Applied Electronics II

ECEg-3123
Instructor: Mulugeta G.
 Chapter 1
Feedback Amplifiers

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 Outlines:
Introduction
The general feedback structure
Some properties of negative feedback
Basic topologies of feedback amplifiers
Loop gain and Stability analysis of
feedback amplifier circuit

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 Introduction
• Transistor parameters vary with temperature and have a
range of values for a given type of transistor.
• These parameter variations mean that the Q-point,
voltage gain, and other circuit properties can vary from
one circuit to another, and can be functions of
temperature.
• Transistor circuit characteristics can be made essentially
independent of the individual transistor parameters by
using feedback.
• The feedback process takes a portion of the output signal
and returns it to the input to become part of the input
excitation.

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 Advantages
1. Gain sensitivity: Variations in the circuit transfer function
(gain) as a result of changes in transistor parameters are
reduced by feedback.
2. Bandwidth extension: The bandwidth of a circuit that
incorporates negative feedback is larger than that of the
basic amplifier.
3. Noise sensitivity: Negative feedback may increase the signal-
to-noise ratio if noise is generated within the feedback loop.
4. Reduction of nonlinear distortion. Since transistors have
nonlinear characteristics, distortion may appear in the
output signals, especially at large signal levels. Negative
feedback reduces this distortion.

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 Cont’d
5. Control of impedance levels: The input and output
impedances can be increased or decreased with the
proper type of negative feedback circuit.

Disadvantages
1. Circuit gain: The overall amplifier gain, with
negative feedback, is reduced compared to the
basic amplifier used in the circuit.
2. Stability: There is a possibility that the feedback
circuit may become unstable (oscillate) at high
frequencies.

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 The General Feedback Structure

This is a signal-flow diagram, and the quantities x

represent either voltage or current signals.

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 The General Feedback Equation
• Closed loop and open loop
• Closed loop gain
xo A
Af  
xs 1  A
• Feedback factor β
• Loop gain Aβ
• Amount of feedback (1+ Aβ)
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 Gain Sensitivity
• If the feedback transfer function β is a constant, then
taking the derivative of with respect to A

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 Cont’d
• Dividing both sides of Equation above by the closed-loop
gain yields

• Equation above shows that the percent change in the

closed-loop gain is less than the corresponding percent
change in the open-loop gain A by the factor of (1 + β A).
• The change in open-loop gain may result from variations
in individual transistor parameters in the basic amplifier.

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 Noise Sensitivity
• In any electronic system, unwanted random signals may
be present in addition to the desired signal.
• Electronic noise can be generated within an amplifier, or
may enter the amplifier along with the input signal.
• Negative feedback may reduce the noise level in
amplifiers; more accurately, it may increase the signal-to-
noise ratio.
• More precisely, feedback can help reduce the effect of
noise generated in an amplifier, but it cannot reduce the
effect when the noise is part of the input signal.

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 Cont’d
• The output signal-to-noise ratio is

• where the desired output signal is and the output noise

signal is .
• The parameter is the amplification factor that multiplies
the source signal, and the parameter is the
amplification factor that multiplies the noise signal.

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Example: Determine the effect of feedback on the source signal
and noise signal levels.

1. Two open-loop amplifiers are in a cascade configuration, and

the noise signal is generated between the two amplifiers. The
output voltage is

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2. Two open-loop amplifiers are in a cascade
configuration, and the noise is part of the input signal.
The output voltage is

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3. Two amplifiers are in a feedback configuration, and the noise
signal is generated between the two amplifiers. The output voltage
is

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 Loop gain and stability of feedback circuits
• The quantity that directly determines whether a negative-
feedback circuit is stable is not the closed-loop gain or the
open-loop gain, but rather the loop gain, written as Aβ. Recall
our formula for closed-loop gain:

• This formula assumes that Aβ is a positive number (because

positive Aβ means that the feedback is negative). What
happens when Aβ is not positive? Consider the case when Aβ =
-1:

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 Cont’d
• In this context, a closed-loop gain of infinity corresponds to an
oscillator; even with zero input the output is saturated. Thus,
the critical quantity in stability analysis is the loop gain.
• if an AC signal experiences a 180° phase shift before being fed
back and subtracted, our negative feedback has just become
positive.

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 The Stability Criterion

• If the loop gain, Aβ is less than unity at the high

frequencies where phase shift reaches 180°, the
high-frequency phase-shifted signals will gradually
fade away instead of progressively building up into
major oscillations.
• This indicate that the amplifier circuit is stable.
• So the general stability criteria is given as: a given
amplifier circuit is stable if loop gain, |Aβ|<1.

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 Feed back topologies
• There are four basic feedback topologies, based on the
parameter to be amplified (Voltage or current) and the
output parameter (voltage or current).
• The four feedback circuit categories can be described
by the types of connections at the input and output of
circuit.
1. Series–Shunt/voltage series/Voltage Amplifiers
2. Series–series/Current series/Trans-conductance
amplifier
3. Shunt–shunt/Voltage shunt/Trans-resistance amplifier
4. Shunt–series/Current shunt/Current amplifier

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 Cont’d
• The first term refers to the connection at the
amplifier input, and the second term refers
to the connection at the output.
• Also, the type of connection determines which
parameter (voltage or current) is sampled at the
output and which parameter is amplified.
• The connections also determine the feedback
amplifier characteristics—in particular, the input and
output resistances.

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 1. Series–Shunt/voltage series/Voltage Amplifiers

 If the output of the feedback network is an open

circuit, voltage gain of the amplifier stage
𝑉𝑜
𝐴=
𝑉𝑖
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 Cont`d
• If a feedback signal Vf is connected in series with the
input, then

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 Input Impedance with Feedback

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 Cont`d

Output impedance
Short circuiting Vs ( Vs=0V);
and

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 Example 1:
Consider a series–shunt feedback amplifier in which the open-loop
gain is Av = 10e5 and the closed-loop gain is Avf = 50. Assume the
input and output resistances of the basic amplifier are Ri = 10 k and
Ro = 20 k, respectively. Find Zif and Zof.

 The input resistance increases drastically and the output resistance

decreases substantially, with negative feedback. These are the
desired
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 Example 2:
Calculate the gain without and with feedback for the FET
amplifier circuit of figure below and the following circuit
values: R1 = 80kΩ, R2 = 20kΩ, Ro = 10KΩ, RD = 10kΩ, and
gm = 4000 μS.

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 Cont`d
• The gain with out feedback is

• Where RL is the parallel combination of resistors:

RL= RD//Ro//(R1+R2)=5kΩ

• The feedback network provides a feedback factor

of:

 The gain with feedback is

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 Example 3
• Consider the non-inverting op-amp with
parameters Ri = 50k, R1 = 10 k, R2 = 90 k, and
Av = 10e4. Determine the closed-loop input
resistance and closed loop gain.

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 soln
Vfb=βvVo=Vo
βv= ==0.1

𝑅𝑖𝑓 =50 𝑀 Ω
The closed loop gain Avf
Avf= ==9.123
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 2. Series–series/Current series/Trans-
conductance amplifier

Vs=Vi(1+ A)
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 Cont`d
• The over all gain is Af= ==
 Input impedance

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 Cont`d
Zif=
Zif = (1+ βA)=Zi(1+ A)
 Output impedance: With Vs=0, applying a signal V to
the output.

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑠=0 ,𝑉𝑖=− 𝑉𝑓

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 3.Shunt–shunt/Voltage shunt/Trans-resistance amplifier

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 Cont`d

 Input impedance

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 Cont`d

 Output impedance
 Making the source current zero(Open ckt):

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 Cont`d

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 Example
Calculate the voltage gain with and without feedback for
the circuit with values of gm = 5mS, RD = 5.1 k, RS = 1k,
and RF = 20K.

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 Soln
Using source transformation

Voltage Gain with out feedback(If=0)

(eqn ………1)

𝑉𝑜
𝐴𝑣= But   Is= Ii + If   and   If =0
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𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠 38
 Cont`d
From the above equation;

The trans resistance gain with feed back is then:

And can be found from

𝐼𝑓 −1
=
𝑣𝑜 𝑅𝐹

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 Cont`d
• The voltage gain with feedback is then
*()

The voltage gain with out feedback will be:

And with feedback

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 4. Shunt–series/Current shunt/Current
amplifier

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 Cont`d
• Overall gain

• Input impedance

• Out impedance

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 Summary on feedback topologies

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