EXPERIMENT 6: DIFFRACTION
Name:
Matric No.:
Class:
Experiment No.: 6
Partner’s name:
Date:
_________________________________________________________________________
Title: …………………………………
Objective: To determine
(a) the ……………….. of laser beam using a diffraction grating.
(b) the ……………….. of diffraction grating lines per unit ……………….
Theory
When a laser beam is incident on a diffraction grating, a diffraction pattern in the form of a
series of bright dots can be seen on the screen as shown in Figure 6.1
2nd order
1st order
2 1
1
0th
1st order
order
2nd order
Figure 6.1
The relationship between the angle n of the nth order and the wavelength of laser is
n
sin n 6.1
d
where d is the distance between two consecutive lines of the diffraction grating, known as
grating spacing.
Usually, the grating spacing is specified in number of lines per meter, such as N lines per
meter. Hence,
1
N 6.2
d
Then
6.3
By measuring the angle n for each order of diffraction n, can be determined.
Apparatus
A …………. pen
Two retort stands with …………….
A …………….. rule
A screen
Two ………………………. gratings (A and B)
Note: Suggestion A is 100 lines per mm and B is 300 lines per mm.
Procedure
Figure 6.2
1. The apparatus is ………..………… as shown in Figure 6.2. The laser ray is pointed
perpendicularly to the diffraction grating A.
Note: In the experiment,
(i) the incident ray is ……………… to the diffraction grating.
(ii) the screen is ……………… to the diffraction grating.
2. The distance D from the diffraction grating to screen must be adjusted so that the
spacing between the spots on the screen is as far as possible from one another. The
value of D is measured and recorded.
Caution: A laser pen is NOT a ………... It is dangerous to look ……………… at the
laser beam because it may cause permanent ……………….. to our eyesight.
3. The distance 1 , 2 , 3 , ... that correspond to the diffraction order of 1, 2, 3, … is
…………………... where n is the distance between spots of order n to the centre spot
4. The values of sin n for order of n = 1, 2, 3, ... are ………...…….. using equation
5. The data is tabulated.
6. A graph of sin n against n is ………………...
7. The wavelength, of the laser beam is ……………... from the gradient of the graph,
The value of d for grating A can be calculated using the value of N printed on the
grating.
Note: The value of N is printed on grating A.
8. Steps (1) to (6) are …………………. using grating B.
9. The number of lines per mm, N of grating B is …………... from the gradient of the
graph by using the value of in step (7),
10. The value of and N for grating B is ……………………. to their standard values. A
comment is written.
Observation
Grating A
NA = ………………. lines per mm
Distance from the grating to the screen, DA = ( ………. ………. ) cm
n ( ………. ) Average
n n ( ……. ) sin n
1 2
9
Grating B
Distance from the grating to the screen, ………… = ( ………. ………. ) …………
?
? ? ?
1 2
Calculation
Grating A
1. Centroid ( n , sin n )
n sin n
,
N N
? ?
,
? ?
( ........... , ........... )
sin n
2. Gradient, m
n
? ?
m
? ?
m ..............
3. Number of lines per unit length for grating A,
N A 100 lines per mm
100
NA
1 mm
100
NA
1 10 ? m
N A ................ m -1
4. Using equation 6.3, sin n N A n
Compare to y = mx + c
The gradient of graph sin n against n for Grating A,
NA
?
?
?
?
................ 10 -7 m
.................... 10 -7 10 9 nm
................. nm
Grating B
5.
n sin n
Centroid ,
N N
? ?
,
? ?
( ........... , ........... )
sin n
6. Gradient, k
n
? ?
k
? ?
k ..............
7. Using equation 6.3, sin n N B n
Compare to y = kx + c
The gradient of graph sin n against n for Grating B,
NB
?
NB
?
N B ................ 10 5 m -1
? 10 5
NB
1m
? 10 5
NB
1 10 3 mm
N B .................... 10 2 mm -1
N B ................. lines per mm
Discussion
Comment
* State the experimental and actual values.
Experimental value: 1. = ? nm
2. NB = ? lines per mm
Standard value: 1. = 650 nm (red) or 532 nm (green) from the pen
2. NB = 300 lines per mm
* State whether the experimental value is greater or less than the standard value of
wavelength of laser beam and the number of lines per unit length of Grating B.
| experiment actusl |
Percentage of difference = 100 %
actusl
= _______ %
| N B experiment N B actual |
Percentage of difference = 100%
N B actual
= _______ %
* State whether the experiment is successful (if the percentage of difference is less than
10%) or unsuccessful (if the percentage of difference is more than 10%).
Problems encountered and solution
* Discuss minimum 3 errors.
……………… error most probably occur due to incorrect position of eye view
when measuring the …………….. of the nth spots from the centre spot using a
……………………. Thus, observer’s eye view should be …………………………....
to the scale of the metre rule in order to ……………. parallax error.
……….. error is neglected if the observer measure the ……………….. from the
slits to the screen using the exhausted end of a ruler in which the zero is missing. Thus,
observer should add the zero error to obtain the actual reading.
…………………… error has occurred when a the observer did not mark the spot
accurately on the screen or when the laser pen is not ……………………… to the
screen. Observer can take several readings to check the consistency of the data recorded.
Precaution Step
* State at least one precaution step.
Conclusion
.……………….. of laser beam using a diffraction grating, = …………………..
…...…………… of diffraction grating lines per unit length of grating B, NB = …………..…
Graph plotting on a graph paper as Attachment (sebagai Lampiran) to the lab
report.
Graph of sin n against n for Grating A
sin n
n
0
Graph of sin n against n for Grating B
sin n
n
0
Note: The scale on y-axis does not necessary starts from zero.
