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First physics news From the cms experiment at the Lhc

Guido Tonelli(*) for The CMS CollaboraTion
INFN and University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland

In its first year of running the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) the largest in the world has began to produce data. The first physics results of the CMS experiment with proton-proton collisions are here reviewed. We present the studies performed on 7 TeV proton-proton collisions to commission the basic physics tools and to measure charged hadrons multiplicities and inclusive jet production cross-section. The complex set of measurements performed on W, Z bosons and top quarks are then discussed in detail. We describe the results of the searches for new physics performed by probing any eventual internal structure of quarks, and by looking for new massive gauge bosons, microscopic black holes and particles hinting at large extra-dimensions. The first results on the searches for SUSY and Higgs particles at LHC are lastly discussed together with the prospects for the discovery of the Higgs boson during the new physics run currently ongoing.

(*) E-mail: guido.tonelli@cern.ch

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CERN, Geneva

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Fig. 1 Schematic view of the CMS detector.

Fig. 2 Particles through a CMS slide.

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g. tonelli: First physics news From the cms experiment at the lhc

1 Introduction
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and its detectors have been designed to discover a large range of signals of new physics: the Higgs boson and eventual supersymmetric (SUSY) partners of known particles as well as a large set of new massive particles foreseen in many models for new physics including some of the recently proposed extra-dimensional models. The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is one of the two general-purpose detectors of LHC [1]. It is located at the experimental Point 5 of the LHC near Cessy (France). The main distinguishing features of CMS are (fig. 1) a large superconducting solenoid magnet, which creates a strong field of 3.8 tesla, a stateof-the-art silicon tracker, a highly granular crystal electromagnetic calorimeter, fully hermetic hadronic calorimeters and a sophisticated and redundant muon system. The detector has been built thanks to the collective effort of the CMS Collaboration consisting of more than 3170 scientists and engineers from 182 Institutes distributed in 40 countries all over the world. The basic principle of particle detection in CMS is illustrated in fig. 2. Charged particles emerging from the interaction point are measured in the silicon tracking system embedded in the 3.8 T magnetic field which is produced by the large superconducting solenoid. A very precise, threelayer, pixel detector allows the reconstruction of the primary vertex of the interaction and identifies long-living decay products hinting at the presence of b-quarks. Electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters are installed inside the superconducting coil while muons are measured first in the inner tracking system and then tracked outside the solenoid through a redundant set of muon stations installed to instrument the return joke of the magnetic field. Since the calorimeters cover a large fraction of the full solid angle, the presence of neutrinos in the decay products is inferred through the balance of energy in the transverse plane. Prior to collecting pp collisions the detector has been thoroughly calibrated using muons produced in cosmic rays. A large data set of more than 109 muons was recorded in successive campaigns of cosmic-ray data taking in 2008 and 2009. As a result of these studies it was possible to achieve a good understanding of the initial alignment constants

of the major detector components and a detailed map of the magnetic field. They led to an excellent control of the momentum resolution and absolute scale. The commissioning of the detector was then completed using the first LHC pilot runs at s = 0.9 and 2.36 TeV collision energies1 at the end of 2009.

2 LHC and CMS operations

The LHC started s = 7 TeV operations in spring 2010, at very low luminosity, in the range of L = 1027cm2 s1, but reached quickly instantaneous luminosities exceeding L = 2 1032 cm2 s1. In total an integrated luminosity of ~47 pb1 has been delivered by the LHC in 2010. With the LHC running in pp mode CMS has collected about 43 pb1 of data corresponding to an overall data-taking efficiency of about 92%. An 11% uncertainty was initially estimated on the luminosity mainly due to the uncertainty on the number of protons in each bunch [2]; later on, using additional measurements performed in special runs, it has been possible to reduce significantly this uncertainty so that the overall error in the luminosity determination is now estimated to be 4%. The overall operational status of CMS during this data taking was excellent. All sub-systems had a fraction of operational channels exceeding 98%, an outstanding achievement considering that the total amount of read-out channels in CMS exceeds 80 million. CMS uses a two-stage trigger. The Level 1 is implemented in hardware and, for the current data taking, reduces the rate to a maximum of 45 kHz. The second stage, High-Level Trigger (HLT) is fully implemented in software and selects interesting events to be permanently recorded at a rate of about 300 Hz. The CMS GRID-based computing infrastructure performed very well. As for most of the LHC experiments it is based on several specialized layers (Tiers) of computing centers. The Tier-0 infrastructure at CERN was able to repack and promptly reconstruct collision data. Within an hour ~10% of the data was quickly reconstructed and, once this was validated, the full data set of physics quality data was transferred to the 7 Tier-1s and

The words and expressions highlighted in red are listed and explained in box 1.

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Fig. 3 Left: Distribution of the 3D impact parameter significance. Right: Zoom in the central region (|h|<1.5).

Fig. 4 Invariant-mass distribution of particles decaying to m+m- in CMS.

Fig. 5 Left: Density of charged tracks in different h regions for collision energies 0.9, 2.36 and 7 TeV. Right: Average density of charged tracks in the very central region as a function of . s

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g. tonelli: First physics news From the cms experiment at the lhc

to the more than 50 Tier-2s distributed all over the world for the analysis. In the weeks before the major conferences more than 800 individuals submitted analysis jobs to the Tier-2 centers and we have been able to present results using data collected up to a week before.

3 Detector performance and commissioning of the major physics tools

After many years of detailed Monte Carlo (MC) studies it was important to first check that the CMS detector is well understood and that resolutions and other features obtained from the analysis of collision data match the values derived from simulations. The speed by which these first results were obtained was unprecedented. This was mostly due to the fact that the alignment and calibration conditions of the detector were already in place thanks to the excellent use and analysis of the cosmic-ray data taken in the previous two years. As an example of this outstanding agreement fig. 3 shows the comparison between data and MC of the distributions of the 3D impact parameter (IP) significance [3]. This is a very sophisticated variable that is used in b-tagging algorithms, the tools capable to identify the presence of long-living particles, like the b-quark, in jets. The plots are obtained using all tracks with pT > 1 GeV/c inside jets with pT > 40 GeV/c and |h| < 1.5. Note the logarithmic scale of the first plot, where an excellent agreement between data and MC extends over several orders of magnitude. On the right hand side of the figure a zoom into the central region allows better appreciation of the details of the agreement. Three different approaches are used in CMS to reconstruct jets. They differently combine individual contributions from various sub-detectors to form the inputs to the jet-clustering algorithm. The conventional approach (Calo-jets) is based on the purely calorimetric information; the Jet-Plus-Track approach (JPT-jets) uses the information on the charged particles associated to jets, as reconstructed by the tracker, to improve the measurements of the calorimeters; ParticleFlow (PFlow or PF-jets) is a completely new approach, specific to CMS, which combines all information available from the various sub-detectors. Jet energy measured in the detector is typically different from the corresponding particle jet energy. The purpose of the jet energy correction (JEC) is to relate, on average, the energy measured in the detector to the energy of the corresponding particle jet. The first physics analyses in CMS conservatively used 510% JEC uncertainties for JPT, PF and calorimeter jets [4]; with additional data this uncertainty has been reduced to 35%. The reconstruction of the missing transverse energy (MET) in the events is an important tool to address some of the most challenging physics goals of CMS, like the search for supersymmetry (SUSY). We studied first the effect of

instrumental anomalies and beam-induced backgrounds on the MET measurement and demonstrated a cleaning procedure to identify and correct for these effects. After the cleaning procedure, the distributions in the data, in general, are in good agreement with Monte Carlo simulation predictions. The best resolution in missing transverse energy is obtained using the Particle-Flow MET [5]. Following analysis of the cosmic data taken in 2008 and 2009, the performance of muon identication in CMS has been further studied on a sample of muons coming from collisions. Measured distributions of basic muon-related quantities are well reproduced by the Monte Carlo simulation. Efciencies of various high-level trigger, identication, and reconstruction algorithms have been measured in the muon momentum range up to about 15 GeV/c, and found to agree within 510% of expectations. The excellent muon momentum resolution in CMS (less than 1% for muons in the central region, and less than 3% for muons in the forward parts), can be appreciated when looking at the opposite-sign di-muon invariant mass distribution (fig. 4). It has been obtained analyzing the full data set collected so far corresponding to 40 pb1. Well known members of the quarkonia (quark-antiquark) families up to the Z boson are clearly visible.

4 First physics results 4.1 Soft QCD and jet physics

Using minimum bias events we have been able to measure the average transverse momentum and pseudorapidity distributions of charged tracks down to very low transverse momentum (pT 50 MeV/c), in a large pseudorapidity interval (|Dh| 2.5) for three different collision energies (0.9, 2.36 and 7 TeV) [6]. The data are corrected for trigger and event selection efciency, for effects of tracking inefciency and secondary tracks originating from the decay of long-lived particles and for products of interactions with the beam pipe and the detector material. At higher energies we observe an increase in the density of particles in data stronger than in model predictions (fig. 5). The results are being used as input to an improved Monte Carlo modeling of minimum bias events. Inclusive jet pT spectra have been produced for all three jet approaches used in CMS. The measured cross-sections are found to be in agreement with next-to-leading order (NLO) perturbative quantum chromodynamics (QCD) calculations, within the experimental and theoretical uncertainties [7, 8]. With the new Particle-Flow approach the distributions can be extended from the TeV region down to a low pT value of 18 GeV/c (fig. 6). In this latter case the Jet energy scale uncertainty is at the 35% level.

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Fig. 6 Inclusive jet pT spectra for low statistics data set (60 nb1) and purely calorimetric jets (left) and for high statistics (34 pb1) and Particle-Flow jets (right).

Fig. 7 Missing transverse energy distribution for W + e+n (left) and W e n (right). For each distribution the excellent agreement between data and MC is shown in the bottom part of the plot.

Fig. 8 Distribution of the di-muon invariant mass of Z + in linear (left) and logarithmic scale (right).

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Fig. 9 Left: Ratio of CMS measurements to theoretical predictions. Right: Comparison with lower energy measurements and NNLO predictions.

4.2 Intermediate vector bosons

The selection of W and Z bosons candidates is particular important for CMS since their production is a benchmark process at the LHC. The Higgs boson at intermediate or high mass is expected to decay with high branching ratios to pairs of Ws and Zs and, in general, the intermediate vector bosons are among the main sources of background to new physics processes. In addition they are extensively used as standard candles for calibration purposes and to understand with data the lepton momentum and energy scale and resolution as well as the efficiency and purity of the lepton selection. The production cross sections at LHC are so large that it has been possible very quickly to collect important samples of reconstructed W and Z candidates decaying to high-pT leptons. The W candidate events are characterized by a prompt, energetic (ET > 25 GeV), and isolated lepton, and signicant missing transverse energy. The main backgrounds are QCD multi-jet events and Drell-Yan events (with a continuum of lepton pairs produced) in which one lepton fails the selection. Simple selection cuts lead to the distributions of missing transverse energy that are used to extract the W n event yield. It is worth noticing that at the LHC, due to the quark content of the colliding protons, we expect to measure a production yield for W + larger than the corresponding yield for W . This is in fact what can be immediately noted in fig. 7 showing the missing transverse energy distribution for W candidates decaying in electrons and neutrinos. Similar results have been obtained for the corresponding channel with muons. It is also worth noticing that to extract the event yields we perform simultaneous fits to backgrounds and signal contributions. QCD background shapes are obtained using data while the electronweak (EWK) background shapes and signals are obtained from Monte Carlo simulations [9]. The Z + candidate events are required to have two opposite-sign leptons satisfying the same selection criteria used for the W n sample. The invariant-mass

distribution of the dilepton events in the range between 60 and 120 GeV/c2 shows a clear Z peak with negligible background. Figure 8 shows our result for Z m+m- in linear and semilogarithmic scale. Similar results are obtained for the Z e+e- channel. The inclusive cross-section measurements are then extracted from the data using data-driven methods for controlling the lepton efficiency, energy and momentum scale, resolution and all major sources of background. The ratio between results and theory as well as the evolution of the production cross-section with the collision center-of-mass energy are shown in fig. 9. It is worth noticing the amazing experimental precision achieved (~1%) and the excellent agreement between data and next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) calculations adopting current parton distribution functions (PDFs). The largest uncertainty for the crosssection measurement comes from the uncertainty in the measurement of the luminosity that is currently estimated with a 4% error. To complete the picture, very recently, we produced the measurement of the lepton charge asymmetry in W decays and the first measurement of the W polarization at a hadron collider. The lepton charge asymmetry in W events has been measured both with electrons and with muons in a large pseudorapidity range and for two different thresholds on the minimum transverse momentum of the W. The values of the charge asymmetry measured with electrons and muons are in good agreement with each other and the precision of the measurement is such that it is already challenging the PDF predictions [10]. The measurement of the W polarization shows that, as expected, both W+ and W , are produced by LHC preferably left-handed [11]. These complex and challenging measurements are important benchmarks to prove that precision electroweak measurements are already performed at LHC and many others will come as soon as additional data is available.

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Fig. 10 Event displays of top quark candidates in high-p T leptons, jets and missing E T (left) and high-p T di-leptons, jets and missing E T (right). In both cases at least 1 jet is b-tagged.

Fig. 11 Top quark pair production cross-section (left), and single-top production cross-section (right), versus center-of-mass energy, and comparison with theoretical predictions.

Fig. 12 Left: distribution of the c variable for di-jet events. Right: transverse-mass distribution of W candidates decaying to en.

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4.3 Top quark

The selection of top quark candidates is particularly challenging since it requires a complete understanding of all major physics tools. Searches in CMS for top quark candidate were made looking at channels with high-p T leptons or di-leptons, jets with at least 1 jet b-tagged (i.e. tagged as likely originated from a beauty/bottom quark) and missing E T . With a relatively small data set it was soon possible to identify good event candidates and to collect evidence of top quark production at the LHC in the lepton+jets and di-lepton channels. Typical event displays of top candidates are shown in fig. 10. The event display on the left shows the presence of a high-momentum muon (p T = 30.6 GeV/c), MET>100 GeV and 4 high-p T jets, one of which with good b-tag. A couple of possible combinations of missing ET with the muon leading to a transverse mass compatible with the presence of a W in the event (m T = 104105 GeV/c 2 ). The top quark candidate in the di-leptonic channel shown on the right contains two high-pT muons with opposite charge, two jets, both with secondary vertices (b-tagged) and a significant missing transverse energy (MET > 50 GeV). The event passes all cuts of the selection for top candidates including the Z-veto (Mmm= 26 GeV/c 2); the preliminary reconstruction of the mass leads to a value in the range 160220 GeV/c 2, fully compatible with the top hypothesis. Going through the full statistics collected so far, we have been able to measure the top pair production cross section using different techniques and various decay channels leading to a combined measurement of the top production cross section at LHC of tt = 158 19 pb [12], value that is in good agreement with the most recent NLO and approximate NNLO predictions (fig. 11). The complete mastering of all tools needed to reconstruct and understand top quarks at LHC has been successfully proven through the first measurement of single-top production cross-section with CMS. The measurement is particularly challenging as a consequence of the tiny cross section expected for the process and for the presence of important sources of background mainly due to W+jets and tt events. The fact that using only 36 pb1 of LHC data CMS has been able to measure the single-top production cross-section in the t-channel as t = 83.0 29.8(stat+syst) 3.3(lumi) pb [13] 2 is the best confirmation of the readiness of the detector to explore the completely new territory made accessible by the LHC collisions.

5 Search for new physics

Having fully calibrated the detector response with known Standard Model (SM) processes CMS started a systematic exploration of the new energy regime. The strategy to search for signals of new physics starts with looking first at distributions based on very simple, well-understood physics objects, like di-jets, di-leptons and di-photons. All these can be considered discovery tools particularly suited to look for signals of quark compositeness, strongly coupling new resonances or heavy exotic particles with significant production cross-sections at the LHC.

5.1 Quark compositeness and new heavy bosons

The angular distribution of di-jets is particularly sensitive to the presence of a contact interaction. If the quarks are composite objects high invariant mass di-jets will show significant deviations from the smooth angular behavior predicted by perturbative QCD. The analysis is based on the use of a variable c(c = e |y1 y2| with y1 and y2 being the rapidity values of the two jets) which is built to be flat if quarks have no internal sub-structure but very sensitive to any form of Rutherford scattering. Signatures of any new physics that might have a more isotropic angular distribution than QCD (e.g. quark compositeness) would produce an excess at low values of c (fig. 12). Since we do not observe any anomaly in the di-jet angular distributions it has been relatively straightforward to extract a lower limit (95% CL) on the contact interaction scale of L = 5.6 TeV [14]. For CMS, so far, quarks are still point-like objects. New heavy gauge bosons, generally indicated as Z and W, are predicted in various extensions of the standard model (SM). The search for a W is usually performed in the context of the benchmark models where the W boson is considered a heavy analogue of the SM W boson with the same lefthanded fermionic couplings. Thus the W decay modes and branching fractions are similar to those of the W boson. In this context the search is performed looking for anomalies in the tail of the distribution of the reconstructed transverse mass of the W. An example of this distribution for W decaying to electrons and neutrinos is shown in fig. 12 where one can note that events with transverse mass exceeding 400 GeV/c 2 have been collected by CMS. The production of a W boson would imply an excess of events in the tail of the distribution. Since no excess is visible in our data, we can extract limits on the production of heavy W vector bosons at the LHC. The most important source of background for this analysis are multi-jet and tt events that must be carefully understood to set limits on new phenomena. Assuming standard-modellike couplings and decay branching fractions and combining together the decay
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Here stat, syst and lumi indicate, respectively, the statistical, systematic and luminosity uncertainty contributions to the cross-section measurement.

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Fig. 13 Left: Invariant-mass distribution of di-photon events with simulation of the excess of photons produced in a few extra-dimensions models. Right: Distribution of the variable S T and simulation of the excess due to the production of microscopic black holes in different models.

modes in electrons and in muons, we can exclude a W with mass lower than 1.58 TeV/c 2, a value that exceeds the current limits set by the Tevatron experiments [15]. The most stringent limits to date have been obtained also for the search of Z where the analysis is conceptually similar [16]. The challenge is to study in detail the high mass part of the Z resonance tail looking for any excess that could hint at the production of new massive bosons. The most important source of background for both analyses are multi-jet and tt events that must be carefully understood to set limits on new phenomena. Many new limits have been published by CMS in the search for exotic particles, however there is not enough space in this paper to cover all of them. I want to mention briefly only the direct search for large spatial extra-dimensions and the first direct search for signature of microscopic black holes at a particle collider.

5.2 Extra-dimensions and microscopic black holes

Compact large extra-dimensions are an intriguing proposed solution to the hierarchy problem of the standard model, which refers to the puzzling fact that the fundamental scale of gravity, MPl 1019 GeV/c 2, is so much higher than the electroweak symmetry breaking scale MEWSB 103 GeV/c 2. With such a difference in scales, it is difcult to protect the Higgs mass from radiative corrections without a very high degree of ne-tuning. The original proposal to use extra dimensions to solve the hierarchy problem assumed a scenario where the SM is constrained to the common 3+1 space-time dimensions, while gravity is free to propagate through the entire multidimensional space. 14 < il nuovo saggiatore

Because of this, the gravitational force is effectively diluted, having undergone a Gausss Law reduction in the ux. Phenomenologically, this scenario results in s-channel production of massive Kaluza-Klein (KK) graviton states, which decay into a di-photon nal state that can be easily detected in modern, hermetic detectors like CMS. A search for large extra-dimensions via virtual graviton exchange in the di-photon channel has been performed by CMS looking for an excess of events in the high mass tail of the distribution of the di-photon invariant mass (fig. 13). The new limits, obtained in the range of 1.62.3 TeV/c 2, depending on the number of extra-dimensions, can be interpreted as the lower limits on the effective Planck scale, MD , in these models, and are the most restrictive limits on the existence of large extradimensions to date for their number greater than two [17]. Another possible manifestation of the fact that the effective Planck scale, MD , could be brought to the TeV scale for the presence of compactified extra dimensions could be the production of microscopic black holes. Partons colliding in LHC, once they approach each other to a distance comparable to the size of extra dimensions, could start feeling the full strength of gravity and may collapse in a microscopic black hole. The production cross section can be as high as 100 pb for MD of 1 TeV/c 2. Once produced, the microscopic black holes evaporate almost instantaneously by emitting energetic particles. About three quarters of the emitted particles are expected to be quark and gluons; the rest is accounted for by leptons, photons, W/Z bosons and possibly Higgs particles. We look therefore for events with high multiplicity of energetic objects. Since the main background comes from

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Fig. 14 Left: Distribution of T for di-jet events. Right: Exclusion limits on SUSY produced by several different analyses.

copious production of multi-jets that are not well described in QCD predictions, we must use data-driven methods. We have found that a new variable, S T , which is defined as the scalar sum of transverse momenta of all the energetic objects in the event (reconstructed hadronic jets, leptons, photons and missing transverse energy) can be used to describe the multi-jet QCD background (fig. 13). The resulting background predictions for the inclusive multiplicities of 3, 4, and 5 or more objects in the final state agree with the observed spectra in the data. As a result, we have been able to exclude black holes with the minimum masses between 3.5 and 4.5 TeV/c 2, for the values of MD in the range of 1.53.5 TeV/c 2 and various other model parameters [18]. These limits are the first direct limits on black hole production at particle colliders and go well beyond potential reach of the Tevatron or cosmic-ray experiments.

5.3 Supersymmetry
Supersymmetry is widely considered an attractive theory that is able to solve the hierarchy problem of the Standard Model at the expense of introducing a large number of supersymmetric particles with the same quantum numbers as the SM particles, but differing by half a unit of spin. If R-parity conservation is assumed, supersymmetric particles are produced in pairs and decay to the lightest supersymmetric particle (neutralino or LSP), leading to a characteristic signature of events with large missing transverse energy. The dominant production channels of heavy coloured sparticles (i.e supersymmetric particles) at the LHC are squarksquark, squark-gluino and gluino-gluino pair production. Heavy squarks and gluinos decay into quarks, gluons and

other SM particles, as well as neutralinos which escape undetected, leading to nal states with several hadronic jets and large missing transverse energy. CMS performed the first search for SUSY particles at the LHC in events with two or more energetic jets and signicant missing transverse energy. Since we are looking for massive objects, events are pre-selected requiring high values of the scalar sum of the transverse energy of jets, H T > 350 GeV, thus ensuring large hadronic activity in the event. The analysis is then based on the use of a very simple variable T = ETj2/M T , where ETj2 is the transverse energy of the less energetic of the two jets in the event and M T is the transverse mass of the di-jet system. For a perfectly measured di-jet event, with ETj1 = ETj2 and jets back to back in , and in the limit where the jet momenta are large compared to their masses, the value of T is 0.5. In the case of an imbalance in the measured transverse energies of back to back jets, T takes on values smaller than 0.5, while for jets that are not back to back, T can be greater than 0.5. Values of T above 0.5 can occur for QCD multi-jet events, either with multiple jets failing the E T > 50 GeV requirement, or with missing transverse energy arising from jet energy resolution or severe jet energy under-measurements due to detector inefciencies. On the other hand, events with genuine missing E T often have much larger values of T , resulting in a good separation of signal events from the QCD multi-jet background. As anticipated, these distributions peak at T = 0.5 for QCD multi-jet events and then fall sharply in the range 0.5 to 0.55, reaching a level 45 orders of magnitude lower than the peak value (fig. 14). Multi-jet events from QCD background are therefore
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Fig. 15 Left: Distribution of the opening angle between the two leptons, Dj , in WW event candidates. Right: Exclusion limits on MSSM neutral Higgs decaying to t pairs.

efficiently rejected by requiring T to exceed 0.55. A simple generalization of the variable T can be used to include final states with more than two jets. A small tail of tt and W+jets and Z invisible+jets events survive as a possible contamination to the signal region. Data-driven methods are used to understand all major sources of background. The search for SUSY signals involves looking for an excess of events in the high T region. Since no excess has been observed in the full 2010 data set, we have published limits constraining significantly the simplest minimal supersymmetric extensions of the Standard Model (MSSM) [19]. A complex set of additional searches has then been performed using many different topological signatures of SUSY: di-photons and large missing E T , same sign and opposite sign di-leptons, single leptons and large missing ET , multi-leptons and fully hadronic final states with large missing ET . None of these searches produced so far hints of production of SUSY particles at the LHC. Using conservative statistical tools we have extracted limits from the experimental data producing new results exceeding significantly the best measurements performed so far by the Tevatron experiments [2023]. Figure 14 summarizes the exclusion limits produced by these analyses for a particular choice of SUSY parameters. The highest exclusion limits are obtained using the fully hadronic final states. Based on the results obtained from the analysis of the 2010 data, we can extrapolate that, if supersymmetry is really a symmetry of nature, it will be possible to detect SUSY signals in the 20112012 LHC data, supposed to be 50100 times larger with respect to the 40 pb1 recorded so far. 16 < il nuovo saggiatore

5.4 Higgs boson

The search for the Higgs boson is one of the most ambitious goals of the LHC experiments. The amount of data collected in 2010 was not large enough to perform a complete and exhaustive search that can yield, in general, competitive results with respect to the Tevatron Collider. This has been possible, so far, only for a couple of analyses. The first analysis is the search for the SM Higgs in the W +W channel with the Higgs production cross-section enhanced by the presence of a fourth generation. A possible extension to the SM is the addition of a fourth family of fermions. For large lepton and quark masses, this extension has not been excluded by existing constraints. The presence of another family of fermions would produce an enhancement of the dominant gluon fusion cross-section. The irreducible background for H W+W production is the SM non-resonant production of W+W . A good understanding of this process and its properties is needed anyway since the W+ W channel is particularly sensitive in the intermediate mass range (120200 GeV/c 2) and is therefore considered a sort of work-horse for the search of the SM Higgs boson. This is why the search was performed in conjunction with the first measurement of the W+ W production cross-section at LHC. W+ W candidates are selected in events with two high-pT leptons, electrons or muons and large missing ET . Leptons originating from H W+ W decays tend to have a relatively small opening angle, while those from WW backgrounds are preferentially emitted back-to-back. The opening angle between the two leptons, Dj , is therefore a variable providing the best discriminating power between the Higgs boson signal and the majority of the backgrounds in the

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low-mass range. Figure 15 shows the distribution of Dj , after applying the W+ W selections, for a SM Higgs boson signal with mH = 160 GeV/c 2, and for the major sources of backgrounds. Since no excess above the SM expectations was found in the lower j region, upper limits on the Higgs boson production cross-section have been derived. In the presence of a sequential fourth family of fermions with very high masses, a Higgs boson with Standard Model couplings and a mass between 144 and 207 GeV/c 2 has been excluded at 95% condence level [24]. The second analysis yielding new results on Higgs is the search for MSSM Higgs decaying to tau pairs. The minimal supersymmetric extension to the Standard Model (MSSM) requires the presence of two Higgs doublets. This leads to a more complicated Higgs boson sector, with ve massive Higgs bosons: a light neutral scalar (h), two charged scalars (H), a heavy neutral CP-even state (H) and a neutral CP-odd state (A). The tau pair decays of the neutral Higgs bosons, having a branching ratio of about 10%, serve as the best experimental signature for this search. The bb mode, though it has a much larger branching ratio, suffers from an overwhelming background from QCD processes. Three nal states where the decays leptonically or hadronically are used in our analysis: eth , mth , and em, where we use the symbol th to indicate a reconstructed hadronic decay of a tau. The ee and mm nal states suffer too much background from Z/* events to be usable. The observed tau pair mass spectrum reveals no evidence for neutral Higgs boson production, and we determine an upper bound on the product of the Higgs boson cross section and tau pair branching ratio. These results, interpreted in the MSSM parameter space, exclude a previously unexplored region reaching as low as tan = 23 at mA = 130 GeV/c2 [25].

The results obtained in the searches for the Higgs boson using the 2010 data set bodes well for the current LHC data taking. Assuming that in 20112012 the LHC will deliver to the experiments an integrated luminosity in a range of 510 fb1, as it appears to be possible extrapolating on last years performance of the machine, we are confident to be able to exclude the SM Higgs boson in the mass range between 120 and 600 GeV/c 2, or to discover it with the combination of ATLAS and CMS results.

6 Conclusion
We have presented the first physics results obtained using pp collisions at 7 TeV. After a few months of data taking we have achieved a good understanding of the detector performance and of the Standard Model properties at 7 TeV. Soon afterwards we have started the systematic exploration of the new energy regime in the quest for signals of new physics. New limits have been produced in many searches: quark compositeness, new vector bosons, extra dimensions. Lastly, the first studies on the searches for SUSY particles and the Higgs boson in LHC data have been presented together with the prospects for the current 20112012 running period.

Acknowledgements
I would like to thank first the LHC accelerator team for achieving an impressive performance of the machine in its first year of running. I am grateful to all colleagues of the CMS Collaboration for their huge collective effort in constructing and running the experiment and analyzing so quickly and so efficiently data collected just up to a few months ago.
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BOX 1 s is the proton-proton collision energy in their center-of-mass reference frame. The luminosity L is the quantity which multiplied by the interaction probability (i.e. the cross-section) of the two colliding particles gives the total collision rate. pT is the particle transverse momentum component with respect to beam axis. The terms s-, t-channels indicate different types of scattering processes, i.e. of Feynman diagrams, occurring at the parton level in the proton-proton interaction. The particle rapidity is y =1/2 ln((E + pL)/(E pL)), where E and pL are the particle energy and longitudinal momentum with respect to the beam axis.
2 2 The particle transverse mass m T is defined by m T = m2 + p T , where m and p T are the particle mass and transverse momentum.

The particle pseudorapidity is h = ln(tan /2), where is the angle between the particle momentum and the beam axis. In high energy collisions in a proton-proton collider the particles initial momentum in the direction transverse to the beam axis is negligible. Because of energy and momentum conservation, any net transverse momentum in the final state hints at an imbalance in the transverse energy, ET , usually indicated as missing transverse energy.

The R-parity is a multiplicative quantum number such that all supersymmetric particles have R = 1, while all ordinary (Standard Model) particles have R = +1. tan is defined as the ratio of the vacuum expectation values of the two neutral Higgs fields and is one of the many parameters describing the MSSM theory.

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Guido Emilio Tonelli Guido Tonelli is Professor of General Physics at the University of Pisa and INFN Collaborator. He works in the field of High-Energy Physics since 1978 participating in experiments at CERN (Geneva, Switzerland) and Fermilab (Chicago, USA). Among his contributions there are the first precision measurements of the lifetime of charmed mesons, experimental tests of the Standard Model of fundamental interactions and searches for new physics beyond the Standard Model. He was one of the first "pioneers" developing semiconductor detectors for High Energy Physics and he is author of more than 400 scientific papers in international journals. Presently he is the Spokesperson of CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid), a Collaboration of about 3000 scientists coming from 40 different countries that have realized and put into operation one of the biggest experiments of the LHC (Large Hadron Collider), CERN, Geneva.

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