LINGO CONNECTOR

PARAPHRASING
PERCENTAGE
 Y + account for / constitute / make up / comprise / represent / take up + X% of …
 X% was held by Y

TIME

 every year → each year // per year // yearly // annually // on an annual basis
 every day → each day // per day // daily // on a daily basis
 every week → each week // per week // weekly // on a weekly basis
 during the period shown → during this time frame → during the given period

AGE GROUP
e.g. 40 years old to 49 years old

 people who fell into the 40 to 49 age group = people falling into the 40 to 49 age group
 people who belonged to the 40 to 49 age group
 people who were between 40 and 49 years old = people between 40 and 49 years old
 people who were aged 40 to 49 = people aged 40 to 49
 40-to 49-year-old people
 40-to 49-year-olds
 the 40-49 age group
 the 40-49s
 people who were in their forties = people in their forties.
 people in the age range of 40 to 49

e.g. ≥ 65 years old

 People aged 65 or more = elderly/older people aged 65 or over

e.g. People of different ages as a group

 the younger age group = younger people

 the young = teenagers = youngsters
 the older age group = older people
 the elderly = elderly people = senior citizens
 middle aged people = people aged 40 to 60
 People in early adulthood = people who fall into 20 to 40 age group

NATIONALITY

 People in the UK → British people // the British

SPENDING
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 expenditure = spending = outlay = the amount of money = the amount of money spent + on sth.
 be spent on = be allocated for = be used for = be expended on = be paid out for

UNEMPLOYMENT

 unemployment rates → levels of unemployment // levels of joblessness // unemployment levels // the

proportion of people who were unemployed // the proportion of people who were jobless // the proportion
of people without work

POVERTY

 poor people → people living under the poverty line → people living in extreme povery
 poverty rates → poverty levels

CONSUMPTION & PRODUCTION

 the consumption of X → the amount of X consumed/used/eaten… // the number of X

consumed/used/eaten… // X consumption // X use
 consume ~ use ~ eat (v)
 the production of X → the amount of X produced // the number of X produced // X production

TRANSPORTATION

 car, bus and train → three different forms of transport

 forms of transport → means of transport → modes of transport
 the number of people driving to work → the number of car users // the number of people travelling by cars
 the number of people travelling by train → the number of train users // the number of rail passengers
 travel ~ commute (v)

INTERNET USAGE

 the population who used the Internet = people who used the Internet = people using the Internet = people
who had access to the Internet = people accessing the Internet = Internet users
 use = access = connected to

SUBJECTS REFERRING TO WHAT IS SHOWN IN THE CHART

 People tend to + V
 X is the most popular ….
 Company A reduced its waste production
 The … (noun: consumption, spending…) is highest
 People show their preference for…
 People have a tendency to do sth

Example:

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+ People in Britain spent just over £170,000 on photographic film, which is the highest figure shown on the
chart. By contrast, Germans were the lowest overall spenders, with roughly the same figures (just under
£150,000) for each of the six products.

+ Corn was the most popular food in Texas during the 60s.

+ In 2005, Internet usage in both the USA and Canada rose to around 70% of the population, while the figure for
Mexico reached just over 25%.

+ The consumption of chocolate in the Middle East was higher than in India.

+ During the 1950s, the consumption of alcohol was highest in the USA, followed by Russia and Germany.

+ People showed their preference for travelling to work by car, rather than by bus or train.

+ People have a tendency to shop in their neighborhood, which often benefits the local grocery stores more than
it does supermarkets.

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WRITING 1 – TABLE AND CHART 1

---Describe Trends---

I. Materials

1. Words / Phrases

Don’t often go with

Go with adj/adv of degree
Trend adj/adv of degree

Verb Noun Verb Noun

rise / be on the rise a rise jump a jump

increase / be on the increase an increase rocket a surge

↑ grow a growth soar

climb a climb surge

go up an upward trend double/triple

decrease a decrease plunge a plunge

decline / be in decline a decline plummet

fall a fall
↓
drop a drop

dip a dip

go down a downward trend

fluctuate a fluctuation

oscillate an oscillation
↕
be volatile (a period of)
volatility
vary

Verb Noun

level off / level out a leveling out

→
plateau / reach a plateau

not change no change / little change

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remain/stay+stable/constant/steady/unchanged (a period of) stability

maintain the same level / stabilise

Verb

∙ - reach a peak of / hit the highest point of / peak at

- hit a low of / hit the lowest point of / fall to a low point of / reach a bottom of / bottom at

Degree Adj Adv

moderate moderately

Small slight / marginal slightly / marginally

minimal

gradual gradually

Gradual/slow steady steadily

slow slowly

considerable / significant / substantial considerably / significantly / substantially

remarkable remarkably

dramatic dramatically

Big/Quick sharp / marked sharply / markedly

rapid rapidly

steep steeply

twofold / threefold… twofold / threefold…

Preposition Phrases Meaning

- an increase of / a decrease of (noun) + Number tăng / giảm thêm bao nhiêu

of - reach a peak of / reach the highest point of + N / chạm mốc cao/thấp nhất ở con số bao nhiêu
hit a low of / hit the lowest point of … + Number

by increase by / decrease by (verb) + Number tăng / giảm thêm bao nhiêu

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- an increase to / a decrease to (noun) + Number tăng / giảm tới con số bao nhiêu
to
- increase to / decrease to (verb) + Number

at peak at / bottom at + Number chạm mốc cao/thấp nhất ở con số bao nhiêu

2. Structures

No. Structure Example

1 X + verb + adv + preposition + number + time. The number of internet users rose remarkably to
20,500 in 2010.

2 There + be + a/an + adj + noun + preposition + There was a remarkable increase to 20,500 in the
number + in + X + time. number of internet users in 2010.

3 X + saw/witnessed/experienced + a/an + adj + noun The number of internet users witnessed a

+ preposition + number + time. remarkable increase to 20,500 in 2010.

4 A/An + adj + noun + preposition + number + be + A remarkable increase to 20,500 was seen in the
seen/witnessed + in + X + time. number of internet users in 2010.

5 Time + saw/witnessed + a/an + adj + noun + The year 2010 saw a remarkable increase to
preposition + number + in + X. 20,500 in the number of internet users.

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II. Practice Exercise

1. Fill in the gaps with suitable words/phrases/numbers:

a)
The graph shows how many students were
registered at Litchfield school in each of the years from
2011 to 2014. The number of students at this school
changed every year.

Enrollment at Litchfield school (1)………………

over the four-year period shown on the graph. There was
a small (2)……………… from a little under 1000
students in 2011 to a little over 1000 in 2012. Then,
enrollment started to (3)……………… more rapidly. In
2013, there were (4)……………… students enrolled in
Litchfield school and in 2014 enrollment
(5)……………… to around 1500.

b)

The graph shows that services as a

percentage of GDP has been falling steadily. In
1998, natural resources provided more than
(1)……………… of GDP, but this
(2)……………… to less than 20% in 2007.
Industry earned only about (3)……………… of
GDP in 1998, but this figure (4)……………… to
almost 20% in 2007.

Exercise 2. Rewrite the following sentences using 2 structures you’ve learnt:

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1. The proportion of people watching films on TV dropped significantly to 20% in 2015.

2. The percentage of privately rented homes saw a quick rise of 10% in 2010.

3. There was a moderate increase of 30 seconds in the average length of the advertisements in 2009.

4. The year 2017 saw a steady rise of $2 million in the amount of salt exported.

5. The price of computers decreased gradually over the period.

6. The number of visitors to Hanoi experienced an upward trend in 2014.

7. The number of students studying two languages remained stable throughout the period.
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8. A sharp decline of 20% was seen in the sales of history books in 2017.

9. There was a slight growth in the quality of food in supermarkets in 2009.

10. A remarkable decrease of 35% was seen in the percentage of smokers during the period between 1990 and
2000.

11. The year 1979 saw an increase of 30% in the percentage of heaters in households.

12. In 2014, there was a noticeable decline in the number of engineering degrees.

13. Iced coffee sales rose significantly to around 40 servings per day in December.

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14. There was a slight drop to about 2,250 in the number of cell phone subscribers between 2005 and 2010.

15. The house price in Hanoi went up gradually in 2005.

Exercise 3. (self-study) Rewrite the following sentences using 2 structures you’ve learnt:

1. During the 1980s and 1990s, there was a rapid increase to 10,000 in the number of visitors to the castle.

2. In 2010, the percentage of people visiting the castle gradually went down to 30%.

3. The proportion of tourists who visited the festival fluctuated slightly in 1985.

4. The percentage of visitors to the zoo grew sharply by 20% in 2010.

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5. The percentage of Americans who followed vegetarian diet fell steadily in 1999.

6. There was a significant growth in the amount of government investment in the healthcare system in 2000.

7. The population growth rate witnessed a slow rise of 2.5% in 1950.

8. The year 1990 saw a quick drop in the unemployment rate.

9. The number of buses went up moderately by 20% in 2006.

10. There was an upward trend in the number of visitors to the website over the period.

Sample Answers:

Exercise 1
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