sắc / hình dạng vary in size.

7 grow to adult size/ grow to tăng trưởng thành kích After 3 weeks, a chick grows to adult and
maturity/ turn into an adult/ thước trưởng thành/ tới makes it to the adult stage.
become fully-grown adults giai đoạn trưởng thành

8 make it to the adult stage đạt tới giai đoạn trưởng After 3 weeks, a chick grows to adult and
thành makes it to the adult stage.

9 feeding grounds khu vực kiếm ăn When fully mature, the fish will go to find
feeding grounds.

10 grow quickly in size/ phát triển nhanh chóng về Under optimal conditions, fish can grow
double in size kích thước / kích thước quickly in size.
gấp đôi

11 shed their old skin/ shed thay da cũ / thay lớp Snakes shed their old skin after 1 month.
their outer layer ngoài của chúng

12 the cycle repeats itself chu kỳ lặp lại/ bắt đầu lại The cycle repeats itself after 1 month.

13 the life cycle Vòng đời At the first stage of the life cycle,...

14 to be covered with … được che phủ, bao phủ The snake is covered with a layer of skin.
bởi …

15 build their nests in trees/on xây dựng tổ của chúng Before laying eggs, birds build their nests
the ground trên cây / trên mặt đất in trees.

16 under optimal conditions trong điều kiện tối ưu Under optimal conditions, eggs hatch into
chicks.

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