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to the super-high Q cavities of todays real experiments. exploring the quantum dynamics of atoms and photons in a confined space has progressed a lot
Bohrs draft of a box storing and releasing a photon to test quantum laws
Spontaneous emission enhancement predicted by E.Purcell in 1945 and the possibility to inhibit spontaneous emission in atoms suggested by D.Kleppner in 1981
Emission inhibited
Emission enhanced
"c/"
"c/"
100-1000 or larger
2l/!
When gap is increased to l = l/2, mode density jumps and undergoes resonances for larger l values
l/!
Ionization signal in a ramped electric eld applied to the atoms after they leave the cavity. The 22P state ionizes in a larger eld, thus at a later time than 23S. Signals corresponding to an average of N atoms crossing together the cavity: N = 3.5, 2 and 1.3 for traces a,b,c respectively. Cavity on resonance (solid line) or offresonance (dashed line).
Rydberg atoms prepared in state 23S in a cavity (V=70mm3) resonant with transition 23S22P (!=340 GHz).
Enhancement factor:
! = " C / " (23S #22 P ) = 530 at
Atom prepared in circular Rydberg state n=22 (orbit parallel to metal plates)
Ionisation detector
! / 2L
Atomic transmission versus "/2L: " is swept by Stark effect, L being kept constant. The sharp signal increase for "/2L=1 demonstrates the inhibition of s.e. of the Rydberg atom which survives longer in its initial state.
Many enhancement and inhibition experiments in microwave, infrared and optical part of spectrum realized since these pionneering studies
! g, g
Strong correlations with entanglement spontaneously build up between atoms, making collective dipole larger than when atoms radiate independently Due to this correlation, the spontaneous emission occurs faster than for single atom: this is Dicke superradiance
The atom-cavity coupling is switched-off after variable time by applying an electric eld in cavity (Stark effect). For each interaction time t , we measure the number of atoms in states 29S and 28P after cavity exit. From an ensemble of 900 realizations of experiment, we reconstruct the histograms of the number Ne of excited atoms as a function of t (in units of tD ~ %N/$0 = 460 ns).
" !c = << # c #c
Spontaneous emission in a continuum of cavity modes of width &c = '/Q imparts to atomic excited state a width $c inversely proportional to &c.
"2 !c = $ #c #c
Atomic dipole
Rabi frequency
" $ %c = Q
Strong coupling regime: large dipole, small cavity volume and very large Q factor
From Purcell to Rabi: the strong coupling regime of Cavity QED is a story about a spin and a spring
(Jaynes Cummings Hamitonian)
h!eg
$ #t ' $ #t ' e, 0 !! cos & ) e, 0 + sin & ) g,1 " % 2 ( % 2 ( $ # n +1t ' $ # n +1t ' e, n !! cos & " ) e, n + sin & ) g, n +1 2 2 % ( % (
Rabi oscillation in vacuum or in small coherent field: direct test of photon graininess p(n) n
" ! n + 1t % Pe (t) = ( p(n)cos $ ' ; 2 # & n
2
p(n) = e) n
n n!
1 2 3
n=0
(n th = 0.06)
n = 0.40 (0.02)
n = 0.85 (0.04)
n = 1.77 (0.15)
Pe(t) signal Fourier transform Inferred p(n)
Rydberg atoms cross one at a time a high Q cavity and build up a manyphoton field in it by cumulative Rabi oscillations: the ultimate maser-laser
Meschede et al, PRL 54, 551 (1985)
!n = 0
!n = +1
Probabilities given by Rabi: Simulations: # & n undergoes 2 ! n +1t + j " Pj (n) = cos % ( staircase-like 2 $ ' evolution, varying randomly j =1 Solid line: j=0 between ensemble average different Trapping states realizations If trapping ! n0 +1t = 2 p" condition fulfilled, all # Pj =1 (n0 ) = 0 trajectories Photon number converge to n0 converges to n0 (here n0=10) Photon nber histograms at increasing times
!n = 0
!n = +2
The transmission spectrum of the cavity is split into two components when cavity contains a single atom (from atomic beam or dropped from a MOT). Fourier transform of timedependent Rabi oscillation
a b
Depending on laser frequency, a single atom transit across cavity is signaled by a dip or a peak. A 100% efficient atom detector which can count one by one atoms in the cavity
J.McKeever et al, PRL 93, 143601 (2004)
The atom-cavity dressed energies are atomic position dependent. Their spatial derivative corresponds to a light-force exerted on average by one photon! This force can attract atom inside the cavity. Conversely, the atom modifies the cavity frequency, which changes its response to the field. From an analysis of this field transmission, the position of the atom inside the cavity can be obtained in real time: an atom-cavity microscope tracking atoms. Feed back procedures to improve the trapping have been implemented.
Garching group (similar films by Caltech group)
C.J.Hood et al, Science, 287, 1457 (2000) . T.Fischer et al, PRL 88, 163002 (2002)
f
repumping
Experiment performed with flying atoms, then with trapped atoms in cavity
Kuhn et al, PRL, 89, 067901 (2002) J.McKeever et al, Science, 303, 1992 (2004) M. Hijlkema et al, arXiv:quant-ph/0702034 (2007)
Single atom-non linear optics: the photon blockade effect in optical CQED
Once a photon is resonant with the atom-cavity system, a second photon is off-resonant: only one photon at a time can be transmitted by cavity at resonance!
e g
n = 51 n = 50
Long radiative lifetimes (30ms) Level tunability by Stark effect Easy state selective detection Quasi two-level systems
The spin
The spring
Possibility to prepare Fock or coherent states with controlled mean photon number
Cavity
State selective detection
Auxiliary microwave (atom manipulation) Raimond, Brune and Haroche RMP, 73, 565 (2001)
Controlling the atom-cavity interaction time: atomic velocity selection by optical pumping
Rubidium level scheme with transitions implied in the selective depumping and repumping of one velocity class in the F=3 hyperne state
In green, velocity distribution before pumping, in red velocity distribution of atoms pumped in F=3, before being excited in circular Rydberg state
|e,0>
0.2
0.0
|e,0> % |g,1> |g,1>% |e,0> |g,0> % |g,0> (|e> +|g>)|0> % |g> (|1> +|0>)
0.8
P e (t)
0.2
0.0
|e,0> % - |e,0> |g,1> % - |g,1> |g,0> % |g,0> 2$ pulse: phase gate and quantum logic operations
0.8
P e (t)
0.2
0.0
Nogues et al, Nature, 400, 239 (1999); Rauschenbeutel et al, PRL, 83, 5166 (1999)
g2
e1
Electric eld F(t) used to tune atoms #1 and #2 in resonance with C for a determined time t realizing )/2 or ) Rabi pulse conditions
Direct entanglement of two atoms via virtual photon exchange: a cavity-assisted controlled collision
(after S.B.Zeng and G.C.Guo, PRL 85, 2392 (2000)).
Two modes: 1/*#1/* 1 +1/*2 Relatively insensitive to cavity Q and thermal photons
%1 1 ( ! = 10 "6 # eg ' + * & $1 $ 2 )
Microscopic slit: set in motion when deflecting particle. Which path information and no fringes Macroscopic slit: impervious to interfering particle. No which path information and fringes Wave and particle are complementary aspects of the quantum object.
_ &
_ &
Massive beam splitter: negligible motion, no which- path information, fringes Microscopic beam splitter: which path information and no fringes
A more general analyzis of Bohrs experiment Initial beam-splitter state Final state for path b Particle/beam-splitter state Particle/beam-splitter entanglement (an EPR pair if states orthogonal) Final fringes signal
&
B2
!
" = "a 0 + "b !
" a "b
0!
Small mass, large kick NO FRINGES Large mass, small kick FRINGES
0 ! =0
0 ! =1
& _
R1
R2
_ &
Which path information? Atom emits one photon in R1 or R2
D M'
1.0
B2
0.8
0.6
Pg
0.4 0.2 0.0
Ordinary macroscopic fields (heavy beam-splitter) Field state not appreciably affected. No "which path" information FRINGES Mesoscopic Ramsey field (light beam-splitter) Addition of one photon changes the field. "which path" info NO FRINGES
0 10 20 30 40
50
60
Large field
'
Small quantum fluctuations. A field with more than 10 photons is almost a classical object.
S
Atom-cavity interaction time Tuned for $/2 pulse Possible even if C empty
Initial cavity state
e R1
& _
R2 g D
!
" =
C
1 e, ! e + g, ! g 2
!e ! g
!e " ! g " !
FRINGES
Small field
!e = 0 , !g = 1
NO FRINGE
photon number plays the role of the beamsplitter's "mass" An illustration of the (N() uncertainty relation : Ramsey fringes reveal field pulses phase correlations. Small quantum field: large phase uncertainty and low fringe contrast Not a trivial blurring of the fringes by a classical noise: atom/cavity entanglement can be erased
Fringes contrast
_ &
Two interactions with the same beamsplitter assembly erase the which path information and restore the interference fringes
e,0
e,0
0.8 0.7
&
)
0.6
1 ( e,0 + g,1 2
|g,1>
0.5
Pe
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0
Ramsey fringes without fields ! Quantum interference fringes without external field A good tool for quantum manipulations
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Atom found in g: one photon in C whatever the path:no info and fringes