GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT

Salvador Campus

STUDENTS’ SKILLS AND COMPETENCE IN LABORATORY

OPEARATIONS

An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to
the Faculty of the College of Business and Management
Guimaras State University
McLain, Buenavista, Guimaras

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management

by:
Shamie [Link]
Cheka T. Estañol
Warlene May F. Galotera
Ma Faith B. Gambalan

October 2024
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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Hospitality industry is vulnerable due to the close

contact with guests and the array of workplace processes. It

is a broad category of fields within the service industry

that includes lodging, food and beverage service, event

planning, theme parks, travel agency, tourism, hotels,

restaurants and bars. This industry requires a competent and

skillful individuals or professionals to carry out a given

task inside and outside of the industry.

Skills and competence are essential and essential in

today’s workforce, as it needs employees who are qualified

and professional and have the character and mindset to meet

the demands and challenges of a rapidly changing economy and

society (Fleming, 2018).

Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management (BSHM) is

a degree program that delivers education to people who are

interested to build a career in the leisure industry

involving the planning, development, implementation and

control of culinary and accommodation/billeting operations

(LPU Davao, 2019). This program professionally trains and

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equip students with competencies that are needed to execute

tasks on food production and accommodation operations and

food – beverage service operations. The program prepares the

students to become highly competent hospitality management

practitioners serving their constituents and those in allied

professions while demonstrating high ethical and moral

standards and the utmost in technical competence. The

program include laboratory or practical training experiences

that may enhance students understanding and skills towards

their task and responsibilities. In laboratory experiences,

students may learn to use tools, equipment and facilities.

In today’s case, graduates of hospitality management

who are seeking entry-level jobs in the industry face the

dilemma of keeping abreast and aligning their skills with

the needs, requirements and expectations of the industry.

Skills and competence are primary concern for job seekers

and employees nowadays. According to the Philippine Chamber

of Commerce and Industry’s Human Resources Development

Foundation Inc. (PCCI HRDF), employers are also hesitant to

recruit new graduates because they lack the necessary skills

and training (Fleming, 2016).

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Thus, the researchers are interested to conduct this

study to assess the level of skills and competence of the

BSHM students of Guimaras State University in practical

trainings and laboratory operations, also to find out the

weak competencies to be addressed and developed. Hence, this

study was undertaken.

Statement of the Problem

This study was conducted to determine the Bachelor of

Science in Hospitality Management student’s skills and

competence in laboratory operations in the Guimaras State

University for the Academic Year 2023-2024.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following

questions:

1. What are the student’s skills in laboratory

operations when they are taken as a whole and when

classified according to age, sex, year level, and monthly

family income?

2. What is the level of students’ competence in

laboratory operations when they are taken as a whole and

when classified as to age, sex, year level, and monthly

family income?
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3. Are there significant differences in the students’

skills in laboratory operations when they are classified as

to age, sex, year level, and monthly family income?

4. Are there significant differences in the students’

competence in laboratory operations when they are classified

as to age, sex, year level, and monthly family income?

5. Is there a significant relationship between

students’ skills and competence in laboratory operations?

Null Hypotheses

Based on the aforementioned problems the researcher

advanced the null hypothesis that:

1. There are no significant differences in the Bachelor

of Science in Hospitality Management student’s skills in

laboratory operations when classified as to age, sex, year

level, and monthly family income?

2. There are no significant differences in the level of

Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management student’s

competence in laboratory operations when classified as to

age, sex, year level, and monthly family income?

3. There is no significant relationship between

Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management student skills

and competence in laboratory operations?

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Theoretical Framework

This study was anchored on the experiential learning

theory by Kolb (1984), emphasizes that learning is a

continuous cycle involving concrete experience, reflective

observation, abstract conceptualization, and active

experimentation. Furthermore, explain how students acquire

skills and competence through hands-on practical training in

laboratories and how students observe and learn from role

models, such as instructors or peers, in laboratory

settings. It highlights the role of observational learning

and self-regulation in skills development. In information

security education, learning experiences that involve hands-

on experimentation are extremely important.

David Kolb's Experiential Learning Theory is a well-

known theoretical framework that can be applied to your

research on "Students' Skills and Competence in Practical

Trainings and Laboratory Operations." Kolb's theory is based

on the concept of experiential learning and consists of four

stages, often represented in a cycle: Concrete Experience

(CE): This stage involves experiencing a specific event or

activity, like practical training or laboratory work.

Reflective Observation (RO): After the experience, students

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reflect on what they've learned and observed during the

practical training or laboratory operation. Abstract

Conceptualization (AC): In this stage, students create

theories, models, or concepts based on their reflections,

relating the experience to existing knowledge. Active

Experimentation (AE): Finally, students test their new ideas

or concepts in practical situations, which could be another

round of practical training or laboratory operations.

Conceptual framework

This study aimed to determine the skills and competence

in laboratory operations of Bachelor of Science in

Hospitality Management (BSHM) Students.

The researcher conceptualized the interrelationship

among the variables such as age, sex, year- level and

monthly family income.

As to age, it was perceived that older students have

greater experience, dedication, and commitment when it comes

to practical trainings and laboratory operations.

As to sex, it perceived that male respondents perform

better and have good performance in practical trainings and

laboratory operations compared to male.

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As to year level, it perceived that higher year

respondents have greater learning acquired experience in

laboratory and training than the lower year students.

As to monthly family income, it perceived that the

students with high monthly family income gained more

experiences.

The researchers assume that the positive relationship

between student’s skills and competence in practical

trainings and laboratory operations, it means that if the

students are skillful they are also competence in practical

trainings and laboratory operations.

Research Paradigm

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Profile of the
respondents
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Skills in Laboratory
Operations

Competence in
Laboratory Operations

Figure 1. Diagram illustrating the relationship between the

independent and dependent variables.

Significance of the Study

The result of this study will be beneficial to the

following:

University President. The result of this study may

provide guidance to our university president with the end

view of coming up with evidence-based recommendations to be

undertaken to meet the required skills and competence in the

course and eventually, improve the program of studies.

Faculty. The findings of the study will lead the

teachers to create activities and intensive trainings to

meet the skills and competence intended to their field of

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specialization and subsequently assisting in its long-term

sustainability.

Students. The result of this study will serve as guide

to the students enrolled in the course to strengthen their

effort in meeting the competency skills intended for the, in

their field of work.

Researchers. The result of this study is beneficial to

the researchers to gain information on the status of skills

and competence of the students as this will serve as guide

in improving the competency skills of the students and so

they will be more skillful in doing their job

responsibilities in industries.

Future researchers. The findings and results of this

study can be used as a good source of information for the

future researchers. This study can serve as a basis for

their future research. They can also gather data from this

study.

Definition of terms

This study utilized terms that needs to be defined for

clarity and understanding.

Students’ Competence. Competencies are a set of skills

that are needed to carry out a particular role. Competency

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levels were designed to enable teachers to determine the

competency levels attained by students (Ministere Education,

2022).

As used in this study, this term refers to the level of

competence of Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management

students in practical trainings and laboratory operations.

Students’ Skills. The ability to use one’s knowledge

effectively and readily in execution or performance

(Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2023).

As used in the study, this term refers to the level of

skills of Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management students

in practical trainings and laboratory activities.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study was conducted to determine the students’

skills and competence in laboratory operations of Guimaras

State University for the academic year 2023-2024. This study

considered the independent variables such as age, sex, year-

level and monthly family income while the dependent

variables focused on the student’s skills and competence in

practical training and laboratory operations. The

descriptive research design was utilized to describe the

BSHM student’s skills and level of competence. The students

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of BSHM officially enrolled for the academic year 2023-2024

was considered as the respondents of the study. The

statistical tools used in this study were frequency count,

percentage and mean scores for descriptive analysis. For

inferential statistics, the researcher used the Mann-Whitney

U-test and Kruskall Wallis H-test, Chi-square, and

spearman’s rho. All the statistical computations was

computer-processed using statistical package for Social

Science (SPSS) software, set at .05 level of significance.

The results of this study will be utilized by the researcher

for student’s skills and level of competence in practical

trainings and laboratory operations.

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the literature and studies

that have connections on the present investigation. This

chapter is divided into four parts, namely: (1)

Conceptual Literature, (2) Foreign Related Studies, (3)

Local Related Studies, and (4) Relevance of Related

Literature and studies.

Conceptual Literature

On Students Skills

A skill was defined as an ability, coming from

one’s knowledge, practice, aptitude, and etc. to do

something well or the learned capacity to carry out pre-

determined results. So, a skill is something learned in

order to be able to carry out one or more job functions.

Many employers are hesitant to acquire fresh

graduates wherein hospitality management graduates are

more remarkable if they have the necessary skills and

knowledge the industry demands in today’s workforce. The

talent needs by the industry makes this study on

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employability skills relevant leading towards

identification of best practices and gaps in relation to

graduate career preparation to match demands and

expectations creating pressures on the educational

institutions. This study specifically determined the

profile of the students and human resource practitioner

as well as the employability skills in terms of

emotional intelligence, teamwork, stress and time

management, problem solving, strategy innovation and

communication skills necessary in the hospitality

industry (Mesa, 2023).

Skills is the result of efforts of students and

academic sector to gain specific skills such as soft,

hard, technical and transferable (Pologies,2022).

Studies on employability skills of the hospitality

students presented that identification of the

hospitality management students’ generic skills are

vital as it predicts their propensity to succeed in

their profession (Gevvan and Tan, 2021) where in this

set of expertise is directed to communication,

analytical, leadership and interpersonal skills.

The rise of globalized tourism and leisure

activities has increased the attention paid to

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developing hospitality human resources, and stimulated

demand for hospitality and tourism education. Given a

fast-changing business environment, hospitality and

tourism education institutes are undergoing reforms in

response to changes in demand for hospitality skills and

competencies critical to the success of the

organization.

This study examines hospitality management

students’ expectations and acquisition of knowledge and

skills through the use of a Virtual Field Trip (VFT)

platform. In total 135 students in Australia responded

to pre- and post- open-ended questionnaires. The pre-

questionnaire sought students’ expectations of knowledge

and skill acquisition, whereas the post-questionnaire

sought their perceptions of actual acquisition of

knowledge and skill after engagement with the VFT. The

empirical material was thematically analyzed using the

textual analysis program Leximancer, facilitating an

iterative process moving between codes and participants’

responses. Concept maps were generated thus visualizing

thematic relationships. Findings reveal VFT provides a

technology-enhanced solution to practice-based knowledge

and employability skill acquisition that is successful

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in supporting assessment tasks and enhancing learning

outcomes. Students also reported improvements in their

knowledge about the functioning of hotels and an

increase in their abilities to operationalize food and

beverage systems after using the VFT. Hence, VFT can be

an effective technological learning tool for the

acquisition of knowledge and skills in hospitality and

other fields. (Anoop Patiar, Sandie Kensbock, Pierre

Benckendorff, R Robinson, S Richardson, Y Wang, A Lee,

2021).

On Students’ Competence

Sometimes, people are confused about the

differences between a competency and a learning

objective. In short, learning objective can be defined

as what the teachers want from the learners to know and

competency can be defined as how the teachers can be

certain they know it. Competencies refer to skills or

knowledge that leads to superior performance. They are

measurable skills, abilities and personality traits that

identify successful employees against defined roles

within an organization.

Given that hospitality students are the main

prospective labor source in the industry, employees,

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academicians, and practitioners agree that improving

competences is central to the education, training, and

development of hospitality employees (Gibbs & Slevitch,

2018).

Competency is the ability to perform a task which

covers aspects of knowledge, skills and attitude which

can be derived from experiences and process of learning

(Kamin, Ysuri Bin, 2017).

Competence is a pressing need for students in the

21st century. Digital competence is a pressing need for

students in the 21st century. The present study is a

systematic review of the literature on university

students’ digital abilities. The methodology consisted

of selecting documents (n=126) from three different

databases (Scopus, Web of Science and ERIC) via peer

review. The documents were selected for inclusion

following predefined criteria and then analyzed using a

qualitative analysis software ([Link]). Digital

competence is made up of several elements (information

skills, content creation, communication, ethical skills,

problem solving, technical skills/use and strategic

skills). We identified that the most frequently-used

terms in the literature are digital literacy and digital

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competence. However, the terminology used varies among

authors. We also found that most authors do not believe

that young people actually have the digital abilities

that they are assumed to have. In other words, students

do not have a high level of digital competence.

Educational institutions therefore need to help them to

develop this competence, which is so necessary in the

context of 21st century education(Anna Sánchez-Caballé,

Mercè Gisbert Cervera, Francesc M Esteve-Mon, 2020).

Related Studies

Foreign Studies

Mallilin (2019), conducted a study on competency

skills and performance level of faculties in the higher

education institution (HEI). One of the measures on the

performance of the faculties is their competency levels

and skills. This is true with their profession since

teacher is the noblest among all professions. Teacher or

lecturer involves challenges on their technical teaching

as innovators to the young minds. The study examines the

profile of the respondents and their competency skills

and performance level of the faculty in the higher

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education institutions (HEI) in terms of communication,

planning and administration, teamwork, strategic action,

and self-management. The study employs quantitative

descriptive approach and method of research because this

approach collects the data that attempts in a

quantifiable approach and information for statistical

analysis of the competency skills and performance level

of the faculties in the Higher Education Institution

(HEI). Purposive sampling is utilized in the study

because this kind of sampling is subjective, selective

and judgmental in choosing the number of respondents

needed in the study. It is a non-probability method used

in choosing the population of the study. The subjects of

the study are the different faculties in the Higher

Education Institution (HEI). They are lecturers, module

coordinators and program leaders. This is conducted for

the period 2019-2020. The study comprised of thirty (30)

respondents only results shows that there is no

significant relationship between the profile of the

respondents and their competency skills and performance

level keywords: competency skills, performance level,

faculties in Higher Education Institution (HEI),

Communication Competency, Planning and Administrative

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Competency, Teamwork Competency, Strategic Action

Competency, Self- Management Competency.

Roshita Abdul Razak, Nurhazani Mohd Shariff, Noor

Azimin Zainol, Jasmine Zea Rashid Radha, Rozila Ahmad,

2018) conducted a study to investigate competencies for

hospitality students’ perspective. Competencies are

perceived as essential for student’s future career.

Educational providers need to consider industry

requirements when planning related educational program.

Thus, a continuous effort must be carried out to

identify relevant competencies from the hospitality

management student’s perspective. The research was

carried out using questionnaires that were administered

to thirty students from year three and year four of

bachelor hospitality programme in University Utara

Malaysia.

Albrahim (2020), conducted a study on online

teaching skills and competencies. This study shed light

on the skills and competence required for teaching

online courses in higher education. The study started

with an overview of the issues related to online

learning and teaching. Reviewing and analyzing

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literature in this topic were performed to confine

skills and competencies that instructors need to

effectively teach in online environments. These skills

and competencies are classified into six categories: (a)

pedagogical skills, (b) content skills, (c) design

skills, (d) technological skills, (e) management and

institutional skills, and (f) social and communication

skills.

Quinn and Hollywood (2019), conducted a study on

Faculty and student perceptions of the importance of

management skills in the hospitality industry. The

purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of

faculty and student perceptions of the importance of

resource, interpersonal, information, systems, and

technology management competencies in the hospitality

industry Background The increasing complexity and

technological dependency of the diverse hospitality and

tourism sector raises the skill requirements needed, and

expected, of new hires making education and competency

development a strategic priority. Identifying the skills

needed for hospitality graduates to succeed in a sector

that is continuously being impacted by digitalization

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and globalization must be a continual process predicated

on the desire to meet ever-changing industry needs. This

study seeks to update and further explore an

investigation started a decade ago that examined the

skills and competencies valued by hiring managers in the

hospitality industry. Methodology The Secretary’s

Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills (SCANS),

comprised of representatives from business, labor,

education, and government, developed the framework, of

workplace competencies and foundation skills used in

this study. This research used a survey methodology for

data collection and descriptive and inferential

statistical methods during the analyses. The data for

this study were collected from faculty, staff,

hospitality industry stakeholders, and students of a

Department of Hospitality & Tourism Management located

at a small eastern Historically Black University (HBU).

An electronic survey was sent to169 respondents and a

total of 100 completed surveys were received for an

overall return rate of 59%. Contribution this study

provides research on a population (first-generation

minority college students) that is expanding in numbers

in higher education and that the literature, reports as

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being under-prepared for academic success. This paper is

timely and relevant and can be used to inform

hospitality educators so that they can best meet the

needs of their students and the companies looking to

hire skilled graduates. Findings The findings of this

study indicate there is inconsistent agreement among

academicians and students regarding the importance of

SCANS-specific competencies in hospitality graduates. At

the same time, there is no argument that industry skills

will be critical in the future of hospitality graduates.

Overwhelmingly, participating students and faculty found

all of the SCANS competencies important with the highest

ranked competencies being interpersonal skills, which,

given the importance of teamwork, customer service

skills, leadership, and working with cultural diversity

in the hospitality industry, was expected. Additionally,

participating students indicated their strong agreement

that internships are effective at building professional

skills. Finally, the hospitality students included in

this study who were enrolled in a skill-based curriculum

were confident that their program is preparing them with

the necessary skills and competencies that they will

need for their future careers. Recommendations for

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Practitioners Higher education hospitality programs

should be exploring the skills valued by industry,

teaching faculty, and the students to see if they are

being satisfied. Recommendation for Researchers this

research should be expanded to additional institutions

across the United States as well as abroad. This

particular research protocol is easily replicated and

can be duplicated at both minority and majority serving

institutions enabling greater comparisons across groups.

Impact on Society several reports identify gaps in the

21st century skills required for the workplace and the

effectiveness of higher education in preparing graduates

for the workforce. This study helps to propel this

discussion forward with relevant findings and a research

methodology that is easily replicable. Future research

follow-up study of employers is currently being

conducted.

Dionzon and Abarquez, (2020), conducted a study on

the competence among Hotel and Restaurant Management

Students. This study was focused on how well the

students perform the required competency assessment in

food and beverage services, housekeeping, and in front

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office to determine their competency level. This aims to

determine the level of competencies among hotel and

restaurant management students of Saint Michael College

of Caraga. The descriptive method of research was used

in this study. This study was conducted at Saint Michael

College of Caraga, Nasipit, Agusan Del Norte. The

results showed that the level of competencies among

hotel and restaurant management students under the

college of Tourism, Hospitality and Business

Administration Management Department of Saint Michael

College of Caraga is below the standards. It is

concluded as a low level of competence. Therefore, the

researchers suggested that the school shall provide an

intervention program that will help improve the level of

student’s competency and make the globally competitive.

Local Studies

Tanaleon (2019), conducted a study on the

Competence of Bachelor of Science in Information

Technology (BSIT) Students in Computer Systems

Servicing, ISAT U La Paz, Barotac Nuevo and Dumangas

Campus, Iloilo, Philippines, aimed to determine the

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level of competency of BSIT students. The descriptive

research design was used in this study. The respondents

of this study were the BSIT Students of ISAT University.

A total of 329 BSIT students were made as the

respondents of this study. There was a high level of

competency of BSIT students of ISAT University, Iloilo,

Philippines. Result of the study revealed that there was

a high level of competency of BSIT students when

classified according to age, sex, year level, campus,

monthly family income and availability of gadgets.

Moreover, there was no significant difference in the

level of competency of BSIT students when classified to

age, sex, year level, campus, monthly family income and

availability of gadgets.

Dorilag (2019), conducted a study on the competency

of Automotive Technology Faculty and Students: Basis for

Institutional Competency Assessment Program, Buenavista,

Guimaras, Philippines, aimed to determine the level of

competency of Automotive Faculty and Students. The

descriptive research design was used in this study. The

respondents of this study were the automotive faculty

and students of Guimaras Stata University. A total of 5

faculty and 72 BIT students were made as respondents of

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this study. There was a very high level of competency of

automotive technology faculty of Guimaras State

University. Result of the study revealed that there was

a very high level of competency of automotive technology

faculty when classified according to age, educational

attainment, length of service and trainings attended. It

was also shown that there was a high level of competency

of automotive technology students. In addition, there

was a high level of competency of students when

classified according to age, job experience and monthly

family income. Moreover, there was no significant

difference in the level of competency of automotive

technology faculty when classified according to age,

educational attainment, and family income.

Relevance of Related Literature and Studies

The above-mentioned review of related literature

and studies intend to give validation to the

investigation on the Competency Skills Assessment. The

findings of the cited literature, researchers have

parallelism to the present study in terms of the result

pertaining to the skills acquired by the students may

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influence as well their competencies in practical

trainings and laboratory operations.

Accordingly, competency skills of the students were

necessary to address the demands of the industries so

that they would become globally competitive skilled

workers. Such thorough study on this topic or related to

it should be meticulously done with substantial

information or references.
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Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design,

respondents of the study, data gathering procedure,

validity and reliability of the instrument and the

statistical tools used.

Research Design

This study utilized the descriptive research design.

This design was appropriate since it involves the collection

of data in order to answer the questions. Likewise, it

involves description, analysis and interpretation of

conditions that presently exist.

Since this study determined the level of skills and

competence of BSHM students for academic year 2023-2024, the

descriptive method we’re used. The researcher considered

this as the appropriate design for this study since this

research design allows the researcher to gather information

about the skills and competence of Bachelor of Science in

Hospitality Management students when it comes in practical

trainings and laboratory operations.

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Respondents of the Study

The populations of the study consisted of 514 Bachelor

of Science in Hospitality Management Students for SY 2023-

[Link] the respondents of the study will be the

first year to third year Bachelor of Science in Hospitality

Management students.

Table 1. Distribution of the Respondents

Respondents N n %
1st year 158 40 25%
2nd year 179 45 25%
3rd year 177 45 25%

Data Gathering Instrument

To determine the skills and competence of the

students, the researchers will made a questionnaire

which be validated by the panel of validators and tried

out to non-respondents of the study. The researcher will

plan a particular time for the dissemination of the

survey and questionnaire, preferably during a period

when there is no class. Respondents were given enough

time to respond completely the questionnaire. The sample

size will be calculated using Slovin’s formula.

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Part 1 of the questionnaire was about the profile

of the students categorized according to age, sex, year

-level and socio- economic status.

Part 2 focused to the skills of the students. Part

3 focused to the students’ competence in laboratory

operations. The respondents were asked to respond either

yes or no and in a scale 1 to 5 in the statements found

in questionnaire.

Validity of the Instrument

July Validation was used to establish the validity of

the Questionnaire. Validity assures the researcher that the

items measure what it intends to measure. It also determined

the facts about the study, determine what evidence we

believe, how important any evidence and what conclusion to

draw from that evidence that evidence. To validate the

clarify and appropriateness of each question in the

instrument, four (4) panelist were selected to do the

validation using the rating scale by Good and scales. Each

question was analyzed whether item was appropriate,

inappropriate or needed revision. All of the recommendation,

suggestions and corrections of the validator was considered

 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
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in preparation of the final draft to be used for the

reliability of the questionnaire.

Reliability of the Instrument

Reliability is concerned with consistency or the

degree to which the questions used in a survey elicit

the same kind of information each time they are asked.

Reliability is particularly important when it comes to

tracking and comparing results with past internal

surveys and benchmarks from external sources.

Reliability is an extent to which a questionnaire, test,

observation or any measurement procedure produces the

same results on repeated trials. In short, it is the

stability or consistency of scores over time or across

raters.

Data Gathering Procedure

After the research had secured the instrument, they

will prepare permits duly approved by the CBM Dean to

conduct the study for both first year, second year and

third year BSHM students. The researcher then will

 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
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Salvador Campus

personally distribute and conduct an assessment to the

respondents.

Statistical Tools
For the analysis of the data, the following

statistical tools were use:

Frequency Count. This was used to get the number of

the responses of the respondents when categorized

according to different variables.

Percentage. This will be used to determine the rate

index of the given variables.

Mean. This will be used to determine the level

skills and competence of the BSHM students.

Rank. This will be used to determine the order of

data points from least to greatest (or vice versa) and

giving each data point an ordinal number.

Chi-Square. This will be used to determine the

level of competence of BSHM students.

Spearman’s rho. When p-value is greater than 0.05

alpha the null hypothesis is not rejected.

 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Salvador Campus

Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION, AND DATA ANALYSIS

This chapter present the result of the study,

interpretation and data analysis. The finding of the

study was based on the data obtained using research

methods, procedure, interpretation, and analysis of the

data are presented in the stated problems.

Profile of the Respondents

Table 2 shows the respondents in terms of age, sex,

year level, and monthly family income. In terms of age,

the majority of respondents were 18- 25 years old with

128 or 97.7 percent, while 3 or 3.3 percent were 25

years old and above. In terms of sex, the majority

respondents were female with 116 or 88.5 percent and

then male with 15 or 11.5 percent.

In terms Year Level, the majority of respondents

were 3rd year with 66 or 50.4 percent. It was followed

by the respondents of 2nd year with 40 or 30.5 percent.

And lastly the respondents of 1st year with 25 or 19.1

percent.
 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Salvador Campus

In terms of Monthly Income, the majority of the

respondents are 5,000 to 10,000 with 59 or 45 percent,

it was followed by the respondents of 5,000 below with

37 or 28.2 percent, lastly the respondents of 10,000

above with 35 or 26.7 percent.

Majority of respondents were 18-25 years old,

female, 3rd year with monthly family income of 5,000 to

10,00

Table 2. Profile of the Respondents in terms of age,

sex, year level, and monthly family income.

Variable Frequency Percentage

Age
18- 25 years old 128 97.7
25 years old above 3 2.3
Sex
Female 15 11.5
Male 116 88.5
Year Level
1st year 25 19.1
2nd year 40 30.5
3rd year 66 50.4
Monthly Family Income
5,000 - 10,000 37 28.2
5,000 below 59 45
10,000 above 35 26.7
TOTAL 131 100
 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
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Salvador Campus

Student’s skills in laboratory operations when taken as

a whole

To find out the Students’ Skills in Laboratory

Operations when taken as a whole, the researcher used

the frequency and percentage.

As shown in table 3, results revealed that the

highest skills in laboratory operations as claimed by

the students were “skills about basic laboratory safety

procedure” Rank 1 with the frequency of 107 or 81.7

percent followed by “Managing time when balancing

academic and laboratory operations” with the frequency

of 100 or 76.3 percent then, “Possess good organization

skills in managing laboratory materials and facilities”

with the frequency of 90 or 68.7 percent.

On the other hand, the students claimed that the

least skills in laboratory operations were “Working

under pressure” with the frequency of 59 or 45.0

percent, followed by “Having good problem-solving

skills” with the frequency of 60 or 45.8 percent and

“Possessing strong leadership skills ” with the

frequency of 61 or 46.6 percent.

The result shows that the students proficiency in

basic laboratory safety procedures, time management, and

 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Salvador Campus

organizational skills indicate that these areas are well

addressed within the curriculum.

The findings also suggest that students have less

confidence in skills like working under pressure,

problem-solving, and leadership.

The result of this study are consistent with the

findings of Smith & Jones (2015), who found that

students with a clear understanding of laboratory safety

protocols were more likely to succeed in laboratory

courses due to increased confidence and preparedness.

Similarly, this result is consistent with the

findings of Brown et al. (2017), who found that

effective time management allows students to juggle

multiple responsibilities, a critical skill for both

academic success and future career readiness.

 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Salvador Campus

Table 3. Students’ Skills in Laboratory Operations when

taken as a whole

Items F %
Having skills about basic laboratory safety
107 81.7
procedure
Proficient in using laboratory tools and
81 61.8
equipment
Being able to effectively communicate ideas
81 61.8
in laboratory operations
Effectively follow laboratory steps and
86 65.6
procedures
Working under pressure 59 45.0
Possess good organization skills in managing
90 68.7
laboratory materials and facilities
Managing time when balancing academic and
100 76.3
laboratory operations
Resilient in handling setbacks and
82 62.6
challenges in laboratory operations
Having good problem-solving skills 60 45.8
Possessing strong leadership skills 61 46.6

Student’s skills in laboratory Operations when they are

classified according to age

Table 4 shows the students skills when classified

according to age. As to age, 18-25 years old that have

skills about basic laboratory safety procedure with a

frequency of (105 or 82.0%). And they were proficient in

using laboratory tools and equipment and able to

effectively communicate their ideas in laboratory

 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Salvador Campus

operations with a frequency of (78 or 60.9%). It was

followed by ages 25 years old above, they are proficient

in using laboratory tools and equipment, able to

effectively communicate their ideas in laboratory

operations, they possess good organization skills in

managing laboratory materials and facilities, can manage

their time when balancing academic and laboratory

operations, they were resilient in handling setbacks and

challenges in laboratory operations, they have good

problem-solving skills and lastly they possess strong

leadership skills with frequency of (3 or 100.0%).

 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Salvador Campus

Table 4. Students’ Skills in Laboratory Operations when

classified according to age
18- 25 years 25 years old
Items old above
f % f %
Having skills about basic laboratory safety
procedure 105 82.0 2 66.7

Proficient in using laboratory tools and

equipment 78 60.9 3 100.0

Being able to effectively communicate ideas in

laboratory operations 78 60.9 3 100.0

Effectively follow laboratory steps and

procedures 84 65.6 2 66.7

Working under pressure 59 46.1 0 0.0

Possess good organization skills in managing
laboratory materials and facilities 87 68.0 3 100.0

Managing time when balancing academic and

laboratory operations 97 75.8 3 100.0

Resilient in handling setbacks and challenges in

laboratory operations 79 61.7 3 100.0

Having good problem-solving skills 57 44.5 3 100.0

Possessing strong leadership skills 58 45.3 3 100.0

Student’s skills in laboratory operations when they are

classified according to Sex

Table 5 shows the students skills when classified

according to their sex. As to sex, most of the respondents

were female. That have skills about basic laboratory safety

procedure with a frequency of (95 or 81.9%), it was followed

 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Salvador Campus

by student’s that Can manage their time when balancing

academic and laboratory operations with a frequency of 85 or

73.3 percent. Lastly, student’s that possess good

organization skills in managing laboratory materials and

facilities and students who can effectively follow

laboratory steps and procedures with a frequency of 75 or

64.7 percent. While in male, student’s possess good

organization skills in managing laboratory materials and

facilities and can manage their time when balancing academic

and laboratory operations with a frequency of (15 0r

100.0%), and followed by students that have good problem-

solving skills with a frequency of 13 or 86.7 percent.

Lastly, students that have skills about basic laboratory

safety procedure with a frequency of 12 or 80.0%.

 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Salvador Campus

Table 5. Students’ Skills in Laboratory Operations when

classified according to sex
Female Male
Items f % f %
Having skills about basic laboratory safety
12 80 95 81.9
procedure
Proficient in using laboratory tools and
11 73.3 70 60.3
equipment
Being able to effectively communicate ideas
10 66.7 71 61.2
in laboratory operations
Effectively follow laboratory steps and
11 73.3 75 64.7
procedures
Working under pressure 10 66.7 49 42.2
Possess good organization skills in managing
15 100 75 64.7
laboratory materials and facilities
Managing time when balancing academic and
15 100 85 73.3
laboratory operations
Resilient in handling setbacks and challenges
11 73.3 71 61.2
in laboratory operations
Having good problem-solving skills 13 86.7 47 40.5

Possessing strong leadership skills 8 53.3 53 45.7

Student’s skills in laboratory operations when they are

classified according to year level

Table 6 shows the students skills when classified

according to their Year Level. As to Year level, most of the

respondents were 3rd year students, that have skills about

basic laboratory safety procedure with a frequency of 60 or

90.9 percent. Then followed by 2nd year students, that have

 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Salvador Campus

skills about basic laboratory safety procedure with a

frequency of 33 or 82.5 percent, and lastly 1st year

students, that were proficient in using laboratory tools and

equipment and they are able to effectively communicate ideas

in laboratory operations with a frequency of 21 or 84.0

percent. When it comes to 2nd year students, that have

skills about basic laboratory safety procedure with a

frequency of 33 or 82.5 percent. Followed by, students that

can effectively follow laboratory steps and procedures with

a frequency of 30 or 75.0 percent. And lastly, students that

can manage their time when balancing academic and laboratory

operations with a frequency of 28 or 70.0 percent. And for

the 1st year the majority of the students they were

proficient in using laboratory tools and equipment and able

to effectively communicate their ideas in laboratory

operations with a frequency of 21 or 84.0 percent. And

followed by, students that possess good organization skills

in managing laboratory materials and facilities, and can

manage their time when balancing academic and laboratory

operations with a frequency of 20 or 80.0 percent. And

lastly, students that can work under pressure with a

frequency of 18 or 72.0 percent.

 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Salvador Campus

Table 6. Students’ Skills in Laboratory Operations when

classified according to year level

Items 3rd Year

1st Year 2nd Year

f % f % f %
Having skills about basic laboratory
14 56.0 33 82.5 60 90.9
safety procedure
Proficient in using laboratory tools
21 84.0 19 47.5 41 62.1
and equipment
Being able to effectively communicate
21 84.0 25 62.5 35 53.0
ideas in laboratory operations
Effectively follow laboratory steps
9 36.0 30 75.0 47 71.2
and procedures
Working under pressure 18 72.0 8 20.0 33 50.0
Possess good organization skills in
managing laboratory materials and 20 80.0 23 57.5 47 71.2
facilities
Managing time when balancing academic
20 80.0 28 70.0 52 78.8
and laboratory operations
Resilient in handling setbacks and
17 68.0 25 62.5 40 60.6
challenges in laboratory operations
Having good problem-solving skills 15 60.0 20 50.0 25 37.9
Possessing strong leadership skills 16 64.0 25 62.5 20 30.3

Student’s skills in laboratory operations when they are

classified according to monthly family income

Table 7 shows the students skills when classified

according to Monthly Family Income. As to monthly family

 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
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Salvador Campus

income, most of the students of 5,000 and below have skills

about basic laboratory safety procedure with a frequency of

(35 or 94.6%). Then followed by, students that have good

problem-solving skills with a frequency of 31 or 83.8%. And

then students were able to effectively communicate their

ideas in laboratory operations, can possess good

organization skills in managing laboratory materials and

facilities, can manage their time when balancing academic

and laboratory operations and resilient in handling setbacks

and challenges in laboratory operations with a frequency of

27 or 73.0%. Then followed by 5,000-10,000 that have

effectively follow laboratory steps and procedures with a

frequency of (45 or 75.0%). And then, students have skills

about basic laboratory safety procedure and can

manage their time when balancing academic and laboratory

operations with a frequency of 43 or 71.7%. And lastly, they

were proficient in using laboratory tools and equipment with

a frequency of 42 70.0%. And for the 10, 000 above the

majority were students that possess good organization skills

in managing laboratory materials and facilities and can

manage their time when balancing academic and laboratory

operations with a frequency of (30 or 85.7%). Then, students

that have skills about basic laboratory safety procedure and

 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Salvador Campus

were proficient in using laboratory tools and equipment with

a frequency of 29 or 82.9%. And lastly, students can

effectively follow laboratory steps and procedures, can you

work under pressure and were resilient in handling setbacks

and challenges in laboratory operations with a frequency of

20 or 57.1%

Table 7. Students’ Skills in Laboratory Operations when

classified according to monthly family income

 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Salvador Campus

5,000 - 5,000 10,000

Items 10,000 below above
f % f % f %
Having skills about basic
35 94.6 43 71.7 29 82.9
laboratory safety procedure
Proficient in using laboratory
10 27.0 42 70.0 29 82.9
tools and equipment
Being able to effectively
communicate ideas in laboratory 27 73.0 35 58.3 19 54.3
operations
Effectively follow laboratory
21 56.8 45 75.0 20 57.1
steps and procedures
Working under pressure 29 78.4 10 16.7 20 57.1
Possess good organization skills
in managing laboratory materials 27 73.0 33 55.0 30 85.7
and facilities
Managing time when balancing
27 73.0 43 71.7 30 85.7
academic and laboratory operations
Resilient in handling setbacks and
challenges in laboratory 27 73.0 35 58.3 20 57.1
operations
Having good problem-solving skills 31 83.8 11 18.3 18 51.4
Possessing strong leadership
20 54.1 30 50.0 11 31.4
skills

Student’s competence in laboratory operations when taken as

a whole

Table 8 shows the student’s competence in laboratory

operations when taken as a whole.

When taken as whole, the students aged 18-25 years old

were competent with the mean range score of 4.08. Then, the

students of age 25 years old above were competent with the

 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
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Salvador Campus

mean range score of 3.93. Next the students with the sex of

female were competent with the mean range score of 4.00.

Then, the students with the sex of Male were competent with

the mean range score of 4.08. it was followed by the 1st

year students, were competent with the mean range score of

4.08. then, 2nd year students, were competent with the mean

range score of 4.06. then, 3rd year students, were competent

with the mean range score of 4.08. And lastly, the students

with the monthly family income of 5,000 – 10,000 were

competent with the mean range score of 4.01. Then, the

students with the monthly family income of 5,000 below were

competent with the mean range score of 4.08. And last, the

students with the monthly family income of 10,000 above were

competent with the mean range score of 4.13.

The study shows that majority of the students were age

18-25 years old and 25 years old above were competent with

the mean range score 3.41-4.20. Next, both female and male

Students were competent with the mean range score 3.41-4.20.

Then, the 1st year, 2nd year and 3rd year students were

competent with the mean range score 3.41-4.20. And lastly,

the students with the monthly family income of 5,000 –

10,000, 5,000 – 10,000 and 10,000 above were competent with

the mean range score 3.41-4.20.

 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
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Salvador Campus

Table 8. Student’s competence in laboratory operations when

taken as a whole

Variable Mean Interpretation

Age
18- 25 years old 4.08 Competent
25 years old above 3.93 Competent
Sex
Female 4.00 Competent
Male 4.08 Competent
Year Level
1st year 4.08 Competent
2nd year 4.06 Competent
3rd year 4.08 Competent
Monthly Family Income
5,000 - 10,000 4.01 Competent
5,000 below 4.08 Competent
10,000 above 4.13 Competent

Student’s competence in laboratory operations when

classified as a whole

Table 9 shows the student’s competence in laboratory

operations when taken as a whole.

When taken as whole, majority of the students were

proficient in using laboratory tools and equipment with the

mean range score of 4.22, which means they were highly

competent. Then, the students were competent of having

skills about basic laboratory safety procedure with the mean

 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
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Salvador Campus

range of 4.18. Next the students were competent that they

were able to effectively communicate their ideas in

laboratory operations with the mean range score of 4.15.

The study shows that, majority of the 1st year, 2nd year

and 3rd year students, both female and male with the age of

18-25 years old and 25 years old, with the monthly family

income of 5,000 – 10,000, 5,000 – 10,000 and 10,000 above

were proficient in using laboratory tools and equipment with

the mean range score of 4.22.

Table 9. Student’s competence in laboratory operations when

taken as a whole
Items Mean Interpretation
Having skills about basic laboratory
4.18 Competent
safety procedure.
Proficient in using laboratory tools and Highly
4.22
equipment. Competent
Able to effectively communicate ideas in
4.15 Competent
laboratory operations.
Can effectively follow laboratory steps
4.11 Competent
and procedures.
Working under pressure. 3.83 Competent
Possessing good organization skills in
managing laboratory materials and 4.09 Competent
facilities.
Managing time when balancing academic and
4.02 Competent
laboratory operations
Resilient in handling setbacks and
4.02 Competent
challenges in laboratory operations.
 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
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Salvador Campus

Having a good problem-solving skills 4.03 Competent

Possessing strong leadership skills. 4.08 Competent

Differences in Student’s Skills in laboratory operations

when they are classified according to age, sex, year

level and monthly family income.

There is no significant differences in the

student’s skills in laboratory operations when they are

classified according to the year level. The x2 value of

4.358 and p-value of 0.113 was greater than the level of

significance set. Therefore, the null hypothesis that

there are no significant difference in the Student’s

Skills in laboratory operations when they are classified

according to year level was not rejected.

Moreover, there are significant differences in the

Student’s Skills in laboratory operations when they are

classified according to age (x2-value = 4.625, p-value =

0.032), sex (x2-value = 12.791, p-value = 0.000), and

Monthly Family Income ((x2-value = 12.225, p-value =

0.002). The p-values of each variable are less than the

level of significance set. Therefore, the null

hypothesis that there are no significant difference in

the Student’s Skills in laboratory operations when they

 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Salvador Campus

are classified according to age, sex, and monthly family

income are rejected.

Table 10. Differences in Student’s Skills in laboratory

operations when they are classified
according to age, sex, year level and monthly
family income.
Profile x2value p-value Interpretation

Age 4.625 0.032 Significant

Sex 12.791 0.000 Significant

YL 4.358 0.113 Not significant

MFI 12.225 0.002 Significant

Differences in Student’s Competence in laboratory

operations when they are classified according to age,

sex, year level and monthly family income.

Table 11 shows that there is no significant differences

in students' competence in laboratory classes when

categorized by age (U = 130.0, p = 0.337), sex (U = 685.5, p

= 0.179), year level (U = 0.458, p = 0.795), and monthly

family income (U = 4.739, p = 0.094). All p-values (0.337,

0.179, 0.795, and 0.094) are higher than the set level of

significance. Therefore, the null hypothesis—that there is

no significant difference in students' competence in

laboratory operations based on these factors—was not

rejected. This implies that students' competence is

 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Salvador Campus

statistically consistent across age, sex, year level, and

family income categories, and thus the null hypothesis

remains valid.

Table 11. Differences in Student’s Competence in

laboratory operations when they are
classified according to age, sex, year level
and monthly family income.
Profile Mean U-value p-value Interpretation

Age 18- 25 years old 4.08 130.0 0.337 Not significant

25 years old
above 3.93

Sex Female 4.00 685.5 0.179 Not significant

Male 4.08

1st year 4.08 0.458 0.795 Not significant

Year
Level 2nd year 4.06

3rd year 4.08

Monthly 5,000 - 10,000 4.01 4.739 0.094

Not significant
Family 5,000 and below 4.08
Income
10,000 above 4.13

Relationship of Student’s Skills and Competence in

laboratory operations

There is a significant relationship between

students' skills and their competence in laboratory

operations. This indicates that the null hypothesis,

which proposed no significant relationship between

students' skills and competence, was rejected. In other

 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Salvador Campus

words, an increase in skills corresponds to an increase

in competence, while a decrease in skills leads to a

decrease in competence.

Table 12. Relationship between Student’s Skills and

Competence in laboratory operations

Variable Mean r- value p-value Interpretation

Skills 6.17 0.258 0.003 Significant

Competence 4.07

Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter present the summary, findings, conclusions

derive from the result of the study and the recommendations.

SUMMARY
 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Salvador Campus

This study was conducted to determine the Bachelor of

Science in Hospitality Management student’s skills and

competence in laboratory operations in the Guimaras State

University for the Academic Year 2023-2024.

Specifically, this study will seek answers to the

following questions:

1. What are the student’s skills in laboratory

operations when taken as a whole and when they are

classified according to age, sex, year level, and monthly

family income?

2. What is the level of students’ competence in

laboratory operations when they are taken as a whole and

when classified as to age, sex, year level, and monthly

family income?

3. Are there significant differences in the students’

skills in laboratory operations when they are classified as

to age, sex, year level, and monthly family income?

4. Are there significant differences in the students’

competence in laboratory operations when they are classified

as to age, sex, year level, and monthly family income?

5. Is there a significant relationship between

students’ skills and competence in laboratory operations?

 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Salvador Campus

Findings

The findings of the study were as follows:

1. The study shows that majority of the students have

skills about basic laboratory safety procedure with the

highest frequency or average of (107 or 81.7%). They have

enough knowledge about the proper safety procedure during

laboratory operations and they were capable of performing

well during laboratory operations. And can maintain their

selves and facilities clean and safe.

2. The study shows that majority of the students were

age 18-25 years old and 25 years old above were competent

with the mean range score 3.41-4.20. Next, both female and

male Students were competent with the mean range score 3.41-

4.20. Then, the 1st year, 2nd year and 3rd year students were

competent with the mean range score 3.41-4.20. And lastly,

the students with the monthly family income of 5,000 –

10,000, 5,000 – 10,000 and 10,000 above were competent with

the mean range score 3.41-4.20.

3. There is no significant differences in the student’s

skills in laboratory operations when they are classified

according to the year level. Moreover, there are significant

differences in the Student’s Skills in laboratory operations

 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Salvador Campus

when they are classified according to age, sex, and Monthly

Family Income.

4. There was no significant differences in students'

competence in laboratory classes when categorized by age,

sex, year level, and monthly family income. This implies

that students' competence is statistically consistent across

age, sex, year level, and family income categories.

5. There was a significant relationship between

students' skills and their competence in laboratory

operations. It can be concluded that an increase in skills

corresponds to an increase in competence, while a decrease

in skills leads to a decrease in competence.

Conclusion

1. Majority of respondents were 18-25 years old,

female, 3rd year with monthly family income of 5,000 to

10,000.

2. The study shows that the majority of the students

have skills about basic laboratory safety procedures. They

have enough knowledge about the proper safety procedure

during laboratory operations and they were capable of

performing well during laboratory operations. And can

maintain their selves and facilities clean and safe.

 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Salvador Campus

3. The study shows that majority of the students were

age 18-25 years old and 25 years old above were competent

with the mean range score 3.41-4.20. Next, both female and

male Students were competent with the mean range score 3.41-

4.20. Then, the 1st year, 2nd year and 3rd year students were

competent with the mean range score 3.41-4.20. And lastly,

the students with the monthly family income of 5,000 –

10,000, 5,000 – 10,000 and 10,000 above were competent with

the mean range score 3.41-4.20.

4. The study shows that, majority of the 1st year, 2nd

year and 3rd year students, both female and male with the

age of 18-25 years old and 25 years old, with the monthly

family income of 5,000 – 10,000, 5,000 – 10,000 and 10,000

above were proficient in using laboratory tools and

equipment with the mean range score of 4.22.

5. This study shows both age and year level had no

significant difference on students’ skills in laboratory

operations and the hypothesis was not rejected while both

sex and monthly family income has significant difference and

the hypothesis was rejected.

6. This study shows age, sex, year level and monthly

family income had no significant difference on students’

competence in laboratory operations and the hypothesis was

 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Salvador Campus

not rejected and further means that it is statistically

acceptable.

7. This study shows the student’s skills and competence

in laboratory operations that there is a significant

relationship between the students’ skills and competence in

laboratory class, this means that the hypothesis was

rejected and further means that there is a significant

relationship, if skills increase the competence will also

increase and if the skills decrease the competence will also

decrease.

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the

following recommendations are given:

1. The study suggests that basic laboratory skills

including safety procedures, often taught in introductory

courses. This can lead to a decline proficiency and a higher

risk of errors. Therefore, it is crucial to integrate

regular practice of basic laboratory procedures into all

laboratory courses, regardless of the specific subject

matter. This will ensure that students maintain their

knowledge and skills throughout their educations.

 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Salvador Campus

2. The study suggests competency assessments should be

integrated into the curriculum, not just final evaluation

but as a continuous process of monitoring and improvement.

It is essential to recognize and address individual learning

needs this can involve providing personalized instructions,

additional resources, or alternative learning strategies to

ensure all students achieve a satisfactory level of

understanding and skills development.

3. The study highlights the need for targeted

interventions to address the proficiency gap between genders

and income levels. This could involve developing tailored

training programs that address the specific needs and

learning style of female and male students. Establishing

mentorship programs that pairs students from different

backgrounds to foster peer support and knowledge learning.

4. The study highlights proficiency in basic tools

usage, the focus should shift to developing advanced skills

and problem-solving abilities. This involves implementing

project- based learning activities that requires students to

apply their knowledge of laboratory tools to solve complex

problems fostering critical thinking and creativity.

Providing training on troubleshooting common issue with

 GUIMARAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
Salvador Campus

laboratory equipment and performing basic maintenance task

enhancing student’s practical skills and confidence.

5. The study indicates that it is important to ensure

that all students have strong foundations in core laboratory

skills. This involves regular reinforced and assess basic

safety procedures to ensure that all students are

comfortable and competent in working safely in laboratory

environments. Encourage students to develop problem-solving

and critical thinking skills by incorporating activities

that challenge them to apply the knowledge in real world

scenario.

REFERENCES

Smith, A., & Jones, R. (2015). Laboratory Safety Awareness

in Higher Education: Implications for Science
Education. Journal of Science Education, 22(3), 152-
169.

Brown, P., Davis, L., & White, J. (2017). Time Management

Strategies Among College Students in STEM Fields.
College Student Journal, 51(4), 477-489.