Lesson 2: The Periodic Table

Organizing the Elements

Mendeleev's Work:

Describe Mendeleev work ?

• Mendeleev noted that some elements had similar chemical and

physical properties that leads to hidden pattern.
• To find that pattern, he noted each element's melting point,
density, and color.
• He also included the element's atomic mass.
• Mendeleev noticed that a pattern of properties appeared when he
arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass.

The Periodic Table

What is a periodic table?
⁃ The periodic table is a chart showing all of the elements arranged
according to the repeating pattern of their properties. (The word
periodic means “in a regular, repeated pattern.")

How is the modern periodic table different from Mendeleev's periodic

table?

1. Mendeleev periodic table

• Mendeleev periodic table is arranged according to each
element's atomic mass.
• Mendeleev left blank spaces for elements that were not
discovered.

What is an element atomic mass?

⁃ An element's atomic mass is the average mass of all the isotopes
of that element.
2. modern periodic tables
• modern periodic tables are arranged in order of increasing
atomic number instead of by increasing atomic mass.
• The modern table shows additional elements that had not been
discovered during Mendeleev's time.

What is an atomic number?

⁃ the number of protons in an atom's nucleus and is related to the
chemical properties of an element.

At room temperature, chlorine is a gas, bromine is a liquid, and iodine

is a solid. However, all three elements share some physical properties.
They also have very similar chemical properties. They are grouped in
the same column on the periodic table. What common property do you
observe?
⁃ They all produce colored vapors.

Using the Periodic Table

What kind of information does the periodic table contain?

1. the name of each element
2. its atomic number
3. its atomic mass.
4. its chemical symbol: A one or two letter representation of an
element
5. the atomic numbers increase from left to right.
6. each color-coded region corresponds to a different class of
elements- metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.
Use the periodic table and fill in the information shown for the
element phosphorus on cell shown, and label each piece of
information?
Use the periodic table and fill in the information for the element zinc
on the cell shown, and label each piece of information?

Periods in the Periodic Table

What are periods in the periodic table?

⁃ The horizontal rows in the periodic table are known as periods
that contains a series of different elements.

How many period are there is the periodic table?

⁃ The modern periodic table has seven periods, each follows a
pattern.

What does each period useful for ?

⁃ the period numbers are on the left side of the periodic table.
⁃ from left to right across a period, the properties of the elements
change in a pattern. Metals are shown on the left of the table, and
nonmetals are located on the right. Metalloids are found between
the metals and nonmetals. This pattern is repeated in each period.
Why is the periodic table so useful to chemists?
⁃ Because an element's properties can be predicted by its location in
the periodic table.

Lanthanides and Actinides

Where do you find Lanthanides and Actinides in the periodic table?
⁃ Under the bottom row of the main part of the periodic table, two
additional rows standing alone to save space and to make the rest
of the table easier to read.

What is lanthanides?
⁃ The elements found in nature and sometimes called the "rare earth
metals” such as lanthanum (La).

What is the uses of lanthanum (La)?

⁃ This lanthanide is a major component in batteries for hybrid cars
and in permanent magnets.

What is actinides?
⁃ Elements that are radioactive and some can be found in nature
such as Uranium and thorium but most made artificially in
laboratories.

What are the actinides that can ONLY be found in nature?

⁃ Uranium and thorium are the only two actinides that are found in
nature.

What is the characteristic that all actinides have?

⁃ they are all radioactive.

Use the periodic table to label the lanthanum cell with the atomic
number and atomic mass?

Transuranium Elements
Where do you find is Transuranium Elements in the periodic table?
⁃ The elements that come after uranium (U) in the periodic table are
known as transuranium elements.
What is Transuranium Elements?
Unstable elements that decays radioactively into other elements and
are made in a laboratory when nuclear particles are forced to crash
into one another.

Groups in the Periodic Table

What is a group in the periodic table?
Columns in the periodic table that contain elements that have similar
characteristics ( properties).

How many groups are in the table?

⁃ There are 18 columns in the table, and so there are 18 groups.

What are the groups in the periodic table?

1. Groups Containing Metals
2. Groups Containing Metalloids and Nonmetals
3. Halogens, Noble Gases, and Hydrogen

Groups Containing Metals

Go back to the periodic table, Where do you find groups Containing
Metals?
⁃ At least one metal is found in every group except Group 18.
metals make up most of the elements
What do alkali metals and alkaline earth metals have in common?
How are they different?
⁃ Both groups of metals are found only as compounds and are
highly reactive. Alkaline earth metals are harder and denser than
alkali metals, and they have higher melting points.

Groups Containing Metalloids and Nonmetals

Go back to the periodic table, Where do you find groups Containing
Metalloids and Nonmetals?
1. There are nonmetals in Group 1
2. There are nonmetals in Groups 14 through 18.
3. There are nonmetals in groups 13 through 16. These groups also
contain metalloids, which have some properties of metals
Halogens, Noble Gases, and Hydrogen
Go back to the periodic table, Where do you find groups Containing
halogens, the noble gases, and hydrogen?
⁃ Hydrogen in group 1
⁃ Noble gases in group 18
⁃ Halogens in group 17

What is Halogens ?
⁃ Halogens are the most reactive nonmetals.

What is noble gases?

⁃ noble gases are the least reactive nonmetals.

What is Hydrogen?
⁃ Hydrogen is a nonmetal that does not fall into a family because its
chemical properties are very different from other elements. It is
the simplest element, containing only one proton and one electron.

The noble gases in Group 18 were some of the last natural elements to
be discovered, Why do
you think this is so?
⁃ Elements are often discovered when they react with other
elements or are found in compounds, but noble gases rarely react
with other elements, and they are not commonly found in
compounds.

Go back to the periodic table, What element is found in Group 6 and

Period 4? Based on its location, is this element more similar to
tungsten or to iron? Explain.
⁃ The element is chromium. It is more similar to tungsten because
chromium and tungsten are in the same group.
Assume that one particular atom of rhodium (Rh) has a mass of 102.
Why does this number not exactly match the atomic mass of 102.91
listed on the periodic table for this element?
⁃ Atomic mass is an average of the mass of all isotopes in a sample.
Many atoms have more neutrons than the atom mentioned so the
average mass is higher..

Go back to the periodic table, What element is found in :

Group 5 Period 4
⁃ Vanadium (V)
Group 4, Period 5
⁃ Zirconium (Zr)
Group 8, Period 4
⁃ Iron (Fe)
Group 11, Period 6
⁃ Gold (Au)
Group 14, Period 5
⁃ Tin (Sn)
Group 2, Period 3
⁃ Mannecilm (MA)
Group 16, Period 3
⁃ Sulfur (S)
Group 16, Period 2
⁃ Oxygen (0)
Group 14, Period 3
⁃ Silicon (Si)
Group 14, Period 2
⁃ Carbon (C)