ICT APPLICATION IN EVERY DAY LIFE

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is a process of sending and

receiving information through technology. These technologies include: Computers,
Telephones (GSM), Satellite, Internet etc
THE APPLICATION OF ICT IN EVERY DAY LIFE
1. Communication: Use of internet has made communication easier and
faster.
2. Timing and Control: Traffic control, weather control, machine control and
airplane control
3. Information Processing and Management: ICT promotes effective
processing, storing and managing of database.
4. Healthcare: Hospitals are computerized to facilitate patient care.
5. Airlines: ICT promote the growth and development of aviation sector.
6. Video and Tele-conferencing: The ability to connect different people from
different locations for meeting is made possible with ICT
7. Email: Ability to send and receive mails through the internet.
8. Multi-media communications: Various means of communication with
large audience.
THE IMPACTS OF ICT ON THE SOCIETY
1) It provides employment opportunities
2) It promote economic growth and development
3) It increases the general standard of living of the people
4) It has reduces the escalation of crime rate
5) It has increases the source of incomes
6) It promotes educational development

THE CLASSIFICATION OF MEANS OF TRANSMITTING

INFORMATION

Information can be transmitted from one place to another through two major
means: They are:

1) Electronic Means: This is a process of sending and receiving information

through modern equipment. E.g Telephone , fax, radio, television, internet etc.
2) Non-electronic Means: This is the act of sending and receiving information in
the olden.

MODES OF RECEIVING INFORMATION

1) Audio: This is a mode of receiving information through hearing. E.g Radio
2) Visual: This is a mode of receiving information through images such as
picture, diagram, etc
3) Audio-visual: This is a mode of receiving information through hearing and
seeing. E.g. Television, social media,

INFORMATION AGE
Information age is also known as electronic age. This is the developmental stages
in man’s history. It is the invention of electronic machine in the human race. The
information ages are:

1) Stone age
2) Iron age (hoe and cutlass)
3) Middle age (feather, pen and ink)
4) Industrial age. (machine)
5) Electronic age

1) Stone Age: This is when people used stones for tool making. Examples of stone
age tools are projectile points, basalt, sandstone etc.
2) Iron Age: This is when people used Iron or steel for making tools and weapons.
E.g. knives.
3) Middle Age: This is medieval era. This is the era of the production of iron for
agricultural tools, building construction tools, textiles etc.
4) Industrial Age: This is the period of evolution of machines used in our
societies today. This is when manual labour replaced the use of machine.
5) Electronic Age: This is the development of mechanical calculators, slide rules,
paper, pencils etc. The first large electronic desktop calculators began to replace
electronic mechanical machines. E.g. typewriters, electronic calculators.
6) Computer and Information Age: This is also known as the computer age or
digital age. It is characterized by the ability of individuals to transfer
information around the world through internet. This is the era of globalization.

A CHART SHOWING THE DESCRIPTIVE EXPLANATION OF

INFORMATION AGE
Information Examples of
Tools Used Purposes Time Period
Age Tools used

Stone Age Stone

Hoes and
Iron Age Iron Defense, Agric 10thcentury
Cutlasses

Writing Knowledge Pen, Ink,

Middle Age 12thcentury
Materials Education Feather

Cars, Ships,
th
Machine, Power 19 & 18th Trains,
Industrial
Coals Development Century Airplane,
Generator

MASTERY OF THE KEYBOARD

KEYBOARD DESCRIPTION

Computer keyboard is typically consists of a set of buttons that correspond to

specific letters, numbers, and symbols, as well as additional keys for special
functions, such as controlling the volume, adjusting the brightness, or launching
applications. They can be connected to a computer via USB, PS/2, Bluetooth, or
other wireless connections

Types of keyboard

1. Standard Keyboard: This is the most common type of keyboard which

possess the traditional layout of alphanumeric keys, function keys and
navigation keys.
2. Enhanced keyboard: This is a type of keyboard that offers additional features
or capabilities programmable keys, RGB lighting, multimedia keys beyond
those of a standard keyboard. Enhanced keyboards are designed to provide a
more efficient and convenient typing experience.

SECTIONS OF THE KEYBOARD

1. Alphanumeric Keys section: The alphanumeric keys are the main keys used
for typing text and numbers. They include the letters of the alphabet A-Z,
numbers 0-9, and punctuation symbols.
2. Function keys section: This is located on the top of the board, often
abbreviated as "F1" through "F12,” They are used to perform specific tasks.
3. Control keys or Modifier Keys section: These are used in combination with
other keys to perform specific functions. Examples of control keys are Ctrl,
Alt key, Window logo key, and Esc.
4. Numeric Keypad section: This is located on the right side of a keyboard.
That is designed for typing numerical data, such as numbers or calculation
symbols.
5. Navigation keys section: Navigation keys include the arrow keys, the home
key, the end key etc., which are used to navigate around documents and web
pages
 6. Special Keys section: Special keys include the "Escape" key, the "Tab" key,
and the "Enter" key, these keys perform unique functions in an operating
system or application.

Correct Sitting Position

a. Make sure you have correct sitting posture to avoid back ache, eye strain and
aching hands
b. Adjustable seat back.
c. Room to move your legs,
d. Screen at comfortable height.
e. Use anti-glare protector.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER

Computer can be classified into four (4) categories

1. Classification of computers based on generation

The following are the generation of computers

1) First generation
2) Second generation
3) Third generation
4) Fourth generation
5) Fifth generation
FIRST GENERATION
The first generation computers were developed between 1940s and 1950s.
Computers of that generation were characterized by:
1. They used vaccum tubes.
2. They were very large and expensive.
3. They had a low retentive memory
Examples are: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC),
Electronic Discreet Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC), EDSAC and IBM
650.

SECOND GENERATION
 Second generation computers were developed between 1950s and 1960s. In this
generation, transistors were used instead of vacuum tubes. Second generation
computers utilized primary discrete TRANSISTORS.

The following could be noted of second generation computers.

1. They were more reliable than first generation.
2. They could perform calculations.
3. They had a more efficient storage facility.

THIRD GENERATION
Third generation computers were developed between 1960s and 1970s. In this
generation, Integrated circuits were used in place of vacuum tubes and transistors.

The following can be noted in third generation computers:

1. Faster input and output.
2. Increased storage capability.
3. Increased process capability.
4. Ability to display pictures and musical sound.
Examples of third generation computers are IBM360 and IBM370.
FOURTH GENERATION
Fourth generation computers appeared between 1970s and 1980s. In this
generation, Large Scale Integrated (LSI) technique was used in the integrated
circuits.

FIFTH GENERATION
These generations of computers appeared between 1980s and 1990s. The technique
used in the integrated circuits of these computers is Very Large Scale Integration,
VLSI. Artificial Intelligence (AI), speech processing, pattern recognition and
Expert System (ES) are characteristics of these computers. Artificial Intelligence is
the ability of the computer to exhibit intelligence behavior like humans,

2. Classification of computer based on type

1. Digital Computer
Digital computer system is a system or device using discrete signals or values to
represent data numerically. They are computers that are used for counting and to
work on numbers.
 It works on data of non-continuous or discontinuous nature. Most digital
representation in computing is based on the binary system. For example, the
channel select on the television set is a digital device because it restricts you to a
discrete set of channels. Another example is the digital wrist watch which shows
you the exact time in digits and digital computers, calculator, microcomputer,
digital ammeter.

2. Analog Computer
These are computers that work on non-discrete or continuous data. In contrast to
digital computers, they have continuous value. They are used to measure values
that changes from time to time. Examples of such measurements are temperature,
speed, weight etc. They measure physical quantities and convert them to numbers.
Examples of analogue devices are thermometer, speedometer, fuel gauge, electric
meters, and petrol dispenser at petrol station. They are mostly used in industrial
operations.

3. Hybrid Computers
The high speed of analogue machine is combined with the flexibility of a digital
machine. A hybrid computer is made up of digital and an analogue connect
together in a system.

Hybrid computers are mostly used in scientific research and technical application
because they count and measure. They have both ability to handle discrete and
non-discrete data since the properties of analogue and digital are combined in
hybrid computers. Examples are petrol pump, cell phone, ultrasound machine

3. Classification of computer based on purposed

 4. Classification of computer based on size

1. Micro-computers :

 It is defined as a computer that has microprocessor as its CPU.

2. Minicomputers:

I. Is a medium sized computer that is more powerful than microcomputers?

II. Minicomputer is usually designed to serve multiple users simultaneously.

III. Minicomputers lies between mainframe and microcomputers.

3. Mainframe computer

4. Supercomputers

o The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are very expensive and

are employed for specialized applications that require immense
amounts of mathematical calculations.
o For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other
uses of supercomputers include animated graphics, fluid dynamic
calculations, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration.

IMPORTANCE OF THE COMPUTER AS A TOOL FOR DATA

PROCESSING

The following are advantages of using computers for data processing:

1. Speeds: Computer operations (the execution of an instruction such as the

addition of two numbers) are done at the speed of light i.e. data is processed
at a very fast rate when using the computer.
2. Accuracy: The computer is very accurate when processing data, it is not
 prone to errors like human beings.
3. Reliability: Computers can work for long periods of time performing
repetitive tasks without complaining and a user can be sure that a directive
given to the computer will be carried out.
4. Storage: Computer storage is far more efficient such that the quantity of
data stored at any point can be accessed anytime it is required.
5. Memory Capability: Computer systems can store a huge amount of data or
information and they have total and instant recall of these data.
6. Exchange of information: Computer has the ability to exchange
information quickly and easily with computers and other devices.
7. Efficiency and productivity can be raised.
8. Running cost becomes lower in the long term.
9. Overall security can be raised due to less human intervention.
MEANING OF A DEVICE

Devices are instruments, equipment or machines that are design or develop to

perform specific functions or task.

CLASS OF DEVICES

Devices can be classified into four types:

a. Early counting devices

b. Mechanical devices
c. Electrical device
d. Electronic device
e. Analogue device

1. Early counting devices: Examples of this include stones, pebbles, beads,

fingers and toes, sticks, grains, marks on the wall etc.
2. Mechanical devices: these are devices that works on mechanical principles.
Examples of this include ship, pulley, gear, sewing machine, motorcycle,
car, typewriter, wheel barrow. They uses mechanical energy to perform a
 specific task or function.
3. Electrical devices: These devices take the energy of electric current and
transform it in a simple ways into some other form of energy. Examples
include electric iron, electric kettle, blender, mixer, electric clipper, fridge,
fan, washing machine, grinding machine etc.
4. Electronic devices: These are components for controlling the flow of
electrical currents for the purpose of information processing and system
control. They are devices that use electronic circuits and semiconductors to
perform a specific task. Examples include photocopier, scoreboard,
calculator, radio, camera, television, telephone and computer.
5. Analogue: They are used to measure things that change from time to time.
Examples include: barometer, thermometer, weighing scale, rain gauge etc.

USES OF COMPUTER

1. Computer can be used in computer schools, hospitals, government offices.

2. Computers are used for organizing data management and information.
3. It enhances the learning process with interactivity e. g students’ compact
disk.
4. It aids communication system through e-mail, teleconferencing, telephone
E-presence.
5. It is also used for word processing i.e. used to write letters, memos and
documents.
6. Computers are used for graphical presentation such as production of all sorts
of cards, letterheads calendars etc.
7. It is used for fun, excitement and relaxation through computer games.
8. It helps to plan schedule and control people resources and cost of project.
 APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS

1. Computer in education: they are used as teaching aids in CAL (Computer Aided
Learning) or CAI (Computer Aided Instruction).
2. Personnel administration: Computer are required for the keeping of
comprehensive records on employees.
3. Computer in business: is used for planning and forecasting possible problems
and solutions.
4. Medicine: It is use to check health parameters of patients.
5. Banking: It helps to solve large amount of bank dealings and operations.
6. Engineering: complex calculations and drawings are easily tackled with the
help of computer
7. Recreational activities: It is use for playing games for relaxation, fun and
excitement.

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER

1. Computers are fast.

2. They have large storage facilities.
3. Computers are very accurate.
4. It performs more operations that can be effectively performed manually.
5. Computer accommodates growth i.e. it enabling the organization to move
forward and compete effectively with other firms.
6. It provides immediate access to data i.e. providing customers and clients with
immediate responses to inquire about services rendered.
7. Assist with decision making i.e. delivering information n timely manner.
DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER

1. Computer systems are very expensive and not everybody could afford to buy
one.
2. Computer is an electronic device that cannot think on its own i.e. garbage in
garbage out (GIGO).
3. It makes some professional jobless.
4. Misuse of computer information can be extended to include computer crime
5. The uses of computer are limited to availability of electric power
6. Computers can easily be attacked by virus.
7. The uses of computer are limited to professional or educated users.

SCREEN POINTING DEVICES

Screen pointing device is a device with which you can control the movement of the
pointer to select items on a display screen. It is a hardware input device that allows
the user to move the mouse cursor in a computer program.

These screen pointing devices allow users to interact with the graphical user
interface in a more intuitive and efficient way, and it has become essential
components of modern computing devices.

Types of Screen Pointing Devices

1. Mouse
2. Touchpad
3. Trackball
4. touchscreen
5. Light pen
 1. Mouse: A mouse is a common screen pointing device that is used to control
the position of the cursor on a computer screen. It typically consists of a
small, handheld device with one or more buttons and a scrolling wheel.
2. Touchpad: A touchpad is a flat, rectangular surface that is used to control the
position of the cursor on a computer screen. It is typically found on laptops
and other portable computing devices.
3. Trackball: A trackball is a small, ball-shaped device that is used to control
the position of the cursor on a computer screen. It is typically found on
specialized input devices, such as gaming controllers and industrial control
systems.
4. Touchscreen: A touchscreen is a display that allows users to interact directly
with the graphical user interface by touching the screen with their fingers or
a stylus.

A mouse is a pointing device used to control the movement of a pointer cursor in a

graphical environment. It is an alternative to the keyboard.

The different versions of mouse are as follows:

1. PS/2
2. Serial
3. Universal serial bus (USB)
4. Wireless

Parts of a mouse

A mouse is made up of the following parts:

1. Left button: This is used for clicking or double clicking an object.

2. Right button: It brings a task menu which contains some commands.
3. Mouse ball: This is a small round ball under the mouse which rolls or a
mouse pad or smooth surface as the mouse is moved on the table.
4. Mouse pointer: This is a small arrow- shaped object that moves around on a
computer screen and which is used to point at objects in a graphical
operating environment.
5. Mouse cord: It is a tiny cord fixed onto the mouse for transferring signals to
the processor
The various mouse techniques includes:

1. Pointing: Move the mouse to move the on-screen pointer.

2. Clicking: Press and release the left mouse button once.
3. Double-Clicking: Press and release the left mouse button twice.
4. Dragging: Hold down the left mouse button as you move the pointer.
5. Right-Clicking: Press and release the right mouse button.
6. Select and deselecting objects.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER MONITOR

The monitor is an output device used to display information on the screen.

Monitor is also called Visual Display Unit (VDU). The output on a monitor is
called softcopy.
TYPES OF MONITOR
There are two types of monitors.
1) MONOCHROME MONITOR: These are monitors that display one colour
black and white. It is divided into two. The Monochrome Text Monitor and
Monochrome Graphics Monitor.
2) COLOURED MONITOR: These are monitors that display more than one
colours.
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF COLOURED MONITORS
1) Colour Graphic Adapter (CGA): They display only 16 colours.
2) Enhanced Graphic Adapter (EGA): They display 64 colours.
3) Video Graphic Adapter (VGA). They display 262,144 colours.
4) Super Video Graphic Adapter (SVGA): They display more than 262,144
colours.
TYPES OF COLOUR MONITORS
a) CATHODE RAY TUBE MONITORS: These are the monitors commonly
used in office and home. They make use of Cathode Ray Tube (CRT).
b) Liquid Crystal Display (LCD): These are portable monitors designed with
liquid crystals. It is popular because of the bulky nature of CRTs.

COMPUTER HARDWARE

This is the physical parts of a computer system such as monitor, keyboard, mouse,
etc.
TYPES OF COMPUTER HARDWARE
Computer hardware is divided into two namely:
a) System unit
b) Peripherals
THE SYSTEM UNIT
This is the electronic components such as CPU, primary memory and other devices
that are used to process and store data. It is also known as the Internal Hardware
Devices. They are:
a) Processor
b) Motherboard
c) Memory (RAM & ROM)
d) Video & Sound Cards
e) Internal Hard Disk Drives
TYPES OF SYSTEM UNIT CASING
1) Flat Casing
2) Tower Casing
PERIPHERALS
A Peripheral device is any piece of hardware attached to the computer’s system
unit to enhance input and output operations. It is also known as the External
Hardware Devices. They are:
1) Monitor
2) Keyboard
3) Mouse
4) Printer
5) External Storage Devices

COMPUTER ETHICS
These are rules and regulations guiding the handling of computer system and other
devices.
WAYS OF MAINTAINING THE COMPUTER ROOM
1. A dust-free environment should be maintained in the computer room
2. The computer room should be appropriately ventilated.
3. The computer room should have appropriate lighting system.
4. The computer room should be well furnished.
5. All the computers in the computer room should be covered.
6. There should be strong security around the computer room.
COMPUTER LABORATORY RULES AND REGULATIONS
1. Pupils are prohibited to enter the lab unless authorized by the teacher.
2. Report all problems related to the systems to the teacher.
3. Do not attempt to repair or tamper with lab equipment.
4. Be responsible when using lab equipment
5. Do not move any device from it original position.
6. Do not install or uninstall software from the computer.
7. All electrical appliances should be switched off at the end of each day
activities.
8. Always cover the computer system after use.
9. Noise should be discouraged in the computer room.
COMPUTER ROOM OR LABORATORY
Computer room is a room created for keeping computers and other peripheral
devices.
COMPUTER ROOM REQUIREMENT
1) Computer system
 2)
Furniture
3)
Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS)
4)
Air conditioners/fans
5)
Mouse and mouse pad
6)
Printer
7)
Speaker
8)
Window Blind
9) Fire extinguisher
10) Printer paper

WORD PROCESSING I
This is an application designed to type, format, store, copy and print text.
FUNCTIONS OF WORD PROCESSING
1. Text Editing
2. Printing of text etc.
3. Copying of text
4. Inserting graphics
5. Deleting text
6. Formatting
7. Spelling checker
8. Save auto recover
EXAMPLES OF WORD PROCESSING
1) Microsoft –word: This is the most commonly used word processing.
2) Word perfect
3) Word Star
4) Notepad
5) WordPad
How to start Microsoft word
 Click the start button to bring the start menu;
 Click program
 Click on Microsoft word
How to create a new document
 Click on file tab on the ribbon
 Click new
 Start typing
How to save a document
 Click on file tab on the ribbon
  Click save
 Click command button ‘save’
How to open an existing document
 Click on file tab ribbon
 Click open
 Click the document
ADVANTAGES OF USING WORD PROCESSING PACKAGES
1. It makes typing very neat.
2. It makes typing very ease
3. It gives room for corrections.
4. Text could be formatted to suit the user’s purposes.
5. Text can be save

HOW TO LOCATE MICROSOFT WORD ON A SYSTEM

Microsoft word can be locate and open on a system, through the following:

1. Start menu: Click on the Start button or press the Windows key on the
keyboard and search for "Microsoft Word" in the search bar. Click on the
program to open it.
2. Desktop shortcut: If you have an Microsoft word shortcut icon on your
desktop, double-click on it to open the program.
3. Taskbar: If Microsoft Word is currently open and has been pinned to the
taskbar, click on the icon to restore the program to the foreground.
4. Run command: Press Windows key + R, type Microsoft.doc and press enter.

APPLICATIONS OF WORD PROCESSORS

1. Writing and Editing Documents

2. Collaboration: Word processors typically have features for sharing
documents with others and collaboration for team work and group work
3. Presentations
4. Education
 5. Business
6. Personal Use
HOW TO CUT, COPY AND PASTE IN MICROSOFT WORD
1. Select the text you want to cut, copy, or paste: To select text, click and drag
your mouse over the text.
2. Cut: To cut text, use the keyboard shortcut "Ctrl + X" (on Windows) or
"Cmd + X" (on Mac). You can also right-click on the selected text and select
"Cut" from the context menu.
3. Copy: To copy text, use the keyboard shortcut "Ctrl + C" (on Windows) or
"Cmd + C" (on Mac). You can also right-click on the selected text and select
"Copy" from the context menu.
4. Paste: To paste text, use the keyboard shortcut "Ctrl + V" (on Windows) or
"Cmd + V" (on Mac). You can also right-click where you want to paste the
text and select "Paste" from the context menu.

DATA PROCESSING
Data processing is the process of converting data into meaningful information. It
involves the collection and presentation of data for meaningful information.
DATA COLLECTION STAGES
This means gathering of data from its point of origin to be processed.
1) DATA CREATION: This is the process of getting data from source.
2) DATA TRANSMISSION: This refers to sending and receiving of data through
telecommunication network.
3) DATA PREPARATION: This is a pre-processing of ‘raw’ data from the
source document to machine sensible form.
4) DATA VERIFICATION: This is the process of checking input data to make
sure it was entered correctly.
5) SORTING: This is a re-arrangement of data in some specified sequence
 required for processing.
6) MEDIA CONVERSION: This is the transfer of data from one medium to
another.
7) VALIDATION: This is a process of checking data to make sure that it is
correct.
STAGES IN DATA PROCESSING
This refers to various stages which data passes through before it becomes
information. The stages include:
1) Origination of data
2) Preparation
3) Input data
4) Processing of data
5) Output of data
6) Storage of data

STAGES IN DATA PROCESSING DIAGRAM

ORIGINATION OF DATA

PREPARATION OF DATA

INPUT DATA

PROCESSING OF DATA

STORAGE OF DATA OUTPUT OF DATA

FEATURES OF A COMPUTER
Computer as an electronic device possess some several features that make it an
excellent tool for data processing. These features include:

1. Speed: Computers can process data quickly, which makes it possible to

handle large amounts of information in a short amount of time.
2. Storage Capacity: Computers have large storage capacities, which allows
them to store and access large amounts of data efficiently.
3. Accuracy: Computers are capable of processing data accurately, which
reduces the risk of human error and ensures the reliability of the data.
4. Consistency: Computers can process data in a consistent and uniform
manner, making it easy to analyze and compare data.
5. Automation: Computers can automate repetitive and time-consuming tasks,
freeing up time for more important tasks.
6. Programmability: Computers can be programmed to perform specific tasks
and automate complex data processing procedures.
7. Multitasking: Computers are capable of performing multiple tasks
simultaneously, making it possible to handle multiple data processing tasks
at the same time.
8. The ability to process large amounts of data accurately and efficiently.

THE KEYBOARD AND ITS SECTION

Meaning of keyboard

A keyboard is a peripheral device that is used for inputting text, numbers, and
other data into a computer or other electronic device. It typically consists of a set
of buttons that correspond to specific letters, numbers, and symbols, as well as
additional keys for special functions, such as controlling the volume, adjusting the
brightness, or launching applications.
Keyboards can be connected to a computer via USB, Bluetooth, or other wireless
connections

GROUPS OF KEYs ON A KEYBOARD

1. Alphanumeric Keys: The alphanumeric keys are the main keys used for
typing text and numbers. They include the letters of the alphabet A-Z,
numbers 0-9, and punctuation symbols.
2. Function keys: This is located on the top of the board, often abbreviated as
"F1" through "F12,” They are used to perform specific tasks.
3. Control keys or Modifier Keys: These are used in combination with other
keys to perform specific functions. Examples of control keys are Ctrl, Alt
key, Window logo key, and Esc.
4. Numeric Keypad: This is located on the right side of a keyboard. That is
designed for typing numerical data, such as numbers or calculation symbols.
5. Navigation keys: Navigation keys include the arrow keys, the home key, the
end key etc., which are used to navigate around documents and web pages
6. Special Keys: Special keys include the "Escape" key, the "Tab" key, and the
"Enter" key, these keys perform unique functions in an operating system or
application.

Types of keyboard

1. Standard Keyboard: This is the most common type of keyboard which

possess the traditional layout of alphanumeric keys, function keys and
navigation keys.
2. Enhanced keyboard: This is a type of keyboard that offers additional features
or capabilities programmable keys, RGB lighting, multimedia keys beyond
 those of a standard keyboard. Enhanced keyboards are designed to provide a
more efficient and convenient typing experience.

OPERATING SYSTEM
This is a program that manages all the other programs in a computer system.
This is a program that acts as an interface between the software and the hardware.
EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
1) Microsoft windows. This contains graphics and icons. E.g. Windows 10,
Windows 8, Windows 2000, Windows 7
2) UNIX: This is a multiuser command line operating system
3) Novell Netware: This is a command line Network Operating System
4) Linux: This is a GUI/ Command line multiuser and network operating system.
5) XENIX: This is a Unix based multiuser operating system.
6) Microsoft Disk operating system (MS DOS): This is a single user operating
system.
THE FUNCTION OF OPERATING SYSTEM
1. It recognizes and installs peripheral devices.
2. It manages files and folders.
3. It handles input and outputs.
4. It loads and runs other software applications.
5. It handles system errors and alerts users.
6. It allows software to communicate with hardware.
7. It manages system security.

TYPES AND COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

A system is a set of connected parts forming a complex whole.
A computer system is a functional unit of interconnected parts or devices working
together to achieve a common output. It can also be defined as an electronic device
which can store, process, retrieve data and output the result as information in a
specified form.
Components of Computer Systems
 1. Hardware
2. Software
3. People ware
1) Computer hardware: This is the physical parts of a computer such as monitor,
keyboard, hard drive disk, mouse etc. Computer hardware are:
1. Processor
2. Monitor
3. Keyboard
4. Mouse
5. Printer

2) Software: This is a set of programs that commands the computer hardware on

what to do and how to do. In other words, It is the driver of the hardware.
Types of software
a) Application software: This is a Program that allows a user to do specific task.
E.g. Databases e.g. Microsoft access, Microsoft word, Spreadsheets, Microsoft
excel etc.
b) System Software: This is a collection of software designed to operate the
computer hardware and application program. E.g. Operating systems, Device
drivers, Utility software e.g. Anti-virus, file managers, etc
3) People ware: These are the computer professionals or users

CONVERSION OF NUMBER BASES

A number base is the number of digits or combination of digits that a system uses
to represent numbers.
To distinguish between number bases, we often use a subscript next to the number.
For example, the value of the binary (base-2) number 100, start subscript, 2, end
subscript,1002 is different to the denary (base-10) number 100, start subscript, 10,
end subscript,10010 and the hexadecimal (base-16) number 100, start subscript,
16, end subscript,10016.

NUMBER BASE Conversion: from Decimal to other Base System

Step 1 – divide the decimal number to be converted by the value of the new base.
Step 2 – get the remainder from step 1 as the rightmost digit (least significant digit)
of the base number.
Step 3 – divide the quotient of the previous divide by the new base.
Step 4 – record the remainder from step 3 as the next digit (to the left) of the new
base number.
Repeat steps 3 and 4, getting remainders from right to left until the quotient
becomes zero in step 3.
DECIMAL TO BINARY

Example: Convert 1510 to binary.

Step Operation Result Remainder

Step 1 15/2 7 1

Step 2 7/2 3 1

Step 3 3/2 1 1

Step 4 1/2 0 1

1510 = 11112

DECIMAL TO OCTAL
Example: convert 38510 to octal.

Step Operation Result Remainder

 Step 1 385/8 48 1

Step 2 48/8 6 0

Step 3 6/8 0 6

38510 = 6018

NUMBER BASE CONVERSION: FROM OTHER BASE SYSTEM TO

DECIMAL

Step 1 – determine the positional value of each digit. This depends on the position
of the digit and the base of the number system.

Step 2 – multiply the obtained values in step 1 by the digits in the corresponding
position.

Step 3 – sum the products calculated in step 2. This total is the equivalent value in
decimal.

Binary to Decimal

For example: convert 2232 to base 10

2232 = 2×22 + 2×21 + 3×20

= 2×4 + 2×2 + 3×1 = 8 + 4+3

= 1510

COMPUTER HARDWARE
This is the physical parts of a computer system such as monitor, keyboard, mouse,
etc.
TYPES OF COMPUTER HARDWARE
Computer hardware is divided into two namely:
c) System unit
d) Peripherals
THE SYSTEM UNIT
This is the electronic components such as CPU, primary memory and other devices
that are used to process and store data. It is also known as the Internal Hardware
Devices. They are:
f) Processor
g) Motherboard
h) Memory (RAM & ROM)
i) Video & Sound Cards
j) Internal Hard Disk Drives
PERIPHERALS
A Peripheral device is any piece of hardware attached to the computer’s system
unit to enhance input and output operations. It is also known as the External
Hardware Devices. They are:
6) Monitor
7) Keyboard
8) Mouse
9) Printer
10) External Storage Devices

UNITS OF STORAGE IN COMPUTER

Computer memory is a storage device where data are kept or stored. The units of
storage in computer are:
1. Bit
2. Nibble
3. Byte
4. Word

1) Binary Digit (Bit): This is the first and the smallest unit of computer memory.
Computer recognizes only two numbers 0 and 1. In the diagram below 0 and 1
indicate a bit.
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1

bit 1 bit 2 bit 3 bit 4 bit 5 bit 6 bit 7 bit 8

2) Nibble: This is a storage unit that is equal to 4 bits. E.g. 0101, 1101, 1001 etc.
 0 1 0 1

( 1 Nibble)

3) Binary Table (BYTE): Byte is a group of 8 bits. This is the basic and the most
common unit in the computer’s memory. One byte is one character. A character
can be a number, letter or symbol.
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1

1 byte
Other Higher Memory Units in Computer
a) KILOBYTE (KB):This is equivalent to 210 =1,024 bytes.
b) MEGABYTE (MB): A megabyte is equivalent to 220 = 1,048,576 bytes
c) GIGABYTE (GB): A gigabyte is equivalent to 230 = 1,073,741824 bytes
d) TERABYTE (TB):A terabyte is equivalent to 240 = 1,099,511,627,780 bytes

WORD LENGTH
This is the length of word in a computer word. It ranges between 1 byte to 64
bytes.
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
1 word (16 bits)
Other Higher Memory Units Associated with WORD
1) Double word: This is made up of 2 words which are equal to 32 bits.
2) Quad word: This is made up of 4 words which are equals to 64 bits.
WORKING EXAMPLES
Example 1
1 byte = 8 bits
1 kilobyte (KB) =210= 1,024 bytes
1 megabyte (MB) = 210 x210 =220 = 1,048,576 bytes
I gigabyte (GB) = 210 x210x210= 230 = 1,073,741,824 bytes
I terabyte (TB) = 210x210x210x210=240 = 1,099,511,627,780 bytes

Example 2
Bit = 0 or 1
4 bits = I nibble
2 nibbles = 8 bit and 8 bit = 1 byte
3 nibbles = (3 x4) bits = 12bit
4 nibbles = (4x4) bits = 16 bit
5 nibbles = (5 x4) bits = 20 bits
Example 3
Conversion of bytes to bits
1 bytes = 8 bits
2 bytes = 16 bits
3 bytes = 24 bits
5 bytes = 40 bits

EXAMPLE 1
Converts 2 kilobytes to byte
Solution
1 KB = 1024bytes
2 KB = 2(1024) bytes = 2048 bytes.

EXAMPLE 2
Convert 4KB to Byte
Note IKB = 1024 bytes
4KB = 4(1024) bytes
= 4096 bytes

SOFTWARE
This is a set of instructions that commands the computer hardware on what to do
and how to do.
Software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and its documentation.
It is the driver of the computer hardware.
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
1) Application software: This is a Program that allows a user to do specific task.
Examples are:
a) Word processor e.g. Microsoft word
b) Spreadsheets e.g. Microsoft excel
c) Databases e.g. Microsoft access

2) System Software: This is a collection of software designed to operate the

computer hardware and application program. The examples of system software
are Operating System, Compilers, Interpreter, Assemblers, etc.
TYPES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE
1. Operating systems: E.g. Windows 10, Android etc
2. Device drivers: E.g. Scanner driver, printer driver, etc.
3. Utility software : E.g. Anti-virus, disk checkers, disk cleaner, etc
4. Translators
 SYSTEM SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE
1 It can run independently on the system It cannot run independently on the system

3 It is program to control the computer It designed to meet specific needs of users

hardware

4 It helps in running the application It helps to perform multiple tasks

software

5 It is programmed by system It is programmed by applications

programmers programmers.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SYSTEM SOFTWARE AND

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

1) Graphical User Interface (GUI): This contains graphics and icons. E.g.
Windows 7, Win8, Win10
2) Multi-user: This is a multi-user operating system such as Linux, Unix, and
Windows 2000.
3) Single-user: This is a single user operating system. It is designed to do one
thing at a time.
4) Multiprocessing: This is an operating system that supports more than one
computer processor. E.g. Linux, Unix, and Windows 2000
5) Multitasking: This is an operating system that can run multiple softwares at the
same time.
6) Multithreading: This is an operating system that can run concurrently.