ntroductIon to ArtIIIcIaI nteIIIgence ntroductIon to ArtIIIcIaI nteIIIgence ntroductIon to ArtIIIcIaI nteIIIgence ntroductIon to ArtIIIcIaI nteIIIgence

Compiled by Andy Song

based on the notes from Vic Ciesielski, Xiaodong Li (RMIT)
and the notes from Russell & Norvig (Berkeley)
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 2
Course overvIew Course overvIew Course overvIew Course overvIew
ntroductIon
Search
KnowIedge RepresentatIon
PIannIng
8ayesIan Networks
nteIIIgent Agents
EvoIutIonary ComputatIon
MachIne LearnIng
(0.5 week)
(3.5 weeks)
(2 weeks)
(2 weeks)
(2 weeks)
(1 week)
(1 week)
(1 week)
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 3
Why ArtIIIcIaI nteIIIgence (A) Why ArtIIIcIaI nteIIIgence (A) Why ArtIIIcIaI nteIIIgence (A) Why ArtIIIcIaI nteIIIgence (A)
t Is not just a good scIence IIctIon topIc.
SuccessIuI storIes oI usIng A:
Expert systems IInd mIneraI worth $300,000,000.
DEC, CXON ConIIgurer Saves $40,000,000 per year.
SchIumberger, OII-weII Iog anaIysIs produces $200,000,000 per year.
EII AquItaIne, oII drIIIIng dIagnosIs produces $100,000 per day.
DIgItaI EquIpment, job dIspatchIng saves $26,000,000 per year.
Sherman]Lehman8ros] AmerIcan Express: theIr Interest rate swappIng
servIces make $1,000,000 per month.
Coopers]Lybrand's LIIe nsurance Products save $100,000 per product.
ANZ 8ank's Product AdvIsor generates $5,000,000 per year.
nteIIIgent spIderIng and retrIevaI on WWW.
CanadIan PacIIIc: a $250,000 mIstake because oI not usIng ES recommendatIon.
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 4
Why A a CompuIsory Course Why A a CompuIsory Course Why A a CompuIsory Course Why A a CompuIsory Course
t provIdes the core knowIedge oI computer scIence.
AII serIous programmers and soItware engIneers shouId know about
the major artIIIcIaI InteIIIgence technIques.
t can be proIItabIe.
t Is aIso Iun.
t Is dIIIerent to most other subjects.
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 5
What Is nteIIIgence What Is nteIIIgence What Is nteIIIgence What Is nteIIIgence
FacuIty oI understandIng
CapacIty to know or apprehend
AvaIIabIe abIIIty as measured by InteIIIgence tests or socIaI crIterIa
AbIIIty to use knowIedge In new sItuatIons or probIems
AbIIIty to Iearn
AbIIIty to pIan, to Ioresee probIems
AbIIIty to use symboIs and reIatIonshIps
AbIIIty to thInk abstractIy, to work towards a goaI
AbIIIty to perIorm some oI the IunctIons oI a computer
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 6
DeIInItIons oI A DeIInItIons oI A DeIInItIons oI A DeIInItIons oI A
CettIng computers to do thIngs whIch wouId be consIdered
InteIIIgent II done by peopIe.
The branch oI computer scIence that Is concerned wIth the
automatIon oI InteIIIgent behavIour.
A Is the study oI mentaI IacuItIes through the use oI computatIonaI
modeIs.
A Is the computer modeIIng oI human mentaI abIIItIes.
A Is the technoIogy oI gettIng computers to do thIngs that seem
InteIIIgent.
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 7
DeIInItIons oI A ... DeIInItIons oI A ... DeIInItIons oI A ... DeIInItIons oI A ...
A researchers are tryIng to create a computer that thInks.
A Is the coIIectIon oI probIems and methodoIogIes studIed by A
researchers.
A Is the study oI how to make reaI computers act IIke the ones In
movIes.
A Is the expIoratIon oI the desIgn spaces oI InteIIIgences.
A Is both:
1. The process oI attemptIng to understand understand understand understand InteIIIgence by attemptIng
to modeI It computatIonaIIy (scIentIst' expIanatIon).
2. The process oI attemptIng to utIIIse utIIIse utIIIse utIIIse InteIIIgence by attemptIng to
modeI It computatIonaIIy (engIneers' expIanatIon).
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 8
Approaches oI A Approaches oI A Approaches oI A Approaches oI A
There are Iour categorIes oI approachIng A:
. ActIng humanIy
- -- - The TurIng Test The TurIng Test The TurIng Test The TurIng Test approach: :: : to test whether a system can behave
InteIIIgentIy enough to IooI a human Interrogator.
. ThInkIng humanIy
t Is the cognItIve modeIIng approach, whIch Is now dIstInct Irom A.
. ThInkIng ratIonaIIy
t Is the Iaws oI thought approach.
DIrect IIne through mathematIcs and phIIosophy to modern A.
V. ActIng ratIonaIIy
t Is the ratIonaI agent approach, whIch Is to do the rIght thIng.
The rIght thIng: that whIch Is expected to maxImIze goaI achIevement,
gIven the avaIIabIe InIormatIon.
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 9
FoundatIons oI A FoundatIons oI A FoundatIons oI A FoundatIons oI A
PhIIosophy IogIc, methods oI reasonIng
mInd as physIcaI system
IoundatIon oI IearnIng, Ianguage, ratIonaIIty
MathematIcs IormaI representatIon and prooI
aIgorIthms, computatIons, decIdabIIIty,
tractabIIIty, probabIIIty
PsychoIogy adaptatIon, perceptIon, motor controI
experImentaI technIques
EconomIcs IormaI theory oI ratIonaI decIsIons
LInguIstIcs knowIedge representatIon, grammar
NeuroscIence pIastIc physIcaI substrate Ior mentaI actIvIty
ControI theory homeostatIc systems, stabIIIty
sImpIe optImaI agent desIgn
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 10
Map oI A Map oI A Map oI A Map oI A ( (( (vIc vIc vIc vIc' '' 's ss s vIew) vIew) vIew) vIew)
AI
SEARCH
Knowledge
Representation
Machine
Learning
Web
Mining
Data
Mining
Heuristic
Search
Games
Optimization
Problem
Solving
Evolutionary
computation
Simulated
Annealing
Neural
Networks
Natural
Language
Speech
Synthesis
Recognition
Written
Database
Query
Machine
Translation Vision
Mobile Agents
Softbots &
Games
Image
Processing
Object
Recognition
Scene
Analysis
Applications
Pattern
Recognitions
Medical
Imaging
Industrial
Inspection
Knowledge
Engineering
Expert
Systems
Knowledge
Acquisition
Applications
Representation
Methods
Rules
Semantic Nets
Conceptual
Graph
Logic
Hardware
Programming
Languages/Tools
Lisp
Prolog
Shells
KE Env.
Robotics
Navigation
Vision
Planning
Manipulation
Factory
Robots
Agents
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 11
HIstory oI A HIstory oI A HIstory oI A HIstory oI A
1943 McCuIIoch & PItts: 8ooIean cIrcuIt modeI oI braIn
1950 TurIng's "ComputIng MachInery and nteIIIgence"
1952-69 Look, Ma, no hands
1950s EarIy A programs, IncIudIng SamueI's checkers program,
NeweII & SImon's LogIc TheorIst, CeIernter's Ceometry EngIne
1956 Dartmouth meetIng: "ArtIIIcIaI nteIIIgence" adopted
1965 RobInson's compIete aIgorIthm Ior IogIcaI reasonIng
1966-74 A dIscovers computatIonaI compIexIty
1969-79 EarIy deveIopment oI knowIedge-based systems
1980-88 Expert systems Industry booms
1988-93 Expert systems Industry bust: "A wInter"
1985-95 NeuraI Networks return to popuIarIty
1988- Resurgence oI probabIIIty; generaI Increase In technIcaI depth
"NouveIIe A": AIIIe, Cas, soIt computIng
1995- Agents agents everywhere
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 12
State oI the Art State oI the Art State oI the Art State oI the Art
Deep 8Iue deIeated the reIgnIng worId chess champIon Carry Kasparov In
1997
Proved a mathematIcaI conjecture (RobbIns conjecture) unsoIved Ior decades
No hands across AmerIca (drIvIng autonomousIy 98Z oI the tIme Irom
PIttsburgh to San DIego)
DurIng the 1991 CuII War, US Iorces depIoyed an A IogIstIcs pIannIng and
scheduIIng program that InvoIved up to 50,000 vehIcIes, cargo, and peopIe
NASA's on-board autonomous pIannIng program controIIed the scheduIIng oI
operatIons Ior a spacecraIt
Proverb soIves crossword puzzIes better than most humans