Yagnit Sin - 80807042878 = UBL AC Cinewits eS | a4 ef; value of enating si ar sl Peak mist can altern ating ignal raximum value of that sianal eee ot emf) in eithes direction. ell Detine OvAGt gt mean alue of AC- — Anal a wr moan value of Ac is the Average a alt values of the voltage Cot current) aver one half cay cle All Find the aslation between average value and peak value ot attenarting Signal. Am Il be now, alternating emt is “xeprMented al Le fol ty sin ea alternating current is atpae ented as is sin@ Sa. Beas valus of sin dill be fond at — (sina) Ae ! 5 Fav J ° *A6 3 L n % =") [+ favge tf J sine ts i wa J A- 0 a = [- cose; a-0 || z= osm - (- 050) alle: | = (-(-!) = 2 = 0-63} =e aEo Thefoae, average value 2 0-637 ¥ peak value yy t 0-637 x7 Quy # 0:633 x @, a ll whod is RMs vole? why do we dedine it ? Amt! RMs¢ value: mans root mean-Sguase value. Ti is detined os that Steady ussenk aes | produccs fib of heat 2a produ alternating (stant in same eosistance eA | | and in aime time (t) - Tastnuments like ammeter and. Voltmeter (anmot be used to measure alternating Cussent and So, heating fect er Se these quantities. Heating cHect js wed becaure ——}Hik is proportional te Square of tusrent- i we define RMS value. to mmeasuat altunating quantities . Hexive the ase between sms value A_peak Value * Ars i oon [oe TS Fe i = [an inks arate 3 a ote ° a frevert iz Ff 0 i, sind : f { C | fesrreee—f* Si t(| ic J = o Faginterr ote aps | Dexive an capssssion frot_heat produced by alternating ursrent © : A J —he know heat is disectly proportional to Sq uck ct the tussent: : ip. : i Hee (eit (t) dt Te westrt | f J t a ° afi Hept itsitut dt Leet ! * tC =i, Sinwt waif Hz gir ffs gastntaty caites cunet a nfs = Ri* [t - Sogutl ' 2 L aueS Rae oa = Sin yon tn >| = cP ie? nk 2A jis sin an zo 2 w aS T= Rim oe C #{| what is phaser and pheser diagram ? —Am|| A rotating veotor that ents a. quality \ ini n. idall i time is phoser and the Mio daons sepres tating ibis Colled phasor dic grown. Toseatf Ie ° The len ot the arrow » erkt the manci mum | ner quantity (i, and 2) x Explain the + AC ciseuit with xesistpr- Deaw phaser ahiega.nbn of vol tmg.e and (urdent | he cincuit: & sho =oConsider a nosistor of nesistance R connected. to_an_ AC Source: cf emf. | Tastantaneows ale phere Go is peek value. es €.sinwt 2. ohms Jaw Now os ik js € RK eSinuwt @ KR i= ipsinnt exo phase difference between current Thue is and erf . 7 phaser —diagras Show that in an AC cincuit inductor the voltage is ahead of fontaint ote courron€ by Tain phere. : Ans || Consider a pire inductor L connected tv an AC source emf — L pepraee : | Tratcintancous value - i es easinwt ¥ is c $—-O a>Pagano} 6 Dat J bdhen. Kis closed, Current 1 begins cao) starts to flow in inductor. This_causes thangs in magnetic Plux and induced emf is produced mihich epposes the I A ing tv Lenz's law ee: -L dj - @) At Accoading to kivchhol T's vol tage Lae, @e+e'=0 = ec-e! es =f=t di) = [how 2} ‘1 dt edt L di iy Integ ating above equation on both sides (direc egret J Joe : (di - (-eosinwt dt — fom! inom erie f=} i js to (= cost) +c | awe Integration constant is Kno. is ae | {pent f- sinfg-o)s anf iz @o in (wt -3) “ek caelPagano} : 7 ic i ipsinfut= 2) where Co = ig ao jie equation shows: thet i lags behind the emf hy Ae OR emf os. phen of rent i ob n, Current j by Va Diaw gaath of @ and i versus wh for Pura nductive ciacuit: Draw phasor diagram : plain Inductive Reactance Inductive seactanue is denoted by X, 2 wl 2 QnflPage wo] te Owe a) The function of inductive reactance is Similan _ to that of the sesistance The dimensions of inductive scactance_is Same as those oh nesistante » ST unit ot inductance is ohm (2) uy] An AC source generating o_y is connected & a Capacitor C. Find aession Flowing throush it- plot the gaaph of ¢ and i_vesus wt! Ans || Consider a ites i La. acitance C fonnecttd {0 an AC Sour ci of emf i é Tnstantaneous value a a 7 e= @gsinwt — (1) | | F Choage on Copacitoa be 4 . ho bie Enow V5 - c acy 4 = Cee where 2 is potential di [erence Across plates ak Capacitor,Pageno} [ee | ip Cee -Coswtix Wt 2 @, wel ¢ocwt Ios eo coswt 1 we z @o sin(wt+ 7) [oe cosut= siofutea} . sole . 2) [ te testa (witt) whit. eo J we Above. “Siuation shows that i leads the emf by Al, : emt 298 behind :the Current i y A “ : m pep way (apace Ciseuit fx rLain ae PLC actaince i a Tie ¢,sinuwt wat T i T | t +,(rel io | ey Date Theeflective resistance offered by the Capacitor is Called Capacitive reactance eked by Xe 2 ae 2ntCc The function of : Capdeitive neactance is to limit the amplitude of current Sin nilas to istance. | The dimensions of (Capacitive seackance js same as those of mesiitat ee. SZ uncst 1s ohm (.0.)- Ans a behaves like oa tondusctor why ? she Enow ,: Capacitive. atactance is given as xX, = 4 antec Thesefore at very high faeguancies X¢_will be neasly Zero and Capacitor behaves as B__pure conductor - oll Resistance Reactance i) Equally fective acitive acactance forn_Ac & DC blocks DC whereas Inductive reactance blocks AC of very high frequency eyjae (mmf) ) 7 [one J Resistance . Reactance il] tts value is independent Capacitive Seactanu is of frequen of Ac inveas ely proportional to fregusnyy therras | inductive aeactance is —4 | directl ipnat to : £: AAG en it iii) Current is in phase a Capacitor es 7 with the voltage, Leads the voltage by a whereas in inductor ~ current lags behind the olbage “hy ae 03) “Derive an expacssi@n fer. impedance: cian Lee civcuwit Connected tv ‘an AC! po Wer Supp ys AM Let o Pure resistor Ro pure inductance Land an ideal Capacites C. be | tonnected jn Series ter natin i 2g R jp AWWA Oz The voltages et. and ¢, are aiven by Cpa ik eee Cees =i) Consider the phasor diagram. we as === pis-in phase with current i, So ep isPope no] | 2 Date 7 dxoun alongwith f,. &p i 44 nerented by DA 2 Ty so ey ii) @, Leads the Cudrent i by “is drown perpendicular +0 eis cage nthe OR | : ui) g, logs ths tee by My soe, is 2 dkawn inaction a Y axis Comiden. oak . a ok DAT + AK* : [-. op’: AR egret + (2, - ee)” e.2 Dept (28 af Et ene le eke)” : = + (X =X,)* fowhee Ls Jet Geno Ked is Called impedance of the tiacuit- —Tinipedan he ctive ihoa offered hy the induces Copaciter & resistor cannecked in eatin _fo the. plow current: jacuit- ve famulo nr phase dif} erence, in LOR creel: v Ans| i A Series fomhination ot pure inductor Ih in an . a of ‘Capacitance C and. acristor. o sistance 2 connected to alttanating emf - Thate phasors are iven by fe ev tok ty = He 4 ee IX. Tepedance Driangle. _is shown ! K | Diagonal OF stpassents [Xi=*e —impedance of AC_tixcuit z At Zr: Rit (X = Xe). Ze JRE eX > Z rok = phous di usin @. in LCR ciauuit tangs ae =Page no] 14 Thare cases ervisits eCi : gz tan" {x =X.) ot Loe : 6 =,0 ‘volbage, & Current ant.’ in phase. AC circuit is non inductive - Il Case (ii) when X, > Xe ‘ 2 tang is positive _ Voltage leads the Cusrint by phase angle ¢. AG ci4 cuit: js inductance. dominabed cirtult- | Case (iii) when Xp aXe hei nagactive . e. Voltage lags the” cutrent by phase angle ¢ Ac eeeuit “is Capacitance “Laminated Cixi t- C2 ii| The total impedance, of circuit deutases ies 6 capacitor is added. in series With | and fs fn why 9 i at Ans |li) Total tmapedania “of LCR series cimewit is Z 2 [rR atGg= xj .- © CCK ii) when C is absent the impedance of Serica bi ER civeurt wilh be . _ Zig 2s JR eX. “=@ Comparing east O 4 3) we ack ___ _ Kp—z>Zrcei Paget] | 5 Da] } 2 The total inipedanee of a cincuit derrares shen” & “(apatiter is added in sexter mith An electate: lamp i faa. jn Seaded pith a 21) acitor and cee Js. d' a with rents ight How doe £neoss hange on a na rapacibani, D Ast i) Capalitas ahh Capacitive neactance | ae, A di) when, : js in‘ ek acctive neactance X cletreases ii) As per foxmula ks wR therefore IL : v) As current increases so the baightness af the huth dso imaeases. * Obtain an fapression per_oveas we aba iqegistive AC Untuit: Am foe spiel azsistive AC civcuit, es €.. sinwt and ‘ic i, sinat Instantaneous power P= ei Perce, sinwt.x is sinut “ ate = ei, sint ot _ — “Now =: . > & done in one cycle tive {eA one tycle1 Poona] 16 | ele ' [oat] | . T T Pat [Pt [eciesie'st at T ar TO = aie t= conte ad te Sin’ : 1- (0128 2 i tele [4 sinant] et 2T za te T Bg Soo [tase dna f=se~)] a < i Gr — a = Cnt Lee { = -@4)|| when an AC source i itonnected to an ideal inductor chow that the av 24 wer supplied by the source over a comple cycle 3 — is Kero Ans n ly inductive circuit ec @psinwt wand Current. tags behind the emf by Ar. u. J a Lt sid(ot—na) Testantiantous ponies Pa. ei = (e,sinut) (i, sin(wt- %2)) wee a os z= tissinut coset = fins facut 7 ceoPero] i [oa J Pow = Work done in one Cycle time fox one cycle T- ‘ ra : ‘ = f-P at . f= Cnig Sinwt coswt at o——=. - o 7 7 . = 7 S-€siv [2 Sinwteoswt at 2 8 z - Ceig- foe bap 2sin8 cos 0 “2T 3: = sin2eé 2 =< C,jo (= cosrwt\ 2 “bw Je = +eaie [cos 2x inar cos 2x27 x 0| ax | = a+ 20 fhe ofa w=. COS se [ze aaa { nae Cote ar Powe = 0 65) || Pye that an ideal (Capacitor in an AC ciseuit docs nat dissipate Power: Ans In Puatly, Capacitive cizcuit., _e@ = €osinwt and tuarent leads the emf by Ma. ts Io Sia (mt tl.) is i, coswt S J sin(Beot sas Instantaneous Power P= ei = @pSinwl x i, cosweCy 1, Sint coswt Pay: Work done in One cy cle 1 time fox one 14 0. a (2.1, Sinwt coset 7 _ 7 at = ete f 2 sinwt.cos vt = i TO: = ete - t Qsine wO-4 ret ZY. t Sinz? Sin2o ate eps debit: sEet s-bolo.| Cos UK@UnT a cos Lee} 20 t : ~ : pw a = -@6 fot cos 4A. = toso 2h 2wW law | =the 9e4)|_An vera = Cp Sinwt applied tua Sexies L-C-k itcui ie inwt in the circuit: Deduce the. enpacasion fee the average Paves. dissipeded ip the cirenit: Ht(mmol iq) eel J Ans In Lek civcuit es ea sinnt and turnrent roay lead or Lag the emf by o. i, Sin (ot * 4) Tnstantaneous power P = et -(e, sinwt) (ie sin(wt +9) Ps (fe, sinwt) i, Sinwk cosg + coswt sing s ei [sint wt cosd * sinwt cost sing] Pau 2 Wonk dione in one cycle time fox one ey ole * Pav 2 [Pat = (ei, [sinwt cosq # sinut coswtsind]at > 2 F Tr _ — Lets: solve = ( sintut dt’ + ange Tp [ic cos2utlae [eee y t 3 \ 2 ~ 4Let solve “f coswtsinwt at + (2 coswt sinwt at a 2 J 2 = Sine {sitet de f ') Qsin6 cose ° nyi|- . [cos ca J bo aw = =) | cos2xrrAxTH 1as.0 pho ~ = : 2 aw cos 0 | aN | sot f a. 2 [20 2H) Mesepe i —@®: Put values of eqn @) & eqn (3) in eqn) Pye Seis feosp xr. + inp aol ves? evi x tosh x ye z Pieo 1, Cost Loe 7 Poy 2 Cpe Leypns C95 4 4 ak derived in Lck, circuik is je sinwt hen thes ic_nasphase diflersmee *casip et | J Pave Cams + lyms —-Posen] 21 H) leo] (om ) GS) Fox cincuits used for transporting electsic Powrer alow _powet packer. im plies Loage power loss jn bransmicsian . Explain Ans |i Power fo the circuits bed bor tran spor bing electste Power is iven by Pz Cris ims cos 4 wrh ere cos: pon en factor ii) P= eymy % Cos Jy yy SS. if tosd. is small , then Curent Iyen has ta_Inineate aceoading|y. iii) There onc poorer loss = i vans R_ also jin Uiear es As power loss is directly Prapeatiooal tu squiane ef ine < 62 w) hikat is_wiatklers current Poo Ans 93) Tn o series JR ciacuct zh and pou factor ofthe tivecuit is P,. when Capacites nitth Copatitana C such’ thet xX = X__is jut in end power factor becomes Pa» Celculete p/P, . i mt Ans Kp Xe Power. pactos cos$ = R (adj) 5 ZO) Ue g(rmom[ 22) (eel T _) Eo series LR cincuit Xp eR Power facton Py 2 R_ +2 LR cust} Pepe Xe [eee | ' Py, = - | s ally ve Ia cincuit with Capacitor. Xp= Hene aml is produced Neo = 4 fh SRF EY =k { . RE + Lieg= er) * = kh. ee aif ln aver | arr Explain LC oscillations. Anal i) When. a acitor is supplied with on AC__current it ed. id) Now, suck l saged acitos is connected to an inductvr This serutts in flowin current thre the inductor- iti) Since plow “at consent “increases through — IP induc i: ein magnetic flux. ik the cirtuit:[a roel 3) a iV) This

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