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General Feedback Structure
Open loop Gain-A
Gain with Feedback- Af
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Block Diag. of Feedback System
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Types of Sampling N/W
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Feedback Systems
Positive Feedback System:
In a “positive feedback control system”, the set point and output
values are added together by the controller as the feedback is “in-
phase” with the input. The effect of positive (or regenerative)
feedback is to “increase” the systems gain, i.e, the overall gain
with positive feedback applied will be greater than the gain
without feedback.
Negative Feedback System: In a “negative feedback control
system”, the set point and output values are subtracted from each
other as the feedback is “out-of-phase” with the original input.
The effect of negative (or degenerative) feedback is to “reduce”
the gain. Negative feedback produces stable circuit responses,
improves stability and increases the operating bandwidth of a
given system, the majority of all control and feedback systems is
degenerative reducing the effects of the gain.
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Effects of Negative Feedback
Desensitize the gain: that is, make the value of the gain less sensitive
to variations in the values of circuit components
Reduce nonlinear distortion: that is, make the output proportional
to the input (in other words, make the gain constant, independent of
signal level).
Reduce the effect of noise: that is, minimize the contribution to the
output of unwanted electric signals generated, either by the circuit
components themselves or by extraneous interference.
Control the input and output resistances: that is, raise or lower the
input and output resistances by the selection of an appropriate
feedback topology.
Extend the bandwidth of the amplifier:
All of the desirable properties above are obtained at the expense
of a reduction in gain.
The basic idea of negative feedback is to trade off gain for other
desirable properties.
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Gain Desensitivity
Negative feedback desensitize the closed loop gain. A 20% reduction in gain
of basic amplifier gives rise to only 0.025 % reduction in the gain of closed
loop amplifier.
Desensitivity factor- 1+AB
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Bandwidth Extension
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Interference Reduction
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Reduction in Nonlinear Distortion
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Basic Principles of feedback amplifiers
Sensing: The feedback network must sample the output signal of interest. Thus if Vo is
the output signal of interest, as in the case of voltage and transresistance amplifiers, the
feedback network is connected in parallel (or shunt) with the amplifier output node, just
as a voltmeter is connected to measure a voltage. On the other hand, if Io is the output
signal of interest, as in the case of transconductance and current amplifiers, the feedback
network is connected in series with the output loop, just as a current meter is connected
to measure a current.
Mixing: If the input signal to be amplified is a voltage, as in the case of voltage and
transconductance amplifiers, the signal source is represented by its Th´evenin equivalent
and the feedback voltage signal Vf is connected in series with the input signal source Vs.
On the other hand, if the signal to be amplified is a current, as in the case of current and
transresistance amplifiers, the Norton form is used to represent the signal source, and
the feedback current signal If is connected in parallel (shunt) with the input signal
source Is.
Feedback topology: From the above, it follows that for each of the four amplifier types
there is a uniquely appropriate feedback topology. The appropriate feedback topology
not only stabilizes the gain of interest (e.g., the transconductance Af ≡ Io/Vs in a
transconductance amplifier), but also makes the input and output resistances more ideal
(e.g., the shunt–series topology decreases the input resistance and increases the output
resistance of a current amplifier).
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Input and output resistance: The increase or decrease of the input or output
resistance depends solely on the type of connection: Series connection always
increases the resistance; parallel (shunt) connection always decreases the
resistance. Furthermore, the increase or decrease is always by the amount of
feedback,(1 + Aβ). Thus, as an example, for the feedback current amplifier, the
shunt connection at the input decreases the input resistance; Rif = Ri/(1 + Aβ),
and the series connection at the output increases the output resistance; Rof = (1
+ Aβ)Ro, where Ri and Ro are the input and output resistances of the open-
loop amplifier.
Dimensions of A,β,Aβ, and Af : Depending on the amplifier type, A, β, and
Af have the dimensions of V/V, A/A, V/A, or A/V. However, Aβ is always
dimensionless. For a feedback transconductance amplifier, for example, A ≡
Io/Vi (A/V), β ≡ Vf /Io (V/A), Af ≡ Io/Vs (A/V), and Aβ is in V/V or essentially
dimensionless.
Analysis using the loop gain: For any feedback-amplifier type, the loop gain
Aβ can be determined. The loop gain can then be used together with the
feedback factor β to determine the open-loop gain A and hence the closed-loop
gain Af . This approach, however, does not enable the determination of the
input and output resistances of the feedback amplifier.
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Based on the quantity to be amplified (voltage or current) and on the desired
form of output (voltage or current), amplifiers can be classified into four
categories.
Series-Shunt Configuration – Voltage in and Voltage out or Voltage Controlled
Voltage Source (VCVS).
Shunt-Shunt Configuration – Current in and Voltage out or Current Controlled
Voltage Source (CCVS).
Series-Series Configuration – Voltage in and Current out or Voltage Controlled
Current Source (VCCS).
Shunt-Series Configuration – Current in and Current out or Current Controlled
Current Source (CCCS).
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The Feedback Voltage Amplifier
(Series–Shunt)
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Analysis of Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier
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The Feedback Transconductance
Amplifier (Series–Series)
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The Feedback Transconductance
Amplifier (Series–Series)
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The Feedback Transresistance
Amplifier (Shunt–Shunt)
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The Feedback Transresistance
Amplifier (Shunt–Shunt)
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The Feedback Current Amplifier
(Shunt–Series)
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The Feedback Current Amplifier
(Shunt–Series)
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Conclusion
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THANK YOU!!
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