ART INTEGRATED PROJECT

INTRODUCTION TO SIKKIM

Sikkim, state of India, located in the northeastern part of the country, in the
eastern Himalayas. It is one of the smallest states in India. Sikkim is bordered by
the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north and northeast, by Bhutan to
the southeast, by the Indian state of West Bengal to the south, and by Nepal to the
west. The capital is Gangtok, in the southeastern part of the state.
The name Sikkim is believed to be a combination of the two Limbu words su which
means "new" and khyim that means "palace" or "house"
In historical Indian literature, Sikkim is known as Indrakil, the garden of the war
god Indra.
Sikkim is the least populous and second smallest among the Indian states. A part
of the Eastern Himalaya, Sikkim is notable for its biodiversity, including alpine and
subtropical climates, as well as being a host to Kangchenjunga, the highest peak in
India and third highest on Earth. Sikkim's capital and largest city is Gangtok..

ECOLOGY OF SIKKIM
Sikkim is a basin surrounded on three sides by precipitous mountain walls. There is
little lowland, and the variation in relief is extreme. Within a stretch of roughly 50
miles (80 km), the land rises from an elevation of about 750 feet (225 metres) in
the Tista River valley to nearly 28,200 feet (8,600 metres) at Kanchenjunga,
India’s highest peak and the world’s third highest mountain. The Singalila Range
separates Sikkim from Nepal in the west, while the Dongkya Range forms the
border with the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the east. Several passes
across this range afford easy access to the Chumbi valley in Tibet and, beyond the
valley, to the Tibetan capital of Lhasa.

HISTORY
Little is known of Sikkim’s history prior to the 17th century. The Lepcha were early
inhabitants of the region, apparently assimilating the Naong, Chang, Mon, and
other tribes. The Bhutia began entering the area from Tibet in the 14th century.
When the kingdom of Sikkim was established in 1642, Phuntsog Namgyal, the first
chogyal (temporal and spiritual king), came from the Bhutia community. The
Namgyal dynasty ruled Sikkim until 1975
 ENGLISH PROJECT

National Channel of Sikkim

The state of Sikkim, located in the northeastern part of India, has its own regional
broadcast channel called "Sikkim Television" (STV). Sikkim Television serves as the
primary medium for broadcasting regional news, cultural programs, and
educational content to the people of Sikkim. It plays a crucial role in preserving
and promoting the unique cultural heritage of the state, which is characterized by
a rich tapestry of traditions and languages including Nepali, Bhutia, Lepcha, and
Limboo.
Key Features of Sikkim Television:
1. Regional Content: STV focuses on content that resonates with the local
population. This includes news in regional languages, coverage of local
events, traditional festivals, and regional sports.
2. Cultural Preservation: The channel broadcasts programs aimed at
preserving the cultural and linguistic heritage of Sikkim. This includes folk
music, dance performances, and documentaries on the history and
traditions of the various ethnic communities in the state.
3. Educational Programs: STV airs educational programs that cater to
students and young learners in Sikkim. This includes lessons in regional
languages, educational documentaries, and interactive learning sessions.
4. Local News: The channel provides comprehensive coverage of local news,
including political updates, social issues, and developmental projects within
the state. This ensures that the residents of Sikkim are well-informed about
the happenings in their region.
5. Community Engagement: STV engages with the local community through
interactive programs where viewers can call in and participate. This helps in
creating a sense of community and allows the channel to address local
concerns and issues.

National Channel of Maharashtra

In contrast, Maharashtra, a western state of India, has a more extensive and
diversified broadcast network. The state has access to several regional channels,
with the most prominent being "Doordarshan Sahyadri," which is the Marathi
language channel of India's public service broadcaster, Doordarshan.
Key Features of Doordarshan Sahyadri:
1. Diverse Programming: Doordarshan Sahyadri offers a wide array of
programs including news, soap operas, reality shows, and films. The content
 is designed to cater to the diverse audience in Maharashtra, which includes
urban and rural populations.
2. Cultural Programming: The channel showcases Maharashtra's rich
cultural heritage through programs on Marathi literature, music, dance, and
theatre. It also broadcasts events related to traditional festivals like Ganesh
Chaturthi and Diwali.
3. Educational Initiatives: Similar to STV, Doordarshan Sahyadri broadcasts
educational content, but on a larger scale. It collaborates with educational
institutions to air lectures, tutorials, and educational series for students.
4. News and Current Affairs: The channel provides extensive coverage of
news and current affairs, both regional and national. This includes in-depth
analysis, debates, and interviews with key figures in Maharashtra.
5. Audience Reach: Being part of the Doordarshan network, Sahyadri has a
broader reach compared to STV. It is available to a larger audience,
including viewers in other parts of India and abroad.
Key Differences Between STV and Doordarshan Sahyadri:
1. Scope and Reach: Doordarshan Sahyadri has a broader reach and a more
diverse audience compared to STV, which primarily serves the people of
Sikkim. Sahyadri's content is accessible to viewers across Maharashtra and
beyond, while STV's reach is more localized.
2. Content Diversity: While both channels focus on regional content,
Doordarshan Sahyadri offers a wider variety of programs, including
mainstream entertainment and national news, reflecting Maharashtra's
larger and more diverse population.
3. Language and Cultural Focus: STV places a stronger emphasis on
preserving the linguistic and cultural heritage of Sikkim, broadcasting in
multiple regional languages. Doordarshan Sahyadri, while promoting
Marathi culture, also includes more content in Hindi and caters to a more
linguistically diverse audience.
4. Production and Resources: Doordarshan Sahyadri benefits from the
resources and infrastructure of the national broadcaster Doordarshan,
allowing for higher production quality and a wider range of programming.
STV, being a smaller regional channel, operates with more limited
resources.
In conclusion, while both Sikkim Television and Doordarshan Sahyadri serve the
purpose of regional broadcasting, their scope, reach, and content diversity differ
significantly due to the distinct demographic and cultural contexts of Sikkim and
Maharashtra.
 PHYSICS PROJECT

Sikkim, a northeastern state in India, is known for its rich natural resources and
significant potential for hydroelectric power generation due to its mountainous
terrain and numerous rivers. Here is an overview of the dams and hydropower
projects in Sikkim, along with some additional details about the state's approach to
harnessing this renewable energy source:
Major Hydropower Projects in Sikkim
1. Teesta Stage V Hydroelectric Project
 Location: On the Teesta River in the East and South Districts of
Sikkim.
 Capacity: 510 MW
 Details: This project, developed by NHPC (National Hydroelectric
Power Corporation), is one of the largest in Sikkim. It uses a series of
dams and underground tunnels to generate power.
2. Teesta Stage III Hydroelectric Project
 Location: North Sikkim
 Capacity: 1200 MW
 Details: Developed by Teesta Urja Limited, this project is one of the
largest in the state and faced numerous delays but has been
operational since 2017. It significantly contributes to the state’s
electricity generation.
3. Teesta Stage VI Hydroelectric Project
 Location: South Sikkim
 Capacity: 500 MW
 Details: Initially developed by Lanco Teesta Hydro Power Limited, the
project was later taken over by NHPC due to financial issues faced by
Lanco.
4. Rangit III Hydroelectric Project
 Location: West Sikkim
 Capacity: 60 MW
 Details: Another important project developed by NHPC, it utilizes the
Rangit River, a tributary of the Teesta.
Environmental and Social Considerations
 1. Environmental Impact
 Hydropower projects in Sikkim have raised significant environmental
concerns. The construction of dams and tunnels often involves
deforestation, which affects local biodiversity.
 The projects can disrupt river ecosystems, affecting fish populations
and other aquatic life.
 There is also a risk of landslides and seismic activity due to extensive
construction in mountainous areas.
2. Social Impact
 Local communities, especially those relying on agriculture and
fishing, face displacement and loss of livelihoods.
 Compensation and rehabilitation of affected communities are critical
issues. Many projects have faced protests and legal challenges due to
inadequate resettlement plans.
Sustainable Practices and Future Plans
1. Run-of-the-River Projects
 To mitigate environmental impacts, there is a focus on developing
run-of-the-river hydropower projects that have a smaller ecological
footprint compared to large reservoir-based projects.
 These projects generate power without the need for large dams and
reservoirs, thus minimizing habitat disruption and displacement.
2. Renewable Energy Initiatives
 Sikkim is also exploring other forms of renewable energy, such as
solar and wind power, to diversify its energy sources and reduce
reliance on hydroelectric power.
 The state aims to balance its energy needs with environmental
conservation and sustainable development goals.
Key Challenges and Opportunities
1. Challenges
 The rugged terrain and remote locations of many hydropower sites
make construction and maintenance challenging and costly.
 Climate change poses a threat to water resources, with potential
impacts on river flow patterns and hydropower generation capacity.
2. Opportunities
  Sikkim’s vast hydropower potential presents an opportunity to not
only meet its own energy needs but also export surplus power to
other states and countries.
 Investment in advanced technology and infrastructure can enhance
the efficiency and sustainability of hydropower projects.
Conclusion
Hydropower is a critical component of Sikkim's energy strategy, offering significant
potential for renewable energy generation. However, balancing this with
environmental sustainability and social responsibility remains a key challenge. The
state continues to explore innovative solutions and adopt best practices to harness
its hydropower potential while protecting its unique natural heritage and
supporting its communities.
 CHEMISTRY PROJECT

Sure! Let's explore the fabric, ecological composition, and cuisine of Sikkim in
simple terms:
Fabric of Sikkim
Sikkim is known for its rich tradition of handloom weaving. The people of Sikkim
make beautiful fabrics using traditional techniques.
 Lepcha Weave: This is a traditional fabric made by the Lepcha people. It's
colorful and often used to make traditional clothes like the dumdyam (dress)
and tego (jacket).
 Bhutia Fabric: The Bhutia people create colorful and intricate patterns, often
used for their traditional dresses called bakhu, which is worn with a belt and
a full-sleeved blouse.
 Handloom Products: Sikkimese artisans also create shawls, carpets, and
blankets using wool and cotton, known for their unique designs and quality.
Ecological Composition of Sikkim
Sikkim is a small state in the northeastern part of India, nestled in the Himalayas.
It has a diverse and rich natural environment.
 Mountains: Sikkim is surrounded by high mountains, including
Kangchenjunga, the third highest mountain in the world.
 Forests: The state is covered with dense forests, which are home to many
kinds of plants and animals.
 Rivers and Lakes: Many rivers flow through Sikkim, like the Teesta River, and
there are beautiful lakes like Tsomgo Lake.
 Flora and Fauna: Sikkim has a wide variety of plants, including orchids and
rhododendrons, and animals like the red panda and snow leopard.
Cuisine of Sikkim
Sikkimese food is delicious and reflects the culture and environment of the state.
 Momos: These are dumplings filled with vegetables or meat and are very
popular in Sikkim.
 Thukpa: A hearty noodle soup with vegetables or meat, perfect for the chilly
weather.
 Phagshapa: A dish made with pork, radishes, and chilies.
  Gundruk: Fermented leafy greens often used in soups and curries.
 Sel Roti: A traditional Nepali sweet, ring-shaped bread, often eaten during
festivals.
Sikkim's cuisine often includes rice, dairy products, and a variety of fresh
vegetables and herbs that are grown locally.
In summary, Sikkim has beautiful traditional fabrics, a rich and diverse natural
environment, and delicious food that reflects its unique culture and landscape.

MATHEMATICS PROJECT

Interpretation of the Media Preference Survey Data from Sikkim and

Maharashtra

Based on the articles provided, here’s a detailed interpretation and comparative analysis of
media preferences in Sikkim and Maharashtra:

1. Media Preferences in Sikkim:

 Primary Source of Media Consumption:

o The survey conducted in Sikkim indicates that the primary sources of media
are television and radio, followed by newspapers. However, the penetration of
digital media (such as social media platforms) is growing, especially among
younger demographics.
o Newspapers: Despite the global trend of declining print media, local
newspapers remain influential, primarily because they cater to regional
interests and use local languages (like Nepali).
o Television: Regional news and entertainment channels are highly popular,
indicating a preference for content that is localized and culturally relevant.
 Internet and Digital Platforms:
o The adoption of digital media is increasing, particularly among the younger
population and in urban areas. Smartphones are the main access point for the
internet, and popular platforms include Facebook and WhatsApp.
o Content Type: News updates, music, and entertainment videos are the most
sought-after content on digital platforms.
 Language Preference:
o Nepali is the dominant language for news and entertainment in Sikkim,
followed by English and Hindi. This linguistic preference influences the type
of media people consume, with local Nepali channels and newspapers having
a strong foothold.
 Demographic Influence:
o Media preferences vary significantly based on age, education, and
employment. Younger people tend to gravitate toward online content, while
the older generation prefers traditional media like radio and print newspapers.
  Rural vs. Urban Divide:
o There is a noticeable difference in media consumption between rural and
urban areas. While urban regions have better access to digital media, rural
areas still rely heavily on radio and regional newspapers due to limited internet
connectivity.

2. Media Preferences in Maharashtra:

 Primary Source of Media Consumption:

o In Maharashtra, television remains the dominant media platform, followed by
newspapers. The state’s diverse linguistic demographic (with Marathi, Hindi,
and English being widely spoken) means that media consumption patterns are
influenced by language preferences.
o Television: Marathi news channels and entertainment channels are popular,
but Hindi and English channels also have a substantial following, particularly
in urban areas.
o Newspapers: Marathi newspapers like Loksatta, Maharashtra Times, and
Sakal are widely read, alongside English dailies like The Times of India.
 Digital Media Adoption:
o Maharashtra shows a higher rate of digital media adoption compared to
Sikkim, with a substantial proportion of the population using smartphones to
access news, entertainment, and social media.
o Streaming Platforms: There is a growing trend of using OTT (Over-the-Top)
platforms like Netflix, Hotstar, and Amazon Prime for entertainment,
especially among urban and younger audiences.
o Social Media Usage: Platforms like YouTube, WhatsApp, and Instagram are
widely used, particularly among youth. This shift is indicative of changing
preferences towards on-demand and interactive content.
 Language Preference:
o Language plays a significant role in media preferences. While Marathi content
is prevalent, there is also a significant consumption of Hindi and English
media, making Maharashtra a multilingual media market.
 Urban vs. Rural Divide:
o Similar to Sikkim, there is a significant urban-rural divide in Maharashtra.
Urban areas have higher digital penetration, while rural areas still depend
more on traditional media like television and radio. However, initiatives to
improve digital connectivity are slowly bridging this gap.

3. Key Takeaways and Implications:

 Localized Content is Key: In both states, local content (in terms of language and
topics) holds significant value, making it essential for media producers to create
region-specific content.
 Digital Media Growth Potential in Sikkim: There is a significant potential for
digital media growth in Sikkim, especially with improved internet infrastructure.
Strategies to target younger audiences through digital platforms can yield long-term
benefits.
 Diverse Media Market in Maharashtra: Maharashtra’s media market is more
diverse and competitive, with preferences varying significantly across languages and
 platforms. A multi-platform strategy (TV, print, digital) is essential for effective
outreach.
 Urban-Rural Connectivity: Both states exhibit an urban-rural divide in media
consumption patterns. Expanding digital infrastructure in rural areas can potentially
transform media consumption dynamics.