Purposive Communication (English 11) : Unit 1: Academic Research For Philippine Society

COLEGIO DE STA. LOURDES OF LEYTE FOUNDATION, INC.
TABONTABON, LEYTE
Brgy. 1 Quezon Tabontabon, Leyte
Cellphone No.: 0905 724 4430
Website: https://csllfi.wordpress.com
(DEPARTMENT OF NURSING & ENTREPRENEURSHIP)

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PURPOSIVE
COMMUNICATION
(English 11)
Placement: LEVEL 1 First Semester
Course Credits: 3 Units
MODULE # 1 Week1
UNIT 1: ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR PHILIPPINE SOCIETY

Chapter 1: Communication in the 21st Century
This chapter will introduce several concepts about communication beginning from
the Ancient Greeks until the 21st century. It will illuminate several perspectives about
communication, the most important one being that it is necessary and important skill
that should be honed to become better citizens and to help in building one's society.
It will explore the use of English in the world, as well as its usage in the
Philippines. It will also discuss the perils of language, and how we can find the seeds of
racism, sexism, and classicism in the language that we use--and what one can do to
ensure that one's language is as academic and inclusive as possible.
Chapter Objectives:
By the end of the chapter, you should be able to:
1. Have a thorough understanding of communication models and processes.
2. Understand the importance of ethics in communication and academic writing; and
3. Discover how English language spread throughout the world, and appreciate the
differences between Standard English, World Englishes, and Philippine English.
MS. MITCHELLE R. SUBRIO

INSTRUCTOR
mitchellesubrio@gmail.com
0997-964-3899 1.
TABONTABON, LEYTE
Cellphone No.: 0905 724 4430

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LESSON 1: COMMUNICATION MODELS
Learning Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1.) Understand the importance of communication in society;
2.) Know the principles and processes of communication in society:
3.) Relate the communication models to their experiences and apply them to their own
communication processes.
Before Reading Questions:
1. Why is communication important to you?

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2. Why is communication important society?

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3. Why do you think communication skills are considered to be essential in being

good citizens?
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INSTRUCTOR
0997-964-3899 2.
TABONTABON, LEYTE
Cellphone No.: 0905 724 4430

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Learning Content:
Communication
It is a mistake to believe that communication is a simple process. Although people

communicate with one another every day, the real question whether the ideas one has
expressed are truly understood by another. Communication breakdowns happen in
every part of the globe, and these have led to a plethora of problems.
Effective communication can breach peace, spark revolutions, and affect change in
government. However, to communicate properly, one cannot simply strive to express
oneself and leave understanding to fate: one must also learn how to organize one’s
thoughts, control one’s emotions, use one’s words to articulate concepts and arguments,
and express oneself in the best way possible.
The art of one’s communication reflects the art of one’s thinking. According to
James Berlin (1982), one of the major proponents of the New Rhetoric, “In teaching
writing, we are not simply offering training in a useful technical skill that is meant as a
simple complement to the more important studies of other areas. We are teaching a way
of experiencing the world, a way of ordering and making sense of it” (776).
This is also true when it comes to all language skills essential in communication,
whether this is in writing, reading, listening, or speaking. They are tools that helps us
analyze, critique, and negotiate with the world. To construct ideas and bring people to
believe in one’s vision, it is important to be able to communicate in an effective,
articulate manner. On a personal level, honing one’s communication skills can also
bring about success to one’s personal and professional life.
This is also true when it comes to all language skills essential in communication,
whether this is in writing, reading, listening, or speaking. They are tools that helps us
analyze, critique, and negotiate with the world. To construct ideas and bring people to
believe in one’s vision, it is important to be able to communicate in an effective,
articulate manner. On a personal level, honing one’s communication skills can also
bring about success to one’s personal and professional life.

INSTRUCTOR
0997-964-3899 3.
TABONTABON, LEYTE
Cellphone No.: 0905 724 4430

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To lead nations or corporations, communication skills are essential. To work
smoothly as a team, communication is indispensable. And to create a vision that people
will believe in, one needs to learn how to communicate purposely in today’s society.
After Reading Questions:
1. What problems can happen when there are communication breakdowns?

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2. What does Berlin mean when he says “ I(n teaching writing), we are teaching
aw ay of experiencing the world, a way of ordering and making sense of it” ?
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3. Is this only true for writing? Explain.
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INSTRUCTOR
0997-964-3899 4.
TABONTABON, LEYTE
Cellphone No.: 0905 724 4430

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
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Communication Models
One way of thinking about communications processes is by looking at the different

communication models available. According to Denis Mcquail and Sven Windahl (2013),
in their book Communication Models for the Study of Mass Communications, ”a model
seeks to show the main elements of any structure or process and the relationship
between these elements… it helps in explaining by providing in a simplified way
information which would otherwise be complicated or ambiguous”. (2)
Professor Ramona S. Flores (2016), in her book Oral Communication in Context,

discusses four models of communication in the chapter, “Explaining the Nature of
communication”. She discusses the different communication models as follows (Aristotle,
Shannon-Weaver, Schramm, and White, 2016).
Aristotle’s Model of Communication
The earliest model comes from Aristotle at around 5 B.C. In this model, Aristotle
explains that speakers should adjust their messages according to their audience and
occasion to achieve a particular effect.
Let us apply this to a modern example. After the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbour
on December 7, 1941, then US President Franklin Roosevelt delivered a stirring speech
to declare war on Japan on December 8 (National Geographic, 2017).
The speaker, in this case was US President Franklin Roosevelt and his speech was
crafted especially for the occasion, filled with strong words that were crisp and straight
to the point. The occasion was the US President’s response to the attack on Pearl
Harbour; the main audience was the US Congress; and the effect was to persuade
members of Congress to declare war on Japan, which they did , with only one dissenting
vote. These component of speaker, speech, occasion, audience, and effect should be

INSTRUCTOR
0997-964-3899 5.
TABONTABON, LEYTE
Cellphone No.: 0905 724 4430

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considered when communicating one’s message.
In this model, Aristotle explains that speakers should adjust their messages
according to their audience and the occasion to achieve a particular effect.
Main Components: Speakers, Speech, Occasion, Audience and Effect
Shannon-Weaver’s Model of Communication
An American mathematician, electrical engineer, and cryptographer. Also known

as “the father of information theory”
The Shannon-Weaver model was created by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
(Flores, 2016). According to the website Communication Theory. Org, in 1984, Shannon
and Weaver wrote an article in the Bell System Technological Journal entitled “A
Mathematical Theory of Communication”. According to Flores (2016), this also often

INSTRUCTOR
0997-964-3899 6.
TABONTABON, LEYTE
Cellphone No.: 0905 724 4430

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called the “Telephone Model” since it was developed because of the technology of the
telephone and the experience of “noise” coming from the switchboard.
The sender would be the person giving the message, while the encoder would be
the transmitter which converts the message into signals. Let us use the modern example
of the mobile phone. With our modern example, the encoder would be the cell phone and
the sender, of course, would be the person calling. The decoder, on the other hand,
would be the reception place of the signal which converts signal into message, which is
why in modern parlance, when there is “no signal”.
There is difficulty in decoding the message. The receiver would be the destination
of the message by sender which would be the person who is being called and when there
are problems, or “noise that interferes with the message, then the receiver would give
feedback, which is usually phrased as “choppy” when the message cannot be heard
because of the signal.
The messages are transferred through the use of a channel; in the case of the
telephone, the channel would be the cables, while in the case of the cellphone, the
channel would be the radio frequencies (Communication Theory. Org). This model can
also be used in other situations, and can tell us how the message may sometimes get
lost because of the noise, which can be physical or psychological.
And how feedback is an essential component of communication to ensure that the

message is successfully received.

INSTRUCTOR
0997-964-3899 7.
TABONTABON, LEYTE
Cellphone No.: 0905 724 4430

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
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Shannon-Weaver’s Model of Communication
Osgood-Schramm Model of Communication
On the other hand, when it comes to Schramm’s model of communication there

are two primary models involved. The first one is built on the theories of Osgood, which
is why this is also known as the Osgood-Schramm model.

INSTRUCTOR
0997-964-3899 8.
TABONTABON, LEYTE
Cellphone No.: 0905 724 4430

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On this model, pay attention to the role of the interpreter. Encoding and decoding
are not automatic processes both go through the filter of the interpreter’s appreciation of
the message may succeed or fail, based on the interpreter’s appreciation of the message.
There are times when the sender and receiver may apply different meanings to the same
message, and this is termed “semantic noise” (Communicative Theories. Org). His second
model, on the other hand, builds this theory about the interpreter into the different
fields of experience of the sender and the receiver.

INSTRUCTOR
0997-964-3899 9.
TABONTABON, LEYTE
Cellphone No.: 0905 724 4430

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
___
For this message to reach the receiver, there must be a common field of experience
between the sender and the receiver. According to Sneha Mishra (2017), this field of
experience may constitute “culture, social background, beliefs, experiences, values, and
rules”.
White’s Stages of Oral Communication
According to White, it is possible to begin at any of the stages outlined in his

model. Since it is a circular model, it means that oral communication is a continuous
process with no real beginning or end. White’s model is the concept of feedback, which
can only be processed if he or she has been monitoring the audience or the listener.
Hence, the speaker must pay attention to the listener’s verbal and non-verbal cues
(Flores, 2016).

INSTRUCTOR
0997-964-3899 10.
TABONTABON, LEYTE
Cellphone No.: 0905 724 4430

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
___
White’s Oral Stages of Communication
Thinking Symbolizing Expressing
Monitoring Transmitting
Feedbacking Decoding Receiving
In conclusion, communication is not a simple process that starts with the speaker
and ends with the listener—there are many factors that should be considered. When it
comes to the message, how message is organized and what field of experience it comes
from should be taken into consideration. When it comes to the sender, the best
communication is the one that involves feedback. Furthermore, there are several kinds
of “noise” that may severely affect the reception of the message and thus, should be
considered and avoided. Cultural differences, technology, and interpretation need to be
considered as well. To be good communicators, one needs to pay attention to how people
are responding to the message, and adjust accordingly, rather than being pre-occupied
with simply expressing oneself.

INSTRUCTOR
0997-964-3899 11.
TABONTABON, LEYTE
Cellphone No.: 0905 724 4430

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Learning Task: Communication Models Applied
Break into four groups representing the communication models. Each group
should do the following:
1. Explain the communication model assigned to them.

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2. Use their own examples to explain the model.
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3. Illustrate the model through a skit, which shows both successful communication
and failed communication.
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Sources/References:

INSTRUCTOR
0997-964-3899 12.

Purposive Communication (English 11) : Unit 1: Academic Research For Philippine Society

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COLEGIO DE STA. LOURDES OF LEYTE FOUNDATION, INC.

(DEPARTMENT OF NURSING & ENTREPRENEURSHIP)

UNIT 1: ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR PHILIPPINE SOCIETY

MS. MITCHELLE R. SUBRIO

(DEPARTMENT OF NURSING & ENTREPRENEURSHIP)

LESSON 1: COMMUNICATION MODELS

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

Before Reading Questions:

1. Why is communication important to you?

2. Why is communication important society?

3. Why do you think communication skills are considered to be essential in being

MS. MITCHELLE R. SUBRIO

(DEPARTMENT OF NURSING & ENTREPRENEURSHIP)

It is a mistake to believe that communication is a simple process. Although people

MS. MITCHELLE R. SUBRIO

(DEPARTMENT OF NURSING & ENTREPRENEURSHIP)

After Reading Questions:

1. What problems can happen when there are communication breakdowns?

MS. MITCHELLE R. SUBRIO

(DEPARTMENT OF NURSING & ENTREPRENEURSHIP)

One way of thinking about communications processes is by looking at the different

Professor Ramona S. Flores (2016), in her book Oral Communication in Context,

Aristotle’s Model of Communication

MS. MITCHELLE R. SUBRIO

(DEPARTMENT OF NURSING & ENTREPRENEURSHIP)

Shannon-Weaver’s Model of Communication

An American mathematician, electrical engineer, and cryptographer. Also known

MS. MITCHELLE R. SUBRIO

(DEPARTMENT OF NURSING & ENTREPRENEURSHIP)

And how feedback is an essential component of communication to ensure that the

MS. MITCHELLE R. SUBRIO

(DEPARTMENT OF NURSING & ENTREPRENEURSHIP)

Osgood-Schramm Model of Communication

On the other hand, when it comes to Schramm’s model of communication there

MS. MITCHELLE R. SUBRIO

(DEPARTMENT OF NURSING & ENTREPRENEURSHIP)

MS. MITCHELLE R. SUBRIO

(DEPARTMENT OF NURSING & ENTREPRENEURSHIP)

White’s Stages of Oral Communication

According to White, it is possible to begin at any of the stages outlined in his

MS. MITCHELLE R. SUBRIO

(DEPARTMENT OF NURSING & ENTREPRENEURSHIP)

White’s Oral Stages of Communication

Thinking Symbolizing Expressing

Feedbacking Decoding Receiving

MS. MITCHELLE R. SUBRIO

(DEPARTMENT OF NURSING & ENTREPRENEURSHIP)

1. Explain the communication model assigned to them.

MS. MITCHELLE R. SUBRIO

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